Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pediatric Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-3963
ISSN (Online): 1875-6336

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Acanthosis Nigricans: An Updated Review

Author(s): Alexander K.C. Leung*, Joseph M. Lam, Benjamin Barankin, Kin Fon Leong and Kam Lun Hon

Volume 19, Issue 1, 2023

Published on: 08 June, 2022

Page: [68 - 82] Pages: 15

DOI: 10.2174/1573396318666220429085231

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Early recognition of acanthosis nigricans is important because acanthosis nigricans can be a cutaneous manifestation of a variety of systemic disorders and, rarely, as a sign of internal malignancy.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to familiarize pediatricians with the clinical manifestations, evaluation, diagnosis, and management of acanthosis nigricans.

Methods: A search was conducted in November 2021in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key term "acanthosis nigricans". The search strategy included all clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews published within the past 10 years. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this review. The information retrieved from the above search was used in the compilation of the present article.

Results: Acanthosis nigricans is characterized by symmetric, hyperpigmented, and velvety plaques with ill-defined borders, typically involving intertriginous areas. Obesity is the most common cause of acanthosis nigricans which is increasingly observed in obese children and adolescents and can serve as a cutaneous marker of insulin resistance. Early recognition of acanthosis nigricans is important because acanthosis nigricans can also be a cutaneous manifestation of a variety of systemic disorders and, rarely, as a sign of internal malignancy. This may consist of weight reduction, discontinuation of causative drugs, treatment of underlying endocrinopathy, or treatment of an underlying malignancy. For patients with isolated acanthosis nigricans and for those whose underlying cause is not amenable to treatment, treatment of the lesion may be considered for cosmetic reasons. Topical retinoids, vitamin D analogs, chemical peels, and other keratolytics are often used for the treatment of localized lesions. Seldom, systemic therapy such as oral retinoids may be considered for extensive or generalized acanthosis nigricans and acanthosis nigricans unresponsive to topical therapy. Other uncommon treatment modalities include dermabrasion, laser therapy, and surgical removal.

Conclusion: Although acanthosis nigricans is treatable, a complete cure is difficult to achieve. The underlying cause should be treated, if possible, to resolve and prevent the recurrence of acanthosis nigricans. The diagnosis is mainly clinical, based on the characteristic appearance (symmetrically distributed, hyperpigmented, velvety, papillomatous, hyperkeratotic plaques with ill-defined borders) and the typical sites (intertriginous areas, flexural area, and skin folds) of the lesions. The diagnosis might be difficult for lesions that have atypical morphology or are in an unusual location. Clinicians should be familiar with the clinical signs, evaluation, diagnosis, and therapy of acanthosis nigricans because of the link between it and underlying diseases.

Keywords: Acanthosis nigricans, hyperpigmentation, obesity, insulin resistance, retinoids, vitamin D analogs, chemical peels, keratolytics.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Leung AK, Kao CP. Childhood acanthosis nigricans. Consultant Pediatrician 2004; 3: 241-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.25270/cfp.2004.10.00001]
[2]
Leung AKC. Acanthosis nigricans. In: Leung AKC, Ed. Common Problems in Ambulatory Pediatrics: Specific Clinical Problems. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2011; 2: pp. 253-6.
[3]
Sinha S, Schwartz RA. Juvenile acanthosis nigricans. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 57(3): 502-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2006.08.016] [PMID: 17592743]
[4]
Brady MF, Rawla P. Acanthosis Nigricans.In: StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing 2011.
[5]
Stuart CA, Pate CJ, Peters EJ. Prevalence of acanthosis nigricans in an unselected population. Am J Med 1989; 87(3): 269-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(89)80149-4] [PMID: 2773965]
[6]
Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Bairamov O, Tüzün Y. Acanthosis nigricans: A fold (intertriginous) dermatosis. Clin Dermatol 2015; 33(4): 466-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.04.010] [PMID: 26051063]
[7]
Kluczynik CE, Mariz LS, Souza LC, Solano GB, Albuquerque FC, Medeiros CC. Acanthosis nigricans and insulin resistance in overweight children and adolescents. An Bras Dermatol 2012; 87(4): 531-7.
[8]
Miura N, Ikezaki A, Iwama S, Matsuoka H, Ito K, Sugihara S. Genetic factors and clinical significance of acanthosis nigricans in obese Japanese children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr 2006; 95(2): 170-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02202.x] [PMID: 16449022]
[9]
Mukhtar Q, Cleverley G, Voorhees RE, McGrath JW. Prevalence of acanthosis nigricans and its association with hyperinsulinemia in New Mexico adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2001; 28(5): 372-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(00)00217-2] [PMID: 11336866]
[10]
Novotny R, Li F, Fialkowski MK, et al. Prevalence of obesity and acanthosis nigricans among young children in the children’s healthy living program in the United States Affiliated Pacific. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95(37): e4711.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004711] [PMID: 27631218]
[11]
Shalitin S, Abrahami M, Lilos P, Phillip M. Insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance in obese children and adolescents referred to a tertiary-care center in Israel. Int J Obes 2005; 29(6): 571-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802919] [PMID: 15889115]
[12]
Kong AS, Williams RL, Rhyne R, et al. Acanthosis Nigricans: High prevalence and association with diabetes in a practice-based research network consortium--a PRImary care Multi-Ethnic network (PRIME Net) study. J Am Board Fam Med 2010; 23(4): 476-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2010.04.090221] [PMID: 20616290]
[13]
Litonjua P, Piñero-Piloña A, Aviles-Santa L, Raskin P. Prevalence of Acanthosis nigricans in newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Endocr Pract 2004; 10(2): 101-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP.10.2.101] [PMID: 15256325]
[14]
Sun H, Wang X, Chen J, et al. Melatonin treatment improves insulin resistance and pigmentation in obese patients with acanthosis nigri-cans. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018: 2304746.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2304746] [PMID: 29706998]
[15]
Das A, Datta D, Kassir M, et al. Acanthosis nigricans: A review. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 19(8): 1857-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13544] [PMID: 32516476]
[16]
Maximiano C, Silva MR, Gomes MM, Antunes A. Singular case of acanthosis nigricans. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14(2): e240143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-240143] [PMID: 33568415]
[17]
Tuhan H, Ceylaner S, Nalbantoğlu Ö, et al. A mutation in INSR in a child presenting with severe acanthosis nigricans. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2017; 9(4): 371-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.4577] [PMID: 28663160]
[18]
Maderal AD. Acanthosis nigricans UpToDate is a very popular electronic reference book. 2022. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acanthosis-nigricans
[19]
Krishnamurthy M, Pingul MM. A novel insulin receptor mutation in an adolescent with acanthosis nigricans and hyperandrogenism. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 29(10): 1201-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2015-0384] [PMID: 27505086]
[20]
Alkeswani A, Pierce E, Elmets CA. Idiopathic extensive acanthosis nigricans with a variant of the epidermal growth factor receptor. JAAD Case Rep 2020; 6(2): 79-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdcr.2019.10.023] [PMID: 31970282]
[21]
Cossiez Cacard MA, Coulombe J, Bernard P, et al. Familial hypochondroplasia and acanthosis nigricans with FGFR3 K650T mutation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 30(5): 897-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13061] [PMID: 25809207]
[22]
Hirai H, Hamada J, Hasegawa K, Ishii E. Acanthosis nigricans in a Japanese boy with hypochondroplasia due to a K650T mutation in FGFR3. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2017; 26(4): 223-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1297/cpe.26.223] [PMID: 29026271]
[23]
Huang Y, Yang J, Li Y, et al. FGF21 is associated with acanthosis nigricans in obese patients. Int J Endocrinol 2016; 2016: 1658062.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1658062] [PMID: 27190511]
[24]
Ichiyama S, Funasaka Y, Otsuka Y, et al. Effective treatment by glycolic acid peeling for cutaneous manifestation of familial generalized acanthosis nigricans caused by FGFR3 mutation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 30(3): 442-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13580] [PMID: 26818779]
[25]
Ichiyama S, Kubo A, Matayoshi T, Saeki H, Funasaka Y. Effects of glycolic acid peeling on the cutaneous manifestation of generalized acanthosis nigricans caused by FGFR3 mutation: A report of one sporadic and two familial cases. J Dermatol 2017; 44(10): e250-1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.13939] [PMID: 28620983]
[26]
Mustafa M, Moghrabi N, Bin-Abbas B. Hypochondroplasia, acanthosis nigricans, and insulin resistance in a child with FGFR3 mutation: Is it just an association? Case Rep Endocrinol 2014; 2014: 840492.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/840492] [PMID: 25505998]
[27]
Couser NL, Pande CK, Turcott CM, Spector EB, Aylsworth AS, Powell CM. Mild achondroplasia/hypochondroplasia with acanthosis nigricans, normal development, and a p.Ser348Cys FGFR3 mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173(4): 1097-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.38141] [PMID: 28181399]
[28]
Herman TE, Sargar K, Siegel MJ. Crouzono-dermo-skeletal syndrome, Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans syndrome. J Perinatol 2014; 34(2): 164-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jp.2013.139] [PMID: 24476664]
[29]
Kariya H, Nakano H, Ishii N, et al. Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans and prominent diffuse hyperpigmentation associated with gain-of-function A391E mutation in FGFR3 gene. J Dermatol 2020; 47(12): e451-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.15580] [PMID: 32860240]
[30]
Lin WD, Tsai FJ, Wang CH. Mild osteochondrodysplasia with acanthosis nigricans in a short-statured Taiwanese family due to the p.Lys650Gln mutation in FGFR3. Pediatr Neonatol 2019; 60(6): 686-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2019.09.008] [PMID: 31708465]
[31]
Mir A, Wu T, Orlow SJ. Cutaneous features of Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans. JAMA Dermatol 2013; 149(6): 737-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.3019] [PMID: 23571469]
[32]
Muguet Guenot L, Aubert H, Isidor B, et al. Acanthosis nigricans, hypochondroplasia, and FGFR3 mutations: Findings with five new patients, and a review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol 2019; 36(2): 242-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pde.13748] [PMID: 30762251]
[33]
Rymer K, Shiang R, Hsiung A, et al. Expanding the phenotype for the recurrent p.Ala391Glu variant in FGFR3: Beyond crouzon syn-drome and acanthosis nigricans. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7(6): e656.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.656] [PMID: 31016899]
[34]
Smid CJ, Modaff P, Alade A, Legare JM, Pauli RM. Acanthosis nigricans in achondroplasia. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176(12): 2630-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.40506] [PMID: 30380187]
[35]
Xu W, McDonald-McGinn DM, Melchiorre AJ, Zackai EH, Bartlett SP, Taylor JA. Crouzon with acanthosis nigricans and odontogenic tumors: A rare form of syndromic craniosynostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2018; 55(2): 296-300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665617723918] [PMID: 29351036]
[36]
Yasuda M, Morimoto N, Shimizu A, Toyoshima T, Yokoyama Y, Ishikawa O. Familial acanthosis nigricans with the FGFR3 mutation: Differences of pigmentation between male and female patients. J Dermatol 2018; 45(11): 1357-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.14623] [PMID: 30168875]
[37]
Phiske MM. An approach to acanthosis nigricans. Indian Dermatol Online J 2014; 5(3): 239-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-5178.137765] [PMID: 25165638]
[38]
Hermanns-Lê T, Hermanns JF, Piérard GE. Juvenile acanthosis nigricans and insulin resistance. Pediatr Dermatol 2002; 19(1): 12-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1470.2002.00013.x] [PMID: 11860562]
[39]
Ayaz T, Baydur Şahin S, Şahin OZ. Relation of Acanthosis nigricans to metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese women. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2014; 12(6): 320-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/met.2013.0145] [PMID: 24650208]
[40]
Koh YK, Lee JH, Kim EY, Moon KR. Acanthosis nigricans as a clinical predictor of insulin resistance in obese children. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2016; 19(4): 251-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5223/pghn.2016.19.4.251] [PMID: 28090470]
[41]
Maguolo A, Maffeis C. Acanthosis nigricans in childhood: A cutaneous marker that should not be underestimated, especially in obese children. Acta Paediatr 2020; 109(3): 481-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apa.15031] [PMID: 31560795]
[42]
Videira-Silva A, Albuquerque C, Fonseca H. Acanthosis nigricans as a clinical marker of insulin resistance among overweight adolescents. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2019; 24(2): 99-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.6065/apem.2019.24.2.99] [PMID: 31261473]
[43]
Lestringant GG, Bener A, Frossard P, Townsend A. Association of Acanthosis nigricans with risk of diabetes mellitus and hormonal dis-turbances in females. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000; 71(3): 267-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00282-4] [PMID: 11102622]
[44]
Álvarez-Villalobos NA, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez R, González-Saldivar G, et al. Acanthosis nigricans in middle-age adults: A highly prevalent and specific clinical sign of insulin resistance. Int J Clin Pract 2020; 74(3): e13453.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13453] [PMID: 31769902]
[45]
Bhagyanathan M, Dhayanithy D, Parambath VA, Bijayraj R. Acanthosis nigricans: A screening test for insulin resistance - An important risk factor for diabetes mellitus type-2. J Family Med Prim Care 2017; 6(1): 43-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.214961] [PMID: 29026747]
[46]
Agrawal K, Mathur R, Purwar N, Mathur SK, Mathur DK. Hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans (HAIR-AN) syndrome reflects adipose tissue dysfunction (“adiposopathy” or “sick fat”) in Asian Indian girls. Dermatology 2021; 237(5): 797-805.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000512918] [PMID: 33445175]
[47]
Dédjan AH, Chadli A, El Aziz S, Farouqi A. Hyperandrogenism-insulin resistance-acanthosis nigricans syndrome. Case Rep Endocrinol 2015; 2015: 193097.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/193097] [PMID: 26229697]
[48]
O’Brien B, Dahiya R, Kimble R. Hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans (HAIR-AN syndrome): An extreme sub-phenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13(4): e231749.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-231749] [PMID: 32276996]
[49]
Saito K, Ando H, Goto K, et al. A case of hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans syndrome; increase in proliferat-ing cell nuclear antigen and decrease in loricrin in acanthosis nigricans. Ann Dermatol 2016; 28(5): 637-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5021/ad.2016.28.5.637] [PMID: 27746646]
[50]
Lauria MW, Saad MJ. Images in clinical medicine. Acanthosis nigricans and insulin resistance. N Engl J Med 2016; 374(24): e31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMicm1508730] [PMID: 27305209]
[51]
Rao G, Chauhan YV, Varthakavi PK, Bhagwat N. A lean lady with acanthosis nigricans and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Cureus 2020; 12(11): e11330.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.11330] [PMID: 33304668]
[52]
Popa ML, Popa AC, Tanase C, Gheorghisan-Galateanu AA. Acanthosis nigricans: To be or not to be afraid. Oncol Lett 2019; 17(5): 4133-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.9736] [PMID: 30944606]
[53]
Bomar L, Lewallen R, Jorizzo J. Localized acanthosis nigricans at the site of repetitive insulin injections. Cutis 2020; 105(2): E20-2.
[PMID: 32186539]
[54]
Brodell JD Jr, Cannella JD, Helms SE. Case report: Acanthosis nigricans resulting from repetitive same-site insulin injections. J Drugs Dermatol 2012; 11(12): e85-7.
[PMID: 23377528]
[55]
Buzási K, Sápi Z, Jermendy G. Acanthosis nigricans as a local cutaneous side effect of repeated human insulin injections. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 94(2): e34-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2011.07.023] [PMID: 21839533]
[56]
Hartman R, Defelice T, Tzu J, Meehan S, Sanchez M. Acanthosis nigricans in the setting of niacin therapy. Dermatol Online J 2011; 17(10): 11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/D34GD131PK] [PMID: 22031637]
[57]
Huang Y, Hessami-Booshehri M. Acanthosis nigricans at sites of insulin injection in a man with diabetes. CMAJ 2018; 190(47): E1390.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.180705] [PMID: 30478218]
[58]
Iacovelli A, Mezzaroma I, Di Paolo M, Soda G, De Vincentiis L, Palange P. A case of acanthosis nigricans in a HIV-infected patient. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20(1): 360.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05089-1] [PMID: 32434484]
[59]
Karadag A, Kavala M, Demir F, Turkoğlu Z, Kartal I, Zemheri E. A case of hyperpigmentation and acanthosis nigricans by testosterone injections. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 33(12): 1297-301.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327113514099] [PMID: 24505054]
[60]
Lee M, Grassi M. Acanthosis nigricans in a patient treated with palifermin. Cutis 2010; 86(3): 136-7.
[PMID: 21049730]
[61]
Manu P, Al-Dhaher Z, Dargani N, Correll CU. Acanthosis nigricans during treatment with aripiprazole. Am J Ther 2014; 21(3): e90-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0b013e3182491e29] [PMID: 23011171]
[62]
Mourad AI, Haber RM. Drug-induced acanthosis nigricans: A systematic review and new classification. Dermatol Ther 2021; 34(2): e14794.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.14794] [PMID: 33480113]
[63]
Pal R, Bhattacharjee R, Chatterjee D, Bhadada SK, Bhansali A, Dutta P. Exogenous insulin-induced localized acanthosis nigricans: A rare injection site complication. Can J Diabetes 2020; 44(3): 219-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2019.08.010] [PMID: 31619326]
[64]
Sawatkar GU, Dogra S, Bhadada SK, Kanwar AJ. Acanthosis nigricans--an uncommon cutaneous adverse effect of a common medication: Report of two cases. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2013; 79(4): 553.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.113112] [PMID: 23760338]
[65]
Fukuchi K, Tatsuno K, Matsushita K, Kubo A, Ito T, Tokura Y. Familial acanthosis nigricans with p.K650T FGFR3 mutation. J Dermatol 2018; 45(2): 207-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.14107] [PMID: 29068064]
[66]
Dhar S, Dawn G, Kanwar AJ, Nada R. Familial acanthosis nigricans. Int J Dermatol 1996; 35(2): 126-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1996.tb03278.x] [PMID: 8850044]
[67]
Tahara U, Yasuda M, Yamada Y, et al. Autosomal dominant familial acanthosis nigricans caused by a C-terminal nonsense mutation of FGFR3. J Hum Genet 2021; 66(8): 831-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s10038-021-00905-1] [PMID: 33580140]
[68]
Ahmad S, Mahmoudi H, Naeem M, Betz RC. Autosomal recessive isolated familial acanthosis nigricans in a Pakistani family due to a homozygous mutation in the insulin receptor gene. Br J Dermatol 2013; 169(2): 476-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12293] [PMID: 23448340]
[69]
Kapoor S. Diagnosis and treatment of Acanthosis nigricans. Skinmed 2010; 8(3): 161-4.
[PMID: 21137622]
[70]
Kapoor S. Lelis syndrome: A rare cause of acanthosis nigricans. Pediatr Dermatol 2016; 33(5): 563.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pde.12932] [PMID: 27595879]
[71]
Karadağ AS, You Y, Danarti R, Al-Khuzaei S, Chen W. Acanthosis nigricans and the metabolic syndrome. Clin Dermatol 2018; 36(1): 48-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2017.09.008] [PMID: 29241752]
[72]
Nørgaard P, Hagen CP, Hove H, Dunø M, Nissen KR, Kreiborg S, et al. Crouzon syndrome associated with acanthosis nigricans: Prenatal 2D and 3D ultrasound findings and postnatal 3D CT findings. Acta Radiol Short Rep 2012; 1(4): arsr.2012.110017..
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/arsr.2012.110017]
[73]
Ozdemir Kutbay N, Sarer Yurekli B, Yasar Z, Akinci B. An unusual case of acquired partial lipodystrophy presenting with acanthosis nigricans. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar) 2019; 5(1): 129-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4183/aeb.2019.129]
[74]
Zaridoust A, Rabbani A, Sayarifard F, Thiel CT, Rezaei N. Acanthosis nigricans, abnormal facial appearance and dentition in an insulin resistance syndrome. Iran J Pediatr 2013; 23(3): 363-5.
[PMID: 23795265]
[75]
Chatzopoulou D, Triantafyllou T, Tsamis D, et al. Case presentation of acanthosis nigricans diagnosed with gastric adenocarcinoma. ANZ J Surg 2020; 90(1-2): 182-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ans.15052] [PMID: 30836438]
[76]
Deen J, Moloney T, Burdon-Jones D. Severe, Malignant acanthosis nigricans associated with adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in a young obese female. Case Rep Dermatol 2017; 9(1): 30-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000456652] [PMID: 28413386]
[77]
Moreno-Artero E, Querol E, Ivars M, Sola I, Pío R, España A. Assessment of EGF receptor ligand expression in gastric carcinoma and in lesional skin of paraneoplastic acanthosis nigricans: A case report. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31(6): e301-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14087] [PMID: 27987313]
[78]
Mosannen Mozafari P, Salek R, Taghizadeh A, Yazdanpanah MJ, Mosannen Mozaffari H, Esmaeili E. Diagnosis of an occult gastric ade-nocarcinoma by oral manifestations (acanthosis nigricans): A case report. Caspian J Intern Med 2021; 12 (Suppl. 2): S383-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22088/cjim.12.0.383] [PMID: 34760088]
[79]
Nadelman DA, Orbuch D, Sandigursky S, Femia AN. Systemic sclerosis with malignant acanthosis nigricans in a patient with gastric ade-nocarcinoma. JAAD Case Rep 2019; 5(12): 1045-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdcr.2019.10.003] [PMID: 31768409]
[80]
Yin WB, Gao Y, Lu Y. Gastric cancer associated with malignant acanthosis nigricans. Am J Med Sci 2017; 353(4): 416.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2016.08.029] [PMID: 28317636]
[81]
Yu Q, Li XL, Ji G, et al. Malignant acanthosis nigricans: An early diagnostic clue for gastric adenocarcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2017; 15(1): 208.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12957-017-1274-5] [PMID: 29178944]
[82]
Amano T, Nishida T, Inada M. Diffuse esophageal papillomatosis in a patient with acanthosis nigricans. Dig Endosc 2016; 28(6): 685.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/den.12679] [PMID: 27167874]
[83]
Antonio JR, Trídico LA, Antonio CR. Malignant Acanthosis nigricans associated with early diagnosis of liver cancer. An Bras Dermatol 2018; 93(4): 616-7.
[84]
Arellano J, Iglesias P, Suarez C, Corredoira Y, Schnettler K. Malignant acanthosis nigricans as a paraneoplastic manifestation of metastatic breast cancer. Int J Womens Dermatol 2019; 5(3): 183-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijwd.2019.03.002] [PMID: 31360756]
[85]
Barman B, Devi LP, Thakur BK, Raphael V. Tripe palms and acanthosis nigricans: A clue for diagnosis of advanced pancreatic adenocar-cinoma. Indian Dermatol Online J 2019; 10(4): 453-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_427_18] [PMID: 31334069]
[86]
Ferraz de Campos FP, Narvaez MR, Reis PV, et al. Acanthosis Nigricans associated with clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Autops Case Rep 2016; 6(1): 33-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/acr.2016.021] [PMID: 27284539]
[87]
Jyotsna VP, Raizada N, Chakraborty S, Pal S. Acanthosis nigricans in insulinoma. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2014; 18(5): 739.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.139223] [PMID: 25285297]
[88]
Karakas Y, Esin E, Lacin S, Ceyhan K, Heper AO, Yalcin S. A case of acanthosis nigricans as a paraneoplastic syndrome with squamous cell lung cancer. OncoTargets Ther 2016; 9: 4815-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S95020] [PMID: 27536145]
[89]
Kovitwanichkanont T, Prakash S, Chong AH. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma presenting as subacute cutaneous lupus, tripe palms and acan-thosis nigricans maligna. Australas J Dermatol 2021; 62(1): e132-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajd.13409] [PMID: 32696454]
[90]
Kubicka-Wołkowska J, Dębska-Szmich S, Lisik-Habib M, Noweta M, Potemski P. Malignant acanthosis nigricans associated with prostate cancer: A case report. BMC Urol 2014; 14(1): 88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2490-14-88] [PMID: 25399333]
[91]
Mascitti M, Santarelli A, Albanese A, Campisi G, Muzio LL. Paraneoplastic acanthosis nigricans maligna. Ann Stomatol (Roma) 2013; 4 (Suppl. 2): 29.
[PMID: 24353797]
[92]
Meng X, Xie F, Wang W, Ba W, Li C. Florid cutaneous manifestations with acanthosis nigricans in a lung cancer patient. Acta Oncol 2015; 54(8): 1225-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/0284186X.2014.998274] [PMID: 25734371]
[93]
Park KW, Lim DH, Lee SI. Malignant acanthosis nigricans in a patient with a gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Korean J Intern Med (Korean Assoc Intern Med) 2013; 28(5): 632-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2013.28.5.632] [PMID: 24009466]
[94]
Patra S, Chakraborty PP, Barman H, Santra G. Acanthosis nigricans in insulinoma: Before and after successful surgical enucleation. BMJ Case Rep 2016; 2016: bcr2016218003.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-218003] [PMID: 27836838]
[95]
Rahimi H, Moravvej H. Krukenberg tumor manifesting with hirsutism and acanthosis nigricans as the exclusive presenting symptoms. Iran J Public Health 2021; 50(7): 1504-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i7.6651] [PMID: 34568197]
[96]
Singh SK, Rai T. A rare case of malignant acanthosis nigricans in a lady with ovarian cancer. Indian Dermatol Online J 2013; 4(2): 125-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-5178.110640] [PMID: 23741672]
[97]
Tammaro A, Giulianelli V, Parisella F, Persechino S. Bilaterally mammary acanthosis nigricans as paraneoplastic manifestation of prostate adenocarcinoma. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2016; 151(5): 578-9.
[PMID: 27595210]
[98]
Zhang X, Liu R, Liu Y, Zhang S, Qi H. Malignant acanthosis nigricans: A case report. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20(1): 446.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12886-020-01708-2] [PMID: 33187499]
[99]
Zhang R, Jiang M, Lei W, Wang A. Malignant acanthosis nigricans with recurrent bladder cancer: A case report and review of literature. OncoTargets Ther 2021; 14: 951-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S290124] [PMID: 33603399]
[100]
Behrangi E, Rahmanifar H, Rabani R, Kajbafi M. Acanthosis nigricans. Arch Iran Med 2013; 16(8): 493-4.
[PMID: 23906259]
[101]
Leung AKC, Barankin B, Lam JM. Terra firma-forme dermatosis. J Pediatr 2018; 195: 302-302.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.12.014] [PMID: 29331329]
[102]
Leung AKC, Barankin B, Leung AA, Lam JM. A hyperpigmented patch that remains despite washing with soap and water: Terra firma-forme dermatosis. Consultant 2018; 58(11): 309-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.25270/con.2018.11.00001]
[103]
Marchand L, Gaimard M, Luyton C. All about skin manifestations of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: Acanthosis nigricans and acrochordons. Postgrad Med J 2020; 96(1134): 237.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-136834] [PMID: 31611265]
[104]
Barbato MT, Criado PR, Silva AK, Averbeck E, Guerine MB, Sá NB. Association of acanthosis nigricans and skin tags with insulin re-sistance. An Bras Dermatol 2012; 87(1): 97-104.
[105]
Singh SK, Agrawal NK, Vishwakarma AK. Association of acanthosis nigricans and acrochordon with insulin resistance: A cross-sectional hospital-based study from North India. Indian J Dermatol 2020; 65(2): 112-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijd.IJD_646_18] [PMID: 32180596]
[106]
Barabash-Neila R, Freire LR, Zulueta-Dorado T, Conejo-Mir J. Thickening of the skin on the forehead: A quiz. Acanthosis nigricans with forehead location. Acta Derm Venereol 2011; 91(1): 108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/00015555-0906]
[107]
Chrysomali E, Piperi E, Sklavounou-Andrikopoulou A. Oral acanthosis nigricans in chronic hepatitis B with a 21-year follow up. J Dermatol 2011; 38(12): 1172-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01252.x] [PMID: 21966946]
[108]
González-Saldivar G, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez R, Treviño-Alvarez AM, et al. Acanthosis nigricans in the knuckles: An early, accessible, straightforward, and sensitive clinical tool to predict insulin resistance. Dermatoendocrinol 2018; 10(1): e1471958.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19381980.2018.1471958] [PMID: 30279953]
[109]
Guffey D, Narahari S, Alinia H. Hyperpigmented plaques of the alar crease: An unusual presentation of acanthosis nigricans. Pediatr Dermatol 2016; 33(2): e160-1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pde.12806] [PMID: 26860419]
[110]
Huang N, Yin HY, Swan R. Paraneoplastic conjunctival acanthosis nigricans: A case report. Cornea 2021; 40(3): 377-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000002513] [PMID: 32991358]
[111]
Kura MM, Sanghavi SA. Acral acanthosis nigricans in a case of scleroderma. Indian J Dermatol 2015; 60(4): 423.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.160540] [PMID: 26288450]
[112]
Lee YB, Lee JD, Cho SH. Unusual presentation of obesity-associated dermatoses: Acanthosis nigricans involving both auricles. Ann Dermatol 2010; 22(4): 463-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5021/ad.2010.22.4.463] [PMID: 21165222]
[113]
Ng HY, Young JH, Huen KF, Chan LT. Acanthosis nigricans in obese Chinese children. Hong Kong Med J 2014; 20(4): 290-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12809/hkmj134071] [PMID: 24762331]
[114]
Ng HY. Acanthosis nigricans in obese adolescents: Prevalence, impact, and management challenges. Adolesc Health Med Ther 2016; 8: 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S103396] [PMID: 28031729]
[115]
Nolan CF, Brelsford MA. The metabolic salute: A unique presentation of transverse nasal acanthosis nigricans and allergic rhinitis in an obese pediatric patient. Pediatr Dermatol 2019; 36(6): 973-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pde.13989] [PMID: 31497892]
[116]
Ozhan B, Yilmaz Agladioglu S, Yuksel S, Sanli B. Perioral Acanthosis nigricans. J Pediatr 2015; 167(6): 1453.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.08.046] [PMID: 26388207]
[117]
Panda S, Das A, Lahiri K, et al. Facial acanthosis nigricans: A morphological marker of metabolic syndrome. Indian J Dermatol 2017; 62(6): 591-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijd.IJD_545_17] [PMID: 29263532]
[118]
Roy N, Das T, Kundu AK, Maity A. Atypical presentation of acanthosis nigricans. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 16(6): 1058-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.103048] [PMID: 23226673]
[119]
Woo YR, Lim JH, Kim M, Park HJ. Linear acanthosis nigricans on the anterior neck: Koebner phenomenon observed in a patient with acanthosis nigricans. J Dermatol 2017; 44(7): 843-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.13559] [PMID: 27569660]
[120]
Deklotz CM, Eshagh K, Krakowski AC. Psoriatic plaques “koebnerizing” to areas of acanthosis nigricans in an obese female: Clues to a common pathway? J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2014; 7(11): 40-1.
[PMID: 25489383]
[121]
Jeong JS, Lee JY, Yoon TY. Unilateral nevoid acanthosis nigricans with a submammary location. Ann Dermatol 2011; 23(1): 95-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5021/ad.2011.23.1.95] [PMID: 21738374]
[122]
Larsabal M, Cogrel O, Caumont C, Jegou MH, Taïeb A, Morice-Picard F. Mosaic mutations in FGFR3 and FGFR2 are associated with nae-void acanthosis nigricans or RAVEN (round and velvety epidermal naevus). Br J Dermatol 2019; 180(1): 201-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.17095] [PMID: 30117157]
[123]
Krishnaram AS. Unilateral nevoid acanthosis nigricans and neurofibromatosis 1: An unusual association. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2010; 76(6): 715-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.72460] [PMID: 21079328]
[124]
Bansal M, Yadav J, Bansal A. Unilateral nevoid acanthosis nigricans. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015: bcr2015210614.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2015-210614] [PMID: 26123470]
[125]
Çetinarslan T, Gündüz K, Temiz P. Periumbilical acanthosis nigricans along the surgical site of umbilical hernia operation. Indian J Dermatol 2020; 65(1): 70-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijd.IJD_127_19] [PMID: 32029948]
[126]
Reyes-Meza SE, Guevara-Gutiérrez E, Villanueva-Quintero G, Hernández-Arana S, Tlacuilo-Parra A. Nevoid acanthosis nigricans: Report of four cases localized to the umbilicus. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2021; 87(5): 660-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijdvl.IJDVL_1016_18] [PMID: 32719198]
[127]
Anand V, Das A, Kumar P, Kumar R, Hassan S. Acral acanthosis nigricans (acral acanthotic anomaly). Indian Dermatol Online J 2014; 5(6) (Suppl. 2): S140-1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-5178.146201] [PMID: 25593810]
[128]
Bishnoi A, Parsad D. Velvety hyperpigmentation on hands and feet of a young girl: Acral acanthosis nigricans. J Cutan Med Surg 2018; 22(3): 323.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1203475417736282] [PMID: 29865956]
[129]
Gómez-Flores M, González-Saldivar G, Santos-Santos O, et al. Implications of a clinically ignored site of acanthosis nigricans: The knuckles. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2015; 123(1): 27-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1387732] [PMID: 25314648]
[130]
Rodríguez-Gutiérrez R, de la O-Cavazos ME, Salcido-Montenegro A, et al. Acanthosis Nigricans in the Knuckles of Infants: A novel clini-cal marker of high metabolic risk. Diabetes Ther 2019; 10(6): 2169-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13300-019-00703-1] [PMID: 31599392]
[131]
Verma S, Vasani R, Joshi R, Phiske M, Punjabi P, Toprani T. A descriptive study of facial acanthosis nigricans and its association with body mass index, waist circumference and insulin resistance using HOMA2 IR. Indian Dermatol Online J 2016; 7(6): 498-503.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-5178.193898] [PMID: 27990384]
[132]
Das D, Das A, Kumar D, Gharami RC. Generalized benign acanthosis nigricans in an infant. Indian Dermatol Online J 2014; 5(6) (Suppl. 2): S116-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-5178.146184] [PMID: 25593799]
[133]
Gönül M, Kiliç A, Cakmak SK, Gül U, Ekiz OD, Ergül G. Juvenile generalized acanthosis nigricans without any systemic disease. Pediatr Int 2009; 51(4): 595-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200X.2009.02875.x] [PMID: 19674375]
[134]
Denadai R, Souto RM, Auada-Souto MP. Generalized acanthosis nigricans without systemic disease associated. Dermatol Online J 2013; 19(9): 19614.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/D3199019614] [PMID: 24050288]
[135]
Piccolo V, Russo T, Picciocchi R, Errico M, Ametrano O, Moscarella E. Generalized idiopathic benign acanthosis nigricans in childhood. Ann Dermatol 2013; 25(3): 375-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5021/ad.2013.25.3.375] [PMID: 24003287]
[136]
Iwade M, Ogawa E, Koga H, et al. Generalised acanthosis nigricans in childhood with short stature associated with poor response to growth hormone provocation. Acta Derm Venereol 2014; 94(4): 486-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1759] [PMID: 24285118]
[137]
Kondo Y, Umegaki N, Terao M, Murota H, Kimura T, Katayama I. A case of generalized acanthosis nigricans with positive lupus erythe-matosus-related autoantibodies and antimicrosomal antibody: Autoimmune acanthosis nigricans? Case Rep Dermatol 2012; 4(1): 85-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000337751] [PMID: 22649336]
[138]
Valejo Coelho MM, Prokop J, Fernandes C. Acanthosis nigricans maligna. JAMA Dermatol 2019; 155(9): 1069.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.1127] [PMID: 31241726]
[139]
Ahmed CO, Gomes MK, de Azevedo TP, Cuzzi T, Ramos-E-Silva M. Paraneoplastic dermatoses in breast cancer: Malignant acanthosis nigricans with tripe palm. Skinmed 2021; 19(3): 229-31.
[PMID: 34303397]
[140]
Chantarojanasiri T, Buranathawornsom A, Sirinawasatien A. diffuse esophageal squamous papillomatosis: A rare disease associated with acanthosis nigricans and tripe palms. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2020; 14(3): 702-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000511251] [PMID: 33568969]
[141]
Costa MC, Martinez NS, Belicha MG, Leal F. Acanthosis nigricans and “tripe palm” as paraneoplastic manifestations of metastatic tumor. An Bras Dermatol 2012; 87(3): 498-500.
[142]
Danesh MJ, Saylor DK, Leard LE, North JP, Fox LP. Acquired acanthosis nigricans with tripe palms in a patient with interstitial lung dis-ease. JAAD Case Rep 2016; 2(1): 59-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdcr.2015.11.008] [PMID: 27051830]
[143]
Fabroni C, Gimma A, Cardinali C, Lo Scocco G. Tripe palms associated with malignant acanthosis nigricans in a patient with gastric ade-nocarcinoma: A case report and review of the literature. Dermatol Online J 2012; 18(11): 15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/D37BH1H290] [PMID: 23217956]
[144]
Kumar P, Mukundan MK, Sehrawat A, Sundriyal D. Tripe palms and Malignant Acanthosis Nigricans: More than a diagnostic pointer. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2021; 4(1): e1307.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.1307] [PMID: 33074559]
[145]
Lee HC, Ker KJ, Chong WS. Oral malignant acanthosis nigricans and tripe palms associated with renal urothelial carcinoma. JAMA Dermatol 2015; 151(12): 1381-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.2139] [PMID: 26309230]
[146]
Liu Y, Xu X, Yang Y, Hu H, Jiang X, Xiong X, et al. Malignant acanthosis nigricans and diseases with extensive oral papillary hyperplas-ia. Clin Exp Dermatol 2021.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ced.14995]
[147]
Murao K, Sadamoto Y, Kubo Y, Arase S. Generalized malignant acanthosis nigricans with “deck-chair sign”. Int J Dermatol 2013; 52(3): 377-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.04915.x] [PMID: 23414165]
[148]
Onajin O, Comfere NI. Co-occurrence of malignant acanthosis nigricans and the Leser-Trélat sign in a patient with hepatocellular carcino-ma. Int J Dermatol 2015; 54(5): e146-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12096] [PMID: 25041871]
[149]
Rizwan M, Iftikhar N, Sarfraz T, Ullah O. Malignant acanthosis nigricans: An indicator of internal malignancy. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2019; 29(9): 888-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.29271/jcpsp.2019.09.888] [PMID: 31455489]
[150]
Schulmann K, Strate K, Pox CP, Wieland U, Kreuter A. Paraneoplastic acanthosis nigricans with cutaneous and mucosal papillomatosis preceding recurrence of a gastric adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30(32): e325-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.42.5454] [PMID: 23008315]
[151]
Stawczyk-Macieja M, Szczerkowska-Dobosz A, Nowicki R, Majewska H, Dubowik M, Sokołowska-Wojdyło M. Malignant acanthosis nigricans, florid cutaneous papillomatosis and tripe palms syndrome associated with gastric adenocarcinoma. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2014; 31(1): 56-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/pdia.2014.40663] [PMID: 24683401]
[152]
Vilas-Sueiro A, Suárez-Amor Ó, Monteagudo B, de Las Heras C. Malignant acanthosis nigricans, florid cutaneous and mucosal papilloma-tosis, and tripe palms in a man with gastric adenocarcinoma. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2015; 106(5): 438-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adengl.2015.04.017] [PMID: 25544016]
[153]
Wang L, Long H, Wen H, Liu Z, Ling T. Image gallery: Generalized mucosal and cutaneous papillomatosis, a unique sign of malignant acanthosis nigricans. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176(5): e99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15396] [PMID: 28504375]
[154]
Wang N, Yu PJ, Liu ZL, Zhu SM, Zhang CW. Malignant acanthosis nigricans with Leser-Trélat sign and tripe palms: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8(22): 5632-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v8.i22.5632] [PMID: 33344554]
[155]
Zhang N, Qian Y, Feng AP. Acanthosis nigricans, tripe palms, and sign of Leser-Trélat in a patient with gastric adenocarcinoma: Case report and literature review in China. Int J Dermatol 2015; 54(3): 338-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12034] [PMID: 23675743]
[156]
Chu HW, Li JM, Chen GF, Ma JY. Oral malignant acanthosis nigricans associated with endometrial adenocarcinoma. Int J Oral Sci 2014; 6(4): 247-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijos.2014.1] [PMID: 24406633]
[157]
Elmas ÖF, Demirbaş A, Kutlu Ö, Kilitçi A, Atasoy M. Utility of dermatoscopy in the diagnosis of acanthosis nigricans. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 19(12): 3426-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13670] [PMID: 32780558]
[158]
Pardeshi SS, Khemani UN, Kamath RR, Kura MM, Jafferany M. Therapeutic implications of dermoscopic findings in acanthosis nigricans: A clinical and histopathological study. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33(6): e14521.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.14521] [PMID: 33176058]
[159]
Sayarifard F, Sayarifard A, Allahverdi B, Ipakchi S, Moghtaderi M, Yaghmaei B. Prevalence of acanthosis nigricans and related factors in Iranian obese children. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11(7): SC05-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2017/24902.10203] [PMID: 28892990]
[160]
Berk DR. Acanthosis nigricans of the ears or terra firma-forme dermatosis? Ann Dermatol 2012; 24(2): 218-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5021/ad.2012.24.2.218] [PMID: 22577277]
[161]
Bhanja DB, Sil A, Biswas SK. Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation. J Pediatr 2020; 227: 314.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.07.083] [PMID: 32745559]
[162]
Bossini B, Mazzolai M, Berti I, Barbi E. Hyperpigmented pityriasis versicolor misdiagnosed as acanthosis nigricans. Arch Dis Child 2021; archdischild-2021-322030.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2021-322030]
[163]
Cheng E, Roy DB, Magro CM. A case of acanthosis nigricans coexisting with mycosis fungoides. Dermatol Online J 2015; 21(7): 13030/qt3sw2t3b8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/D3217028120]
[164]
Demirci GT, Mansur AT, Demiralay E. Terra firma-forme dermatosis misdiagnosed as nevoid acanthosis nigricans. Am J Dermatopathol 2017; 39(10): 782-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DAD.0000000000000885] [PMID: 28930108]
[165]
Forouzan P, Cohen PR. Erythrasma revisited: Diagnosis, differential diagnoses, and comprehensive review of treatment. Cureus 2020; 12(9): e10733.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10733] [PMID: 33145138]
[166]
Fukumoto T, Kozaru T, Sakaguchi M, Oka M. Concomitant confluent and reticulated papillomatosis and acanthosis nigricans in an obese girl with insulin resistance successfully treated with oral minocycline: Case report and published work review. J Dermatol 2017; 44(8): 954-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.13819] [PMID: 28295566]
[167]
Guertler A, Evenschor N, Seegraeber M, et al. Lichen planus pigmentosus inversus: A rare subvariant of lichen planus pigmentosus. Case Rep Dermatol 2021; 13(2): 407-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000515735] [PMID: 34594198]
[168]
Joshi R, Palwade PK. Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation or acanthosis nigricans? Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2010; 76(5): 591.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.69095] [PMID: 20827015]
[169]
Kaminska-Winciorek G, Wydmanski J, Scope A, Argenziano G, Zalaudek I. “Neglected nipples”: Acanthosis nigricans-like plaques caused by avoidance of nipple cleansing. Dermatol Pract Concept 2014; 4(3): 81-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5826/dpc.0403a17] [PMID: 25126467]
[170]
Kim DJ, Truong SV, Paik A, et al. A case of acanthosis nigricans-like mycosis fungoides. JAAD Case Rep 2021; 16: 144-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdcr.2021.08.032] [PMID: 34621939]
[171]
Leung AKC, Barankin B. Skin lesions erupt across a teenager’s upper back: Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis. Consultant 2016; 15: 21-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.25270/cfp.2016.01.00001]
[172]
Park YJ, Kang HY, Lee ES, Kim YC. Differentiating confluent and reticulated papillomatosis from acanthosis nigricans. J Cutan Pathol 2015; 42(12): 944-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cup.12581] [PMID: 26264983]
[173]
Rice AS, Cook C. Dowling Degos disease.In: StatPearls [Internet] Treasure Island (FL):. StatPearls Publishing 2021 Jan-Aug..
[PMID: 30285365]
[174]
Riquelme IL, Moyano EG. Axillary and inguinal erythrasma. CMAJ 2021; 193(39): E1535.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.210310] [PMID: 34607848]
[175]
Verma SB, Wollina U. Acne keloidalis nuchae with acanthosis nigricans of the neck: The pivotal role of the dermatologist in the early diagnosis of insulin resistance’. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33(6): e14102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.14102] [PMID: 32730651]
[176]
Willemze R, Scheffer E, Van Vloten WA. Mycosis fungoides simulating acanthosis nigricans. Am J Dermatopathol 1985; 7(4): 367-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000372-198508000-00010] [PMID: 3842790]
[177]
Ice CL, Murphy E, Minor VE, Neal WA. Metabolic syndrome in fifth grade children with acanthosis nigricans: Results from the CARDI-AC project. World J Pediatr 2009; 5(1): 23-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12519-009-0004-7] [PMID: 19172328]
[178]
Palhares HMDC, Zaidan PC, Dib FCM, Silva APD, Resende DCS, Borges MF. Association between acanthosis nigricans and other cardi-ometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity. Rev Paul Pediatr 2018; 36(3): 301-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/;2018;36;3;00017] [PMID: 30365811]
[179]
Daye M, Selver Eklioglu B, Atabek ME. Relationship of acanthosis nigricans with metabolic syndrome in obese children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020; 33(12): 1563-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2020-0154] [PMID: 33581705]
[180]
Thiagarajan S, Arun Babu T, Manivel P. Acanthosis nigricans and metabolic risk factors in obese children. Indian J Pediatr 2020; 87(2): 162.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-019-03080-6] [PMID: 31620987]
[181]
Wollina U, Hansel G, Lotti T, Tchernev G, Vojvodic A, Temelkova I. Acanthosis nigricans - A two-sided coin: Consider metabolic syn-drome and malignancies! Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7(18): 3081-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.258] [PMID: 31850127]
[182]
Daitchman J, Vermeulen MJ, Ray JG. Acanthosis nigricans among women with gestational diabetes mellitus and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes Care 2008; 31(5): e30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc07-2108] [PMID: 18268069]
[183]
Özhan B, Asıltürk H, Yüksel S. Acanthosis nigricans: A warning sign of lower urinary tract dysfunction in obese children? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24(21): 10999-1005.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202011_23584] [PMID: 33215414]
[184]
Pirgon Ö, Sandal G, Gökçen C, Bilgin H, Dündar B. Social anxiety, depression and self-esteem in obese adolescent girls with acanthosis nigricans. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2015; 7(1): 63-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.1515] [PMID: 25800478]
[185]
Uyttendaele H, Koss T, Bagheri B, et al. Generalized acanthosis nigricans in an otherwise healthy young child. Pediatr Dermatol 2003; 20(3): 254-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1470.2003.20314.x] [PMID: 12787277]
[186]
Patel NU, Roach C, Alinia H, Huang WW, Feldman SR. Current treatment options for acanthosis nigricans. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2018; 11: 407-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S137527] [PMID: 30122971]
[187]
Schwartz RA. Efficacy of topical 0.1% adapalene gel for use in the treatment of childhood acanthosis nigricans: A pilot study. Dermatol Ther 2015; 28(4): 266.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.12224] [PMID: 25817595]
[188]
Treesirichod A, Chaithirayanon S, Wongjitrat N, Wattanapan P. The efficacy of topical 0.1% adapalene gel for use in the treatment of childhood acanthosis nigricans: A pilot study. Indian J Dermatol 2015; 60(1): 103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.147838] [PMID: 25657419]
[189]
Treesirichod A, Chaithirayanon S, Wongjitrat N. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of 0.1% adapalene gel and 0.025% tretinoin cream in the treatment of childhood acanthosis nigricans. Pediatr Dermatol 2019; 36(3): 330-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pde.13799] [PMID: 30883877]
[190]
Baldissera RL, Yang EJ, Schmitt JV, Lin E, Emanuel de Jesus F. Trichloroacetic acid peels for the treatment of acanthosis nigricans. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; S0190-9622(21): 00222-X.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2021.01.065]
[191]
Zayed A, Sobhi RM, Abdel Halim DM. Using trichloroacetic acid in the treatment of acanthosis nigricans: A pilot study. J Dermatolog Treat 2014; 25(3): 223-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09546634.2012.674194] [PMID: 22494198]
[192]
Treesirichod A, Chuenboonngarm S, Kritsanaviparkporn C. The efficacy and safety of 20% urea cream and 10% urea cream in the treat-ment of acanthosis nigricans in adolescents, a randomized comparative double-blind study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 2021: 14514.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14514] [PMID: 34619001]
[193]
Treesirichod A, Chaithirayanon S, Chaikul T, Chansakulporn S. The randomized trials of 10% urea cream and 0.025% tretinoin cream in the treatment of acanthosis nigricans. J Dermatolog Treat 2021; 32(7): 837-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2019.1708855] [PMID: 31868565]
[194]
Coerdt KM, Todd SP, DeKlotz CMC. Topical rapamycin for acanthosis nigricans in the Fitzpatrick IV/V adolescent population. Pediatr Dermatol 2021; 38(1): 296-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pde.14404] [PMID: 33099783]
[195]
Leung AK, Barankin B, Lam JM, Leong KF, Hon KL. Dermatology: How to manage acne vulgaris. Drugs Context 2021; 2021: 2021-8-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7573/dic.2021-8-6] [PMID: 34691199]
[196]
Giri D, Alsaffar H, Ramakrishnan R. Acanthosis nigricans and its response to metformin. Pediatr Dermatol 2017; 34(5): e281-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pde.13206] [PMID: 28758315]
[197]
Rizzo A, Tognetti L, Rubegni P, Cinotti E. Acanthosis nigricans monstre successfully treated with topical tacalcitol, metformin, and oral contraceptives. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33(4): e13660.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.13660] [PMID: 32447791]
[198]
Abu Oun AA, Ahmed NA, Hafiz HSA. Comparative study between fractional carbon dioxide laser versus retinoic acid chemical peel in the treatment of acanthosis nigricans. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21(3): 1023-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14224]
[199]
Campos MA, Varela P, Baptista A, Ferreira EO. Unilateral nevoid acanthosis nigricans treated with CO2 laser. BMJ Case Rep 2016; 2016: bcr2016216073.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-216073] [PMID: 27457822]
[200]
Ehsani A, Noormohammadpour P, Goodarzi A, et al. Comparison of long-pulsed alexandrite laser and topical tretinoin-ammonium lactate in axillary acanthosis nigricans: A case series of patients in a before-after trial. Caspian J Intern Med 2016; 7(4): 290-3.
[PMID: 27999648]
[201]
Eldeeb F, Wahid RM, Alakad R. Fractional carbon dioxide laser versus trichloroacetic acid peel in the treatment of pseudo-acanthosis nig-ricans. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21(1): 247-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14088] [PMID: 33749961]
[202]
Leerapongnan P, Jurairattanaporn N, Kanokrungsee S, Udompataikul M. Comparison of the effectiveness of fractional 1550-nm erbium fiber laser and 0.05% tretinoin cream in the treatment of acanthosis nigricans: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 35(5): 1153-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-019-02944-9] [PMID: 31953736]
[203]
Sherertz EF. Improved acanthosis nigricans with lipodystrophic diabetes during dietary fish oil supplementation. Arch Dermatol 1988; 124(7): 1094-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1988.01670070082026] [PMID: 3389852]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy