Generic placeholder image

Current Biotechnology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2211-5501
ISSN (Online): 2211-551X

Review Article

An Outrage: The Mechanism of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in Microorganisms

Author(s): Soamyaa Srivastava*

Volume 11, Issue 3, 2022

Published on: 03 November, 2022

Page: [189 - 195] Pages: 7

DOI: 10.2174/2211550111666220428105504

Price: $65

Abstract

Antibiotics come into the picture when the body’s natural defense system fails to fight against the pathogen. However, the overuse of antibiotics in the last few decades has led to the development of resistant strains that may be fatal to the human race as they are not easily treatable. The misuse and several inappropriate usages have caused genetic mutations in bacterial cells to adapt to the antibiotic environment. The organisms develop several mechanisms to thrive and resist conventional treatment processes. The review discusses the possible mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and measures to overcome this problem worldwide.

Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance mechanism (AMR), bacterial resistance classes of antibiotics, Measures of AMR, PDP.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Ventola CL. The antibiotic resistance crisis. Part 1: Causes and threats PT 2015; 40(4): 277-83.
[2]
World Health Organization (WHO) global strategy for containment of antimicrobial resistance. Geneva: WHO 2001.
[3]
World Health Organization (WHO). Antimicrobial Resistance Global Surveillance Reports. Geneva: WHO 2014.
[4]
Gaynes R. The discovery of penicillin—new insights after more than 75 years of clinical use. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23(5): 849-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2305.161556]
[5]
Nikaido H. Multidrug resistance in bacteria. Annu Rev Biochem 2009; 78(1): 119-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.78.082907.145923] [PMID: 19231985]
[6]
Mather AE, Reid SWJ, Maskell DJ, et al. Distinguishable epidemics of multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 in different hosts. Science 2013; 341(6153): 1514-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1240578] [PMID: 24030491]
[7]
Eliopoulos GM, Cosgrove SE, Carmeli Y. The impact of antimicrobial resistance on health and economic outcomes. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36(11): 1433-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/375081] [PMID: 12766839]
[8]
Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, et al. Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions. Lancet Infect Dis 2013; 13(12): 1057-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70318-9] [PMID: 24252483]
[9]
Dantes R, Mu Y, Belflower R, et al. National burden of invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections, United States, 2011. JAMA Intern Med 2013; 173(21): 1970-8.
[PMID: 24043270]
[10]
Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. Active bacterial core surveillance report, emerging infection program network, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 2011. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/abcs/reports-findings/survreports/mrsa11.pdf2011
[11]
Prestinaci F, Pezzotti P, Pantosti A. Antimicrobial resistance: A global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathog Glob Health 2015; 109(7): 309-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000030] [PMID: 26343252]
[12]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2013. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services 2013.
[13]
Tsabai C. Potential drug interactions in patients taking oral contraceptive pills. Am Fam Physician 2019; 100(10): 599-600.
[PMID: 31730323]
[14]
Nesher L, Rolston KVI. The current spectrum of infection in cancer patients with chemotherapy related neutropenia. Infection 2014; 42(1): 5-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15010-013-0525-9] [PMID: 23975584]
[15]
Ayukekbong JA, Ntemgwa M, Atabe AN. The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries: Causes and control strategies. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2017; 6(1): 47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13756-017-0208-x] [PMID: 28515903]
[16]
Kırmusaoğlu S, Gareayaghi N, Kocazeybek BS. Introductory chapter: The action mechanisms of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. In: Kırmusaoğlu S, Ed. Antimicrobials.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85211]
[17]
Bartlett JG, Spellberg B, Gilbert DN. 8 ways to deal with antibiotic resistance. New York, NY: WebMD LLC 2013.
[18]
Darphorn TS, Bel K, Koenders-van Sint Anneland BB, Brul S, Ter Kuile BH. Antibiotic resistance plasmid composition and architecture in Escherichia coli isolates from meat. Sci Rep 2021; 11(1): 2136.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81683-w] [PMID: 33483623]
[19]
Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP). Addendum to the guideline on evaluating medicinal products indicated for the treatment of bacterial infections. In: Document EMA/CHMP/351889/2013. London, United Kingdom: European Medicines Agency 2013.
[20]
American Academy of Microbiology. Antibiotic resistance: An ecological perspective on an old problem. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology 2009.
[21]
US Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency 2012.
[22]
US Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for industry no. 213. In: New animal drugs and new animal drug combination products administered in or on medicated feed or drinking water of food-producing animals: Recommendations for drug sponsors for voluntarily aligning product use conditions with GFI no 209. Rockville, MD: Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services 2013.
[23]
US Food and Drug Administration. FDA takes action to speed safety information updates on generic drugs Food and Drug Administration. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services 2013.
[24]
Roberts RR, Hota B, Ahmad I, et al. Hospital and societal costs of antimicrobial-resistant infections in a Chicago teaching hospital: Implications for antibiotic stewardship. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49(8): 1175-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/605630] [PMID: 19739972]
[25]
Shahida S, Islam A, Dey B, Islam F, Venkatesh K, Goodman A. Hospital-acquired infections in low and middle-income countries: Root cause analysis and the development of infection control practices in Bangladesh. Open J of ObsGyn 2016; 6: 28-39.
[26]
Engemann JJ, Carmeli Y, Cosgrove SE, et al. Adverse clinical and economic outcomes attributable to methicillin resistance among patients with Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36(5): 592-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/367653] [PMID: 12594640]
[27]
Dadgostar P. Antimicrobial resistance: Implications and costs. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12: 3903-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S234610] [PMID: 31908502]
[28]
Veeraraghavan B, Walia K. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile & resistance mechanisms of Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) priority pathogens from India. Indian J Med Res 2019; 149(2): 87-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_214_18] [PMID: 31219073]
[29]
Mossialos E, Morel C, Edwards S, Berenson J, Gemmill-Toyama M, Brogan D. Policies and incentives for promoting innovation in antibiotic research. London, United Kingdom: The London School of Economics and Political Science 2009.
[30]
Pew Charitable Trusts Antibiotics and Innovation Project. A new pathway for antibiotic innovation: Exploring drug development for limited populations. Philadelphia: The Pew Charitable Trusts 2013.
[31]
Yong D, Toleman MA, Giske CG, et al. Characterization of a new metallo-β-lactamase gene, bla(NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53(12): 5046-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00774-09] [PMID: 19770275]
[32]
Forsberg KJ, Reyes A, Wang B, Selleck EM, Sommer MOA, Dantas G. The shared antibiotic resistome of soil bacteria and human pathogens. Science 2012; 337(6098): 1107-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1220761] [PMID: 22936781]
[33]
Goossens H, Guillemot D, Ferech M, et al. National campaigns to improve antibiotic use. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 62(5): 373-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-005-0094-7] [PMID: 16568344]
[34]
React- Action on Antibiotic Resistance. Cure with Case: Understanding antibiotic resistance. Uppsala University 2007.
[35]
European center for disease prevention and control (ECDC). Antimicrobial surveillance in Europe 2013. In: Annual report of European antimicrobial resistance surveillance network. ECDC: EARSNET. Stockholm 2014.
[36]
Reygaert CW. An overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of bacteria. AIMS Microbiol 2018; 4(3): 482-501.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/microbiol.2018.3.482] [PMID: 31294229]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy