Abstract
Everything we buy leaves a type of waste, particularly the packaging, which is thrown away when its contents are unpacked. One can hardly ignore the hazard plastic packaging poses to the environment. Plastic is a petroleum-based product that is a long‐term pollutant, it takes a very long time to degrade and is not fully biodegradable. The long-term development goals must incorporate protecting the environment and nonrenewable resources. Different review papers, research papers, books, book chapters, internet sources, and other relevant literature were used for writing this review paper. The finding of this review shows that in recent years, the interest of researchers has been evoked remarkably towards the development of packaging material in a more sustainable way. Biodegradable polymers such as starch, cellulose, Polylactic acid, Polycaprolactone, Polyhydroxyalkanoates, etc., have been modified to produce bio-based plastic films/materials which can replace petroleum-based plastic, thus reducing the environmental burdens associated with non-biodegradable and plastic products. Billions of tons of packaging waste are accumulating across the world and one should look for ways to incorporate materials that make less of an impact on the globe. The use of biodegradable packaging material is the solution to the problem of plastic waste accumulation as it is economically feasible and safe for our environment. Green or sustainable packaging will be possible only when eco-friendly packaging becomes a ‘must-have’ product feature.
Keywords: Plastic waste, Plastic market, Biodegradable polymer, Biodegradability, Bio-based plastic, Biodegradable packaging.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Wood L. India pharmaceutical packaging market report 2020-2025. Featuring key players - west pharmaceutical packaging, huhtamaki PPL, SGD pharma, amcor flexibles, and uflex. Research and markets. 2020. Available from: https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2020/09/21/2096238/28124/en/India-Pharmaceutical-Packaging-Market-Report-2020-2025-Featuring-Key-Players-West-Pharmaceutical-Packaging-Huhtamaki-PPL-SGD-Pharma-Amcor-Flexibles-and-Uflex.html
[2]
Correa D. Pharmaceutical packaging market in India like to reach $3027.14. million by 2030 - ein presswire. news provided by allied analytics LLP. 2021. Available from: https://www.einnews.com/pr_news/551515715/pharmaceutical-packaging-market-in-india-like-to-reach-3027-14-million-by-2030
[3]
Wood L. India pharmaceutical packaging market growth, trends, and forecasts report 2020-2025 | business wire. 2020. Available from: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200923005448/en/India-Pharmaceutical-Packaging-Market-Growth-Trends-and-Forecasts-Report-2020-2025
[4]
Hopewell J, Dvorak R, Kosior E. Plastics recycling: Challenges and opportunities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364(1526): 2115-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0311] [PMID: 19528059]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0311] [PMID: 19528059]
[5]
Measuring biodegradability — Science learning hub. Available from: https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1543-measuring-biodegradability
[6]
How long it takes for some everyday items to decompose. - Down2earth materials. Available from: https://www. down2earthmaterials.ie/2013/02/14/decompose/
[7]
Overview of plastic waste management. Delhi-110032: Central
Pollution Control Board, Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar 2013.
[8]
Neste, recycling technologies and unilever combine expertise to test and validate systems to chemically recycle waste plastics. plastics waste plastics, chemical recycling. 2020. Available from: https://www.neste.com/releases-and-news/plastics/neste-recycling-technologies-and-unilever-combine-expertise-test-and-validate-systems-chemically
[9]
Bahraini A. 7 Types of plastic that you need to know – waste4change. Available from: https://waste4change.com/blog/7-types-plastic-need-know/
[10]
Plastics by the numbers | eartheasy guides & articles. Available from: https://learn.eartheasy.com/articles/plastics-by-the-numbers/
[11]
Singh S. Different types of plastic, their applications & recycle codes - rajRAS. 2019. Available from: https://www.rajras.in/types-of-plastic/
[12]
The 7 different types of plastic | plastics for change. 2021. Available from: https://www.plasticsforchange.org/blog/different-types-of-plastic
[13]
PLASgran guide to plastic recycling grades - plasgran - the plastic recycling specialists. Available from: https://plasgranltd.co.uk/plasgran-guide-plastic-recycling-grades/
[14]
Griffin J, Wilkins J. Plastic Pollution: The impact of plastic pollution on our oceans and what we can do about it. 2021. Available from: https://sloactive.com/plastic-pollution/#uvembed60837
[15]
Sharp A. Breaking down ocean polystyrene-pollution on a global scale. Fauna & Flora International. 2020. Available from: https://phys.org/news/2020-07-ocean-polystyrenepollution-global-scale.html
[16]
Packaging JB. Is polystyrene recyclable? Available from: https://www.jbpackaging.co.uk/is-polystyrene-recyclable.html
[17]
Recyclenow. What to do with polystyrene packaging. Available from: https://www.recyclenow.com/what-to-do-with/polystyrene-1
[18]
Missouri Glass Co. What is lexan? Available from: https://www. missouriglass.com/blog/what-is-lexan/
[19]
Plasgran-guide-to-plastic-recycling-grades. Available from: https://plasgranltd.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Plasgran-Guide-to-Plastic-Recycling-Grades.pdf
[20]
Zhong Y, Godwin P, Jin Y, Xiao H. Biodegradable polymers and green-based antimicrobial packaging materials: A mini-review. Adv Ind Eng Polym Res 2020; 3(1): 27-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2019.11.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2019.11.002]
[21]
Kržan A. Biodegradable polymers and plastics. Innovative value chain development for sustainable plastics in Central Europe. 2012. Available from: https://icmpp.ro/sustainableplastics/files/Biodegradable_plastics_and_polymers.pdf
[22]
Kumar AA, Karthick K, Arumugam K. Properties of biodegradable polymers and degradation for sustainable development. Int J Chem Eng Appl 2011; 2(3): 164-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/IJCEA.2011.V2.95]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/IJCEA.2011.V2.95]
[23]
Kolybaba M, Tabil LG, Panigrahi S, Crerar WJ, Powell T, Wang B. Biodegradable polymers: Past, present, and future. In:
CSAE/ASAE Annual Intersectional Meeting. 1-15.
[25]
Arrieta MP, Sampler MD, Aldas M, Lopez J. On the use of PLA-PHB blends for sustainable food packaging applications. Mater 2017; 10(9): 1008.
[26]
Wróblewska-Krepsztul J, Rydzkowski T, Borowski G, Szczypiński M, Klepka T, Thakur VK. Recent progress in biodegradable polymers and nanocomposites based packaging materials for sustainable environment. IJPAC Int J Polym Anal Charact 2018; 23(4): 383-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023666X.2018.1455382]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023666X.2018.1455382]
[27]
Pan Y, Farmahini-Farahani M, O’Hearn P, Xiao H, Ocampo H, Pan Y. An overview of bio-based polymers for packaging materials. J Bioresour Bioprod 2016; 1(3): 106-13.
[28]
Misra RV, Roy RN, Hiraoka H. On-farm composting methods. In: Land and water discussion paper Volume 2: 1-51. Available from: https://www.fao.org/3/y5104e/y5104e05.htm
[29]
Coombs J, Hall K. Non-food agro-industrial research information.In: CD-ROM version 12. Newbury, UK: CPL Publishing Services 2000.
[30]
Mangan C. The green chemical and polymers chainEuropean Commission, DG12, DG6. Luxenbourg Belgium 1998.
[31]
Packaging market by end-user, type, and geography - forecast and analysis 2021-2025. Available from: https://www.technavio.com/ talk-to-us?report=IRTNTR44725&type=sample
[32]
8 global packaging trends and where they’re all heading. Available from: https://www.packagingdigest.com/packaging-design/8-global-packaging-trends-and-where-theyre-all-heaing
[33]
Top packaging trends in 2019 | Global packaging industry trends - Technavio. 2019. Available from:
https://blog.technavio.com/blog/top-packaging-trends-leading-global-packaging-industry
[34]
Growth of packaging market-interpack packaging fair. Available from: https://www.interpack.com/en/TIGHTLY_PACKED/SECTORS/INDUSTRIAL_GOODS_PACKAGING/News/Packaging_market_continues_to_grow
[35]
Coca-Cola collaborates with partners to create bottle prototype made from 100% plant-based sources. 2021. Available from: https://www.coca-cola.eu/news/supporting-environment/bottle-prototype-made-from-plant-based-sources
[36]
Sandra T. The disadvantages of using plastic products. 2017. Available from: https://sciencing.com/the-disadvantages-of-using-plastic-products-13659024.html
[37]
United nations industrial development organization. addressing the challenge of marine plastic litter with circular economy practices. 2020. Available from: https://www.unido.org/Marine-plastic-litter
[38]
United nations industrial development organization. addressing the challenge of marine plastic litter with circular economy practices. unido department for environment, Vienna, Austria. 2019. Available from: https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/files/2019-06/UNIDO_Addressing_the_challenge_of_Marine_Plastic_Litter_Using_Circular_Economy_0.pdf
[39]
A circular economy solution to our marine plastic waste problem | World Economic Forum. Available from: https://www.weforum. org/agenda/2020/01/circular-economy-marine-plastic-litter/
[40]
Lawson E. 10 Advantages of green packaging to the environment - green business Bureau. 2017. Available from: https://greenbusinessbureau.com/blog/10-advantages-of-green-packaging-to-the-environment/
[41]
Hughes enterprises. 4 advantages of eco-friendly packaging. Available from: https://hughesent.com/4-advantages-of-eco-friendly-packaging/
[42]
Folk E. 5 Benefits of biodegradable packaging for businesses. bioenergy consult powering a greener future. 2021. Available from: https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/biodegradable-packaging/
[43]
What are the benefits of eco-friendly packaging?. weavabel. 2020. Available from: https://blog.weavabel.com/what-are-the-benefits-of-eco-friendly-packaging
[44]
Roberge D. 6 Key benefits of sustainable packaging. 2018. Available from: https://www.industrialpackaging.com/blog/6-benefits-of-sustainable-packaging
[45]
Royte E. Corn plastic to the rescue. 2006. Available from: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/corn-plastic-to-the-rescue-126404720/
[46]
Rinkesh . Biodegradable plastics: Advantages, disadvantages and various uses of it - conserve energy future. Available from: https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/advantages-disadvantages-uses-biodegradable-plastics.php
[47]
Riggi E, Santagata G, Malinconico M. Bio-based and biodegradable plastics for use in crop production. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 2011; 3(1): 49-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212798411103010049] [PMID: 21114467]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212798411103010049] [PMID: 21114467]
[48]
Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT. Sustainable bio-composites from renewable resources: Opportunities and challenges in the green materials world. J Polym Environ 2002; 10(1/2): 19-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021013921916]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021013921916]
[49]
Ashok A, Rejeesh CR, Renjith R. Biodegradable polymers for sustainable packaging applications: A review. Int J Bionics Biomater 2016; 2(2): 1-11.
[50]
Jabeen N, Majid I, Nayik GA. Bioplastics and food packaging: A review. Cogent Food Agric 2015; 1(1): 1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2015.1117749]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2015.1117749]
[51]
Satheesh Kumar MN, Yakoob Z. Siddaramaiah. Biobased materials
in food packaging applications. In: Pilla S, Ed. Handbook of Bioplastics
and Biocomposites Engineering Applications. Hoboken,
NJ: Scrivener Publishing LLC 2011; pp. 121-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118203699.ch5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118203699.ch5]
[52]
Cellulose | the gale encyclopedia of science. Available from: https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/chemistry/organic-chemistry/cellulose#2830100472
[53]
Havstad MR. Biodegradable plastics. In: Letcher TM, Ed. Plastic
Waste and Recycling: Environmental Impact, Societal Issues, Prevention,
and Solutions. 1st ed. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier 2020; pp. 97-129.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817880-5.00005-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817880-5.00005-0]
[54]
Helmenstine AM. What is cellulose? Facts and functions. ThoughtCo 2020; pp. 1-5. Internet Available from: https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-cellulose-definition-4777807
[55]
Ivankovic A, Zeljko K, Talic S, Lasic M. Biodegradable packaging in the food industry. J Food Saf Food Qual 2017; 68: 26-38.
[56]
Shaikh S, Yaqoob M, Aggarwal P. An overview of biodegradable packaging in food industry. Curr Res Food Sci 2021; Vol 4: 503-20.
[57]
Tokura S, Tamura H. Chitin and chitosan. In: Kamerling H, Ed.
Comprehensive glycoscience. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier 2007; pp. 449-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451967-2/00127-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451967-2/00127-6]
[58]
Kaczmarek MB, Struszczyk-Swita K, Li X, Szczęsna-Antczak M, Daroch M. Enzymatic modifications of chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7: 243.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00243] [PMID: 31612131]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00243] [PMID: 31612131]
[59]
Lodha P, Netravali AN. Thermal and mechanical properties of environment-friendly ‘green’ plastics from stearic acid modified-soy protein isolate. Ind Crops Prod 2005; 21(1): 49-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2003.12.006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2003.12.006]
[60]
Mohareb E, Mittal GS. Formulation and process conditions for biodegradable/edible soy-based packaging trays. Packag Technol Sci 2007; 20(1): 1-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.736]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.736]
[61]
Jiménez L, Mena M, Prendiz J, Salas L, Vega-Baudrit J. Polylactic
acid (PLA) as a bioplastic and its possible applications in the food
industry. J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 5(2): 048.
[62]
Baek N, Kim YT, Marcy JE, Duncan SE, O’Keefe SF. Physical properties of nanocomposite polylactic acid films prepared with oleic acid modified titanium dioxide. Food Packag Shelf Life 2018; 17(2): 30-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.05.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.05.004]
[63]
Motelica L, Ficai D, Ficai A, Oprea OC, Kaya DA, Andronescu E. Biodegradable antimicrobial food packaging: Trends and perspectives. Foods 2020; 9(10): E1438.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9101438] [PMID: 33050581]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9101438] [PMID: 33050581]
[64]
Qi X, Ren Y, Wang X. New advances in the biodegradation of poly(lactic) acid. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 2017; 117: 215-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2017.01.010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2017.01.010]
[65]
Bátori V, Åkesson D, Zamani A, Taherzadeh MJ, Sárvári Horváth I. Anaerobic degradation of bioplastics: A review. Waste Manag 2018; 80: 406-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.09.040] [PMID: 30455023]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.09.040] [PMID: 30455023]
[66]
Salamone JC. Concise polymeric materials encyclopedia. (1st ed.), Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press 1998.
[67]
Polymer properties database. Polycaprolactone (PCL). Available from: https://polymerdatabase.com/Polymer Brands/PCL.html
[68]
Labet M, Thielemans W. Synthesis of polycaprolactone: A review. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38(12): 3484-504.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b820162p] [PMID: 20449064]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b820162p] [PMID: 20449064]
[69]
Lyu JS, Lee JS, Han J. Development of a biodegradable polycaprolactone film incorporated with an antimicrobial agent via an extrusion process. Sci Rep 2019; 9(1): 20236.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56757-5] [PMID: 31882928]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56757-5] [PMID: 31882928]
[70]
Vroman I, Tighzert L. Biodegradable polymers. Materials (Basel) 2009; 2(2): 307-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma2020307]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma2020307]
[71]
McKeen LW. Introduction to use of plastics in food packaging. In:
Ebnesajjad S, Ed. Plastic films in food packaging. Norwich, NY:
William Andrew Publishing 2013; pp. 1-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4557-3112-1.00001-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4557-3112-1.00001-6]
[72]
Deshmukh K, Basheer Ahamed M, Deshmukh RR, Khadheer Pasha SK, Bhagat PR, Chidambaram K. Biopolymer Composites
with High Dielectric Performance: Interface Engineering. In: Sadasivuni
KK, Ponnamma D, Kim J, Cabibihan J-J, Al-Maadeed MA,
Eds. Biopolymer Composites in Electronics. Elsevier 2017; pp. 27-128.
[73]
Sarasam AR, Krishnaswamy RK, Madihally SV. Blending chitosan with polycaprolactone: Effects on physicochemical and antibacterial properties. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7(4): 1131-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm050935d] [PMID: 16602730]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm050935d] [PMID: 16602730]
[74]
Rudnik E. Compostable polymer properties and packaging applications.
In: Ebnesajjad Sina, Ed. Plastic films in food packaging.
Norwich, NY: William Andrew Publishing 2013; pp. 217-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4557-3112-1.00013-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4557-3112-1.00013-2]
[75]
Ray SS, Bousmina M. Biodegradable polymers and their layered silicate nanocomposites: In greening the 21st century materials world. Prog Mater Sci 2005; 50(8): 962-1079.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2005.05.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2005.05.002]
[76]
Adriaan SL, Sarah SM. Can biodegradable plastics solve plastic
solid waste accumulation? In: Al-Salem SM, Ed. Plastics to energy:
fuel, chemicals, and sustainability implications. Norwich, NY: William
Andrew Publishing 2019; pp. 403-23.
[77]
Polybutylene succinate (PBS) properties and applications. Available from: https://polymerdatabase.com/Polymer%20Brands/PBS.html
[78]
Review on properties and application of bio-based poly(Butylene Succinate). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13(9): 1436.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13091436] [PMID: 33946989]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13091436] [PMID: 33946989]
[79]
Di Lorenzo ML, Androsch R, Righetti MC. Low-temperature crystallization of poly(butylene succinate). Eur Polym J 2017; 94: 384-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.07.025]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.07.025]
[80]
Wang X, Zhou J, Li L. Multiple melting behavior of poly(butylene succinate). Eur Polym J 2007; 43(8): 3163-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.05.013]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.05.013]
[81]
Bi S, Tan B, Soule JL, Sobkowicz MJ. Enzymatic degradation of poly (butylene succinate-co-hexamethylene succinate). Polym Degrad Stabil 2018; 155: 9-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.06.017]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.06.017]
[82]
Amstutz V, Hanik N, Pott J, Utsunomia C, Zinn M. Tailored biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates in chemostat cultures. Methods Enzymol 2019; 627: 99-123.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.mie.2019.08.018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.mie.2019.08.018]
[83]
Surendran A, Lakshmanan M, Chee JY, Sulaiman AM, Thuoc DV, Sudesh K. Can polyhydroxyalkanoates be produced efficiently from waste plant and animal oils? Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8: 169.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00169] [PMID: 32258007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00169] [PMID: 32258007]
[84]
Nielsen C, Rahman A, Rehman AU, Walsh MK, Miller CD. Food waste conversion to microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10(6): 1338-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12776] [PMID: 28736901]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12776] [PMID: 28736901]
[85]
Bugnicourt E, Cinelli P, Lazzeri A, Alvarez V. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): Review of synthesis, characteristics, processing and potential applications in packaging. Express Polym Lett 2014; 8(11): 791-808.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2014.82]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2014.82]
[86]
Kourmentza C, Ntaikou I, Lyberatos G, Kornaros M. Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Pseudomonas sp. using synthetic and olive mill wastewater under limiting conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 74: 202-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.12.032] [PMID: 25542172]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.12.032] [PMID: 25542172]
[87]
Basnett P, Ravi S, Roy I. Natural bacterial biodegradable medical
polymers: Polyhydroxyalkanoates. In: Zhang X, Ed. Science and
Principles of Biodegradable and Bioresorbable Medical Polymers.
Sawston, Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing 2017; pp. 257-77.
[88]
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) market global forecast to 2025 | marketsandmarkets. Available from: https://www. marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/pha-market-395.html?gclid=Cj0KCQjwoqDtBRD-ARIsAL4pviDVMGJlVibGAdbu0O60hVVk9gNpJZs0NnJ-v9792cuGBpuyRLaO_AaAklKEALw_wcB
[89]
PRODUCT - pulpworks: Molding a better worldTM. Available from: http://www.pulpworksinc.com/product.html
[90]
Pharma packaging | Bilcare research: ECOmply Film with PVClevel protection in a biodegradable package | Pharmaceutical manufacturing. Available from: https://www.pharmamanufacturing.com/vendors/products/2012/013/
[91]
Jovic M. For a greener future: Biodegradable packaging materials - prescouter - custom intelligence from a global network of experts. Available from: https://www.prescouter.com/2017/04/biodegradable-packaging-materials/
[92]
Corn starch based bioplastics in the form of disposable tableware and carrier bags | Ubuntoo Solutions. Available from: https://ubuntoo.com/solutions/element-packaging
[93]
TRUEGREEN – A sustainable saviour to karnataka’s plastic ban - core sector communique. Available from: https://www. corecommunique.com/truegreen-sustainable-saviour-karnatakas-plastic-ban/
[94]
Rahman R, Sood M, Gupta N, Bandral JD, Hameed F, Ashraf S. Bioplastics for food packaging: A review. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2019; 8(3): 2311-21.
[95]
Khan B, Muhammad BKN, Samin G, Jahan Z. Thermoplastic starch: A possible biodegradable food packaging material-A review. J Food Process Eng 2016; 40(3): e12447.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.12447]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.12447]
[96]
Package “powerhouse” produces for global produce marketer | Packaging World. Available from: https://www.packworld. com/machinery/secondary-end-of-line/article/13343657/package-powerhouse-produces-for-global-produce-marketer
[97]
McDonald’s to phase out plastic salad containers and McFlurry lids. Available from: https://www.edie.net/news/5/McDonald-s-to-phase-out-plastic-salad-containers-and-McFlurry-lids/
[98]
McDonald’s to scrap McFlurry lids and single use plastic salad bowls | The Independent | The Independent. Available from: https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/mcdonalds-plastic-mcflurry-single-use-salad-recycling-a8969751.html
[99]
Stonyfield adds corn-based yogurt cups | Greenbiz. Available from: https://www.greenbiz.com/article/stonyfield-adds-corn-based-yogurt-cups
[100]
What do you think about stonyfield farm’s new PLA yogurt cups? » My plastic-free life. Available from: https://myplasticfreelife.com/2010/10/what-do-you-think-about-stonyfield-farms-newpla-yogurt-cups/
[101]
Tom’s of maine eyes potatoes for biodegradable packaging - Sustainable businesssustainable business. Available from: https://www.sustainablebusiness.com/2013/08/tom39s-of-maine-eyes-potatoes-for-biodegradable-packaging-51772/
[102]
Eco food packaging | Compostables & recyclables | London bio packaging. Available from: https://www. londonbiopackaging.com/eco-food-packaging/
[103]
Veuve clicquot introduces biodegradable potato packaging - liz palmer - international wine and spirit news. Available from: https://www.liz-palmer.com/veuve-clicquot-introduces-biodegradable-potato-packaging/
[104]
Mohan AM. From potato starch to grape skins: Veuve Clicquot’s eco-friendly packaging | Packaging World. 2015. Available from: https://www.packworld.com/design/materials-containers/article/13369248/from-potato-starch-to-grape-skins-veuve-clicquots-ecofriendly-packaging
[105]
Guayakí switches to biodegradable bags and saves | Greenbiz. Available from: https://www.greenbiz.com/article/guayaki-switches-biodegradable-bags-and-saves
[106]
Guayaki goes for green natureflextm packaging - Packaging gateway. Available from: https://www.packaging-gateway.com/contractors/closures/innoviafilms/pressreleases/23/
[107]
Luckypack disposable coffee cups to go with travel lids sleeves and straws 100% biodegradable & compostable pla eco friendly paper coffee cups 100 sets of 12 oz- buy online in india at desertcart - 37360273. Available from:https://www.desertcart.in/products/37360273-luckypack-disposable-coffee-cups-to-go-with-travel-lids-sleeves-and-straws-100-biodegradable-compostable-pla-eco-friendly-paper-coffee-cups-100-sets-of-12-oz
[108]
Burger chain abolishes plastic takeout bags, introduces biodegradable drink cups | Japan for sustainability. Available from: https://www.japanfs.org/en/news/archives/news_id026389.html
[109]
Japanese burger chain using more petroleum-free containers | Japan for sustainability. Available from: https://www.japanfs.org/en/news/archives/news_id027141.html
[110]
Cadbury chocolates to packaged in biodegradable polymers. Available from: https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2205
[111]
Highlights in Bioplastics, An IBAW Publication Available from: https://www.biodeg.net/fichiers/Highlights%20in%20Bioplastics%20(Eng).pdf
[112]
Shah M, Rajhans S, Pandya HA, Mankad AU. Bioplastic for future: A review then and now World J Adv Res Rev 2021; 9(2): 056-67.
[113]
5 Top biodegradable material startups out of 700 in packaging. Available from: https://www.startus-insights.com/innovators-guide/5-top-biodegradable-material-startups-out-of-700-in-packaging/
[114]
Canale P. Polycaprolactone and its use as a biodegradable trash bag Honors Thesis, Salem State University, Salem, MA, USA 2021.
[115]
McKeen LW. Environmentally friendly polymers. In: Permeability Properties of Plastics and Elastomers. (3rd ed.). Norwich, NY: William Andrew Publishing 2012; pp. 287-304.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-3469-0.10013-X]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-3469-0.10013-X]
[116]
Sangroniz A, Zhu J-B, Tang X, Etxeberria A, Chen EY-X, Sardon H. Packaging materials with desired mechanical and barrier properties and full chemical recyclability. Nat Commun 2019; 10(1): 3559.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11525-x] [PMID: 31395871]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11525-x] [PMID: 31395871]
[117]
Edhirej A, Sapuan SM, Jawaid M, Zahari NI. Tensile, barrier, dynamic mechanical, and biodegradation properties of cassava/sugar palm fiber reinforced cassava starch hybrid composites. BioResources 2017; 12(4): 7145-60.
[118]
Marichelvam MK, Jawaid M, Asim M. Corn and rice starch-based bio-plastics as alternative packaging materials. Fibers (Basel) 2019; 7(4): 1-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib7040032]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib7040032]
[119]
Tang J, Chen EY-X. Effects of chain ends on thermal and mechanical properties and recyclability of poly(γ ‐butyrolactone). J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 2018; 56(20): 2271-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.29180]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.29180]
[120]
Siakeng R, Jawaid M, Ariffin H, Sapuan SM. Thermal properties of coir and pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polylactic acid hybrid composites. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 368(1): 012-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/368/1/012019]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/368/1/012019]
Article Metrics
7