Changes in Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease
Depending on the Status of D3

Yulia      Pastukhova; Francesco      Luzza; Sviatoslav      Shevel; Oleksii      Savchuk; Liudmyla      Ostapchenko; Tetyana      Falalyeyeva; Nataliia      Molochek; Olena      Kuryk; Oleksandr      Korotkyi; Nazarii      Kobyliak
doi:10.2174/1574887117666220321152855
Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia as a result of insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion. A relatively large number of patients with this type of diabetes have abdominal obesity, which also affects insulin resistance development. Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to damage and dysfunction of various organs, and a striking example is diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy is a specific kind of kidney damage that occurs due to complications of diabetes and is accompanied by the formation of diffuse or nodular glomerulosclerosis, which can lead to terminal renal failure and requires immediate substitution through renal therapy or renal transplantation. Diabetic nephropathy is diagnosed with albuminuria and a decrease in the rate of glomerular filtration.
Methods: This review was based on a literature search for the most important evidence of vitamin D as a possible method of prevention for obesity, type 2 diabetes, and diabetic nephropathy. Collected published articles were summarized according to their overall themes.
Results: In this review, we considered vitamin D as a possible method of treatment for type 2 diabetes, as well as its complications, including diabetic nephropathy.
Conclusion: Studies show that vitamin D inhibits the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, resulting in improved renal function in diabetic nephropathy. Vitamin D also has antiinflammatory, antiproliferative, and anti-metastatic effects, which improve endothelial function.
Keywords: Vitamin D, type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, diabetic nephropathy, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, metabolic changes.
« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Berridge MJ. Vitamin D deficiency accelerates ageing and age-related diseases: A novel hypothesis. J Physiol  2017; 595(22): 6825-36.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/JP274887] [PMID:  28949008]

[2]
Pike JW, Christakos S. Biology and mechanisms of action of the vitamin D hormone. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am  2017; 46(4): 815-43.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.001] [PMID:  29080638]

[3]
Falalyeyeva T, Komisarenko I, Yanchyshyn A, et al. Vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of type-2 diabetes and associated diseases: A critical view during COVID-19 time. Minerva Biotechnology and Biomolecular Research  2021; 33(2): 65-75.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S2724-542X.21.02766-X]

[4]
Wyskida M, Wieczorowska-Tobis K, Chudek J. Prevalence and factors promoting the occurrence of vitamin D deficiency in the elderly. Postepy Hig Med Dosw  2017; 71(0): 198-204.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3804] [PMID:  28345527]

[5]
Aludwan M, Kobyliak N, Abenavoli L, et al. Vitamin D3 deficiency is associated with more severe insulin resistance and metformin use in patients with type 2 diabetes. Minerva Endocrinol  2020; 45(3): 172-80.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0391-1977.20.03161-2] [PMID:  33000618]

[6]
Aludwan M, Kobyliak N, Abenavoli L, et al. Hepatic steatosis indices as predictors of vitamin D 3 deficiency in patients with NAFLD associated with type 2 diabetes. Clinical Diabetology  2020; 9(5): 313-20.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/DK.2020.0036]

[7]
Infante M, Ricordi C, Sanchez J, et al. Influence of Vitamin D on Islet autoimmunity and beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes. Nutrients  2019; 11(9): 2185.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11092185] [PMID:  31514368]

[8]
Dzik KP, Kaczor JJ. Mechanisms of vitamin D on skeletal muscle function: Oxidative stress, energy metabolism and anabolic state. Eur J Appl Physiol  2019; 119(4): 825-39.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04104-x] [PMID:  30830277]

[9]
Sirajudeen S, Shah I, Al Menhali A. A narrative role of vitamin D and its receptor: With current evidence on the gastric tissues. Int J Mol Sci  2019; 20(15): 3832.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153832] [PMID:  31387330]

[10]
Akimbekov NS, Digel I, Sherelkhan DK, Lutfor AB, Razzaque MS. Vitamin D and the host-gut microbiome: A brief overview. Acta Histochem Cytochem  2020; 53(3): 33-42.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1267/ahc.20011] [PMID:  32624628]

[11]
Mondul AM, Weinstein SJ, Layne TM, Albanes D. Vitamin D and cancer risk and mortality: State of the science, gaps, and challenges. Epidemiol Rev  2017; 39(1): 28-48.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxx005] [PMID:  28486651]

[12]
Welsh J. Vitamin D and breast cancer: Past and present. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol  2018; 177: 15-20.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.025] [PMID:  28746837]

[13]
Schröder-Heurich B, Springer CJP, von Versen-Höynck F, Vitamin D. Vitamin D effects on the immune system from periconception through pregnancy. Nutrients  2020; 12(5): 1432.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051432] [PMID:  32429162]

[14]
Barchetta I, Cimini FA, Cavallo MG. Vitamin D and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD): An update. Nutrients  2020; 12(11): 3302.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113302] [PMID:  33126575]

[15]
Nitsa A, Toutouza M, Machairas N, Mariolis A, Philippou A, Koutsilieris M. Vitamin D in cardiovascular disease. In Vivo  2018; 32(5): 977-81.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/invivo.11338] [PMID:  30150419]

[16]
Voulgaris N, Papanastasiou L, Piaditis G, et al. Vitamin D and aspects of female fertility. Hormones (Athens)  2017; 16(1): 5-21.
 [PMID:  28500824]

[17]
Fischer V, Haffner-Luntzer M, Amling M, Ignatius A. Calcium and vitamin D in bone fracture healing and post-traumatic bone turnover. Eur Cell Mater  2018; 35: 365-85.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.22203/eCM.v035a25] [PMID:  29931664]

[18]
Bijelic R, Milicevic S, Balaban J. Risk factors for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Med Arh  2017; 71(1): 25-8.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2017.71.25-28] [PMID:  28428669]

[19]
Qaseem A, Forciea MA, McLean RM, et al. Treatment of low bone density or osteoporosis to prevent fractures in men and women: A clinical practice guideline update from the american college of physicians. Ann Intern Med  2017; 166(11): 818-39.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M15-1361] [PMID:  28492856]

[20]
Korotkyi O, Dvorshchenko K, Vovk A, et al. Effect of probiotic composition on oxidative/antioxidant balance in blood of rats under experimental osteoarthritis. Ukr Biochem J  2019; 91(6): 49-58.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ubj91.06.049]

[21]
McGregor NE, Murat M, Elango J, et al. IL-6 exhibits both cis- and trans-signaling in osteocytes and osteoblasts, but only trans-signaling promotes bone formation and osteoclastogenesis. J Biol Chem  2019; 294(19): 7850-63.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.RA119.008074] [PMID:  30923130]

[22]
Yokota K. Inflammation and osteoclasts. Japanese J Clin Immunol  2017; 40(5): 367-76.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2177/jsci.40.367] [PMID:  29238019]

[23]
Domazetovic V, Fontani F, Marcucci G, Iantomasi T, Brandi ML, Vincenzini MT. Estrogen inhibits starvation-induced apoptosis in osteocytes by a redox-independent process involving association of JNK and glutathione S-transferase P1-1. FEBS Open Bio  2017; 7(5): 705-18.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2211-5463.12216] [PMID:  28469982]

[24]
Aeimlapa R, Wongdee K, Tiyasatkulkovit W, Kengkoom K, Krishnamra N, Charoenphandhu N. Anomalous bone changes in ovariectomized type 2 diabetic rats: Inappropriately low bone turnover with bone loss in an estrogen-deficient condition. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab  2019; 317(4): E646-57.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00093.2019] [PMID:  31361547]

[25]
Letavernier E, Daudon M, Vitamin D. Vitamin D, hypercalciuria and kidney stones. Nutrients  2018; 10(3): 366.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10030366] [PMID:  29562593]

[26]
Chogtu B, Ommurugan B, Thomson SR, Kalthur SG. Effect of vitamin D analogue on rosuvastatin-induced myopathy in wistar rats. ScientificWorldJournal  2020; 2020: 4704825.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4704825] [PMID:  32292293]

[27]
Moretti R, Morelli ME, Caruso P. Vitamin D in neurological diseases: A rationale for a pathogenic impact. Int J Mol Sci  2018; 19(8): 2245.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082245] [PMID:  30065237]

[28]
Grimm MOW, Thiel A, Lauer AA, et al. Vitamin D and its analogues decrease Amyloid-β (Aβ) formation and increase Aβ-degradation. Int J Mol Sci  2017; 18(12): 2764.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122764] [PMID:  29257109]

[29]
Leifheit-Nestler M, Richter B, Basaran M, et al. Impact of altered mineral metabolism on pathological cardiac remodeling in elevated fibroblast growth factor 23. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)  2018; 9: 333.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00333] [PMID:  29977226]

[30]
Girgis CM, Cha KM, So B, et al. Mice with myocyte deletion of vitamin D receptor have sarcopenia and impaired muscle function. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle  2019; 10(6): 1228-40.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12460] [PMID:  31225722]

[31]
Surdu AM, Pînzariu O, Ciobanu D-M, et al. Vitamin D and its role in the lipid metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis. Biomedicines  2021; 9(2): 172.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9020172] [PMID:  33572397]

[32]
Grzesiak M, Burzawa G, Kurowska P, et al. Altered vitamin D3 metabolism in the ovary and periovarian adipose tissue of rats with letrozole-induced PCOS. Histochem Cell Biol  2021; 155(1): 101-6.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00418-020-01928-z] [PMID:  33095902]

[33]
Zhu W, Yan J, Zhi C, Zhou Q, Yuan X. 1,25(OH)2D3 deficiency-induced gut microbial dysbiosis degrades the colonic mucus barrier in Cyp27b1 knockout mouse model. Gut Pathog  2019; 11(1): 8.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13099-019-0291-z] [PMID:  30828386]

[34]
Fernández-Barral A, Costales-Carrera A, Buira SP, et al. Vitamin D differentially regulates colon stem cells in patient-derived normal and tumor organoids. FEBS J  2020; 287(1): 53-72.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/febs.14998] [PMID:  31306552]

[35]
Gorchs L, Ahmed S, Mayer C, et al. The vitamin D analogue calcipotriol promotes an anti-tumorigenic phenotype of human pancreatic CAFs but reduces T cell mediated immunity. Sci Rep  2020; 10(1): 17444.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74368-3] [PMID:  33060625]

[36]
Saad El-Din S, Fouad H, Rashed LA, Mahfouz S, Hussein RE. Impact of mesenchymal stem cells and vitamin d on transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev  2018; 19(4): 905-12.
 [PMID:  29693337]

[37]
Du C, Yang S, Zhao X, Dong H. Pathogenic roles of alterations in vitamin D and vitamin D receptor in gastric tumorigenesis. Oncotarget  2017; 8(17): 29474-86.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.15298] [PMID:  28206978]

[38]
Hu N, Zhang H. CYP24A1 depletion facilitates the antitumor effect of vitamin D3 on thyroid cancer cells. Exp Ther Med  2018; 16(4): 2821-30.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.6536] [PMID:  30233662]

[39]
Karkeni E, Morin SO, Bou Tayeh B, et al. Vitamin D controls tumor growth and CD8+ T cell infiltration in breast cancer. Front Immunol  2019; 10: 1307.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01307] [PMID:  31244851]

[40]
Mansur JL, Tajer C, Mariani J, Inserra F, Ferder L, Manucha W. El suplemento con altas dosis de vitamina D podría representar una alternativa promisoria para prevenir o tratar la infección por COVID-19. Clin Investig Arterioscler  2020; 32(6): 267-77.
 [PMID:  32718670]

[41]
Falalyeyeva T, Pellicano R. Hot topics in chronic inflammation-induced diseases at the time of COVID-19. Minerva Biotechnol Biomol Res  2021; 33(2): 51-2.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S2724-542X.21.02803-0]

[42]
Li X, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Wang P, Zhang Y. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients  2018; 10(3): 375.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10030375]

[43]
He D, Wang Y, Liu R, et al. 1,25(OH)2D3 activates autophagy to protect against oxidative damage of INS-1 pancreatic beta cells. Biol Pharm Bull  2019; 42(4): 561-7.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b18-00395] [PMID:  30930416]

[44]
Colhoun HM, Marcovecchio ML. Biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease. Diabetologia  2018; 61(5): 996-1011.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-018-4567-5] [PMID:  29520581]

[45]
Bikle DD, Vitamin D. Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications. Chem Biol  2014; 21(3): 319-29.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.12.016] [PMID:  24529992]

[46]
Cass WA, Peters LE, Fletcher AM, Yurek DM. Evoked dopamine overflow is augmented in the striatum of calcitriol treated rats. Neurochem Int  2012; 60(2): 186-91.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2011.11.010] [PMID:  22133428]

[47]
Bikle D. Production, metabolism, and mechanisms of actionEndotext   2017; 2000.

[48]
Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF. Vitamin D for health: A global perspective. Mayo Clin Proc  2013; 88(7): 720-55.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011] [PMID:  23790560]

[49]
Kim H, Chandler P, Ng K, Manson JE, Giovannucci E. Obesity and efficacy of vitamin D3 supplementation in healthy black adults. Cancer Causes Control  2020; 31(4): 303-7.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-020-01275-3] [PMID:  32052217]

[50]
Franca Gois PH, Wolley M, Ranganathan D, Seguro AC, Vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency in chronic kidney disease: Recent evidence and controversies. Int J Environ Res Public Health  2018; 15(8): 1773.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081773] [PMID:  30126163]

[51]
Charoenngam N, Holick MF. Immunologic effects of vitamin D on human health and disease. Nutrients  2020; 12(7): 2097.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12072097] [PMID:  32679784]

[52]
Christakos S, Li S, De La Cruz J, et al. Vitamin D and the intestine: Review and update. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol  2020; 196: 105501.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105501] [PMID:  31655181]

[53]
Fleet JC. The role of vitamin D in the endocrinology controlling calcium homeostasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol  2017; 453: 36-45.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2017.04.008] [PMID:  28400273]

[54]
Sassi F, Tamone C, D’Amelio P, Vitamin D, Vitamin D. Nutrient, hormone, and immunomodulator. Nutrients  2018; 10(11): 1656.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10111656] [PMID:  30400332]

[55]
Carswell AT, Oliver SJ, Wentz LM, et al. Influence of vitamin D supplementation by sunlight or oral D3 on exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc  2018; 50(12): 2555-64.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001721] [PMID:  30048414]

[56]
Migliaccio S, Di Nisio A, Mele C, Scappaticcio L, Savastano S, Colao A. Obesity and hypovitaminosis D: Causality or casualty? Int J Obes Suppl  2019; 9(1): 20-31.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41367-019-0010-8] [PMID:  31391922]

[57]
Maghbooli Z, Sahraian MA, Ebrahimi M, et al. Vitamin D sufficiency, a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at least 30 ng/mL reduced risk for adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infection. PLoS One  2020; 15(9): e0239799.
 [PMID:  32976513]

[58]
Kaufman HW, Niles JK, Kroll MH, Bi C, Holick MF. SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. PLoS One  2020; 15(9): e0239252.

[59]
Reisi N, Iravani P, Raeissi P, Kelishadi R. Vitamin D and bone minerals status in the long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Prev Med  2015; 6(1): 87.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2008-7802.164691] [PMID:  26445634]

[60]
Brito GM, Mastaglia SR, Goedelmann C, Seijo M, Somoza J, Oliveri B. Exploratory study of dietary intake and prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in women ≥ 65 years old living in their family home or in public homes of Buenos Aires city, Argentina. Nutr Hosp  2013; 28(3): 816-22.
 [PMID:  23848108]

[61]
Oh TR, Kim CS, Bae EH, et al. Association between vitamin D deficiency and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic kidney disease from the KNOW-CKD study. PLoS One  2017; 12(4): e0174282.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174282] [PMID:  28448520]

[62]
Satia MC, Mukim AG, Tibrewala KD, Bhavsar MS. A randomized two way cross over study for comparison of absorption of vitamin D3 buccal spray and soft gelatin capsule formulation in healthy subjects and in patients with intestinal malabsorption. Nutr J  2015; 14(1): 114.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12937-015-0105-1] [PMID:  26514332]

[63]
Alrefai D, Jones J, El-Matary W, et al. The Association of Vitamin D status with disease activity in a cohort of Crohn’s disease patients in Canada. Nutrients  2017; 9(10): 1112.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu9101112] [PMID:  29023388]

[64]
Park YE, Park SJ, Park JJ, Cheon JH, Kim T, Kim WH. Incidence and risk factors of micronutrient deficiency in patients with IBD and intestinal Behçet’s disease: Folate, vitamin B12, 25-OH-vitamin D, and ferritin. BMC Gastroenterol  2021; 21(1): 32.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12876-021-01609-8] [PMID:  33478396]

[65]
Buonomo AR, Scotto R, Zappulo E, et al. Severe vitamin D deficiency increases mortality among patients with liver cirrhosis regardless of the presence of HCC. In Vivo  2019; 33(1): 177-82.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/invivo.11456] [PMID:  30587620]

[66]
Chesdachai S, Tangpricha V. Treatment of vitamin D deficiency in cystic fibrosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol  2016; 164: 36-9.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.013] [PMID:  26365559]

[67]
Maharjana MA, Suyasa IK, Kawiyana IKS, Nugraha HK. Pathological fracture of the femur in Alagille syndrome: A case report. J Clin Orthop Trauma  2020; 11(2): 298-301.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2019.12.009] [PMID:  32099298]

[68]
Junges C, Machado TD, Nunes Filho PRS, Riesgo R, Mello ED. Vitamin D deficiency in pediatric patients using antiepileptic drugs: Systematic review with meta-analysis. J Pediatr (Rio J)  2020; 96(5): 559-68.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2020.01.004] [PMID:  32171475]

[69]
Lips P. Vitamin D physiology. Prog Biophys Mol Biol  2006; 92(1): 4-8.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.016] [PMID:  16563471]

[70]
Cekic M, Cutler SM, VanLandingham JW, Stein DG. Vitamin D deficiency reduces the benefits of progesterone treatment after brain injury in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging  2011; 32(5): 864-74.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.04.017] [PMID:  19482377]

[71]
Nagaratnam S, Karupiah M, Mustafa N. Debilitating pain and fractures: A rare case of hypophosphatemic osteomalacia with concomitant vitamin D deficiency in neurofibromatosis type 1. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc  2020; 35(1): 105-8.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.15605/jafes.035.01.17] [PMID:  33442176]

[72]
Vibhatavata P, Pisarnturakit P, Boonsripitayanon M, Pithuksurachai P, Plengvidhya N, Sirinvaravong S. Effect of preoperative vitamin D deficiency on hypocalcemia in patients with acute hypoparathyroidism after thyroidectomy. Int J Endocrinol  2020; 2020: 5162496.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5162496] [PMID:  32774362]

[73]
Mitri J, Pittas AG. Vitamin D and diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am  2014; 43(1): 205-32.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2013.09.010] [PMID:  24582099]

[74]
Rai SK, Gupta TP, Kashid M, Shaki O, Chakrabarty BK, Upreti V. Can self-perceived easy fatigability be a predictor of vitamin D deficiency in young Indian women? J Family Med Prim Care  2020; 9(2): 997-1002.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_862_19] [PMID:  32318457]

[75]
Lu R, Zhang YG, Xia Y, Sun J. Imbalance of autophagy and apoptosis in intestinal epithelium lacking the vitamin D receptor. FASEB J  2019; 33(11): 11845-56.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.201900727R] [PMID:  31361973]

[76]
Hu Z, Zhang H, Yi B, et al. VDR activation attenuate cisplatin induced AKI by inhibiting ferroptosis. Cell Death Dis  2020; 11(1): 73.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41419-020-2256-z] [PMID:  31996668]

[77]
Ramasamy I, Vitamin D. Vitamin D metabolism and guidelines for vitamin D supplementation. Clin Biochem Rev  2020; 41(3): 103-26.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.33176/AACB-20-00006] [PMID:  33343045]

[78]
Sempos CT, Heijboer AC, Bikle DD, et al. Vitamin D assays and the definition of hypovitaminosis D: Results from the first international conference on controversies in vitamin D. Br J Clin Pharmacol  2018; 84(10): 2194-07.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13652] [PMID:  29851137]

[79]
Qiao Z, Li-Xing S, Nian-Chun P, et al. Serum 25(OH)D Level and parathyroid hormone in chinese adult population: A cross-sectional study in Guiyang urban community from southeast of China. Int J Endocrinol  2013; 2013: 150461.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/150461] [PMID:  24065989]

[80]
Mirzakhani H, Litonjua AA, McElrath TF, et al. Early pregnancy vitamin D status and risk of preeclampsia. J Clin Invest  2016; 126(12): 4702-15.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI89031] [PMID:  27841759]

[81]
Ronsoni MF, Santos HCD, Colombo BDS, et al. Hypercalcemia and acute renal insufficiency following use of a veterinary supplement. J Bras Nefrol  2017; 39(4): 467-9.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0101-2800.20170082] [PMID:  29319776]

[82]
Cardoso MP, Pereira LAL. Native vitamin D in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease. Nefrologia  2019; 39(1): 18-28.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2018.07.007] [PMID:  30274806]

[83]
Anderson-Berry A, Thoene M, Wagner J, et al. Randomized trial of two doses of vitamin D3 in preterm infants <32 weeks: Dose impact on achieving desired serum 25(OH)D3 in a NICU population. PLoS One  2017; 12(10): e0185950.
 [PMID:  29016653]

[84]
Venugopal Y, Hatta SFWM, Musa N, et al. Maintenance vitamin D3 dosage requirements in Chinese women with post menopausal osteoporosis living in the tropics. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr  2017; 26(3): 412-20.
 [PMID:  28429905]

[85]
Lipkie TE, Janasch A, Cooper BR, Hohman EE, Weaver CM, Ferruzzi MG. Quantification of vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in soft tissues by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci  2013; 932: 6-11.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.05.029] [PMID:  23811497]

[86]
Caccamo D, Ricca S, Currò M, Ientile R. Health Risks of Hypovitaminosis D: A Review of New Molecular Insights. Int J Mol Sci  2018; 19(3): 892.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030892] [PMID:  29562608]

[87]
Książek A, Zagrodna A, Słowińska-Lisowska M, Vitamin D. Vitamin D, skeletal muscle function and athletic performance in athletes-A narrative review. Nutrients  2019; 11(8): 1800.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11081800] [PMID:  31382666]

[88]
Zand L, Kumar R. The use of vitamin D metabolites and analogues in the treatment of chronic kidney disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am  2017; 46(4): 983-1007.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.008] [PMID:  29080646]

[89]
Bi WG, Nuyt AM, Weiler H, Leduc L, Santamaria C, Wei SQ. Association between vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and offspring growth, morbidity, and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr  2018; 172(7): 635-45.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0302] [PMID:  29813153]

[90]
Forbes JM, Cooper ME. Mechanisms of diabetic complications. Physiol Rev  2013; 93(1): 137-88.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00045.2011] [PMID:  23303908]

[91]
Alicic RZ, Rooney MT, Tuttle KR. Diabetic kidney disease: Challenges, progress, and possibilities. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol  2017; 12(12): 2032-45.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.11491116] [PMID:  28522654]

[92]
Ricotti R, Genoni G, Giglione E, et al. High-normal estimated glomerular filtration rate and hyperuricemia positively correlate with metabolic impairment in pediatric obese patients. PLoS One  2018; 13(3): e0193755.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193755] [PMID:  29505614]

[93]
Chu Y-W, Lin H-M, Wang J-J, Weng S-F, Lin C-C, Chien C-C. Epidemiology and outcomes of hypoglycemia in patients with advanced diabetic kidney disease on dialysis: A national cohort study. PLoS One  2017; 12(3): e0174601.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174601]

[94]
Dou L, Jourde-Chiche N. Endothelial toxicity of high glucose and its by-products in diabetic kidney disease. Toxins (Basel)  2019; 11(10): 578.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11100578] [PMID:  31590361]

[95]
Schernthaner G, Mogensen CE, Schernthaner G-H. The effects of GLP-1 analogues, DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors on the renal system. Diab Vasc Dis Res  2014; 11(5): 306-23.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479164114542802] [PMID:  25116004]

[96]
Hirano T. Pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidemia. J Atheroscler Thromb  2018; 25(9): 771-82.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.5551/jat.RV17023] [PMID:  29998913]

[97]
Lin Y-C, Chang Y-H, Yang S-Y, Wu K-D, Chu T-S. Update of pathophysiology and management of diabetic kidney disease. J Formos Med Assoc  2018; 117(8): 662-75.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2018.02.007] [PMID:  29486908]

[98]
Muñoz M, Rincón J, Pedreañez A, Viera N, Hernández-Fonseca JP, Mosquera J. Proinflammatory role of angiotensin II in a rat nephrosis model induced by adriamycin. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst  2011; 12(4): 404-12.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470320311410092] [PMID:  21705470]

[99]
Weerarathna T, Liyanage G, Herath M, Weerarathna M, Amarasinghe I. Value of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria in predicting cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes without cardiovascular disease. BioMed Res Int  2018; 2018: 8178043.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8178043] [PMID:  30729117]

[100]
Fouli GE, Gnudi L. The future: Experimental therapies for renal disease in diabetes. Nephron  2019; 143(1): 3-7.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000492825] [PMID:  30257247]

[101]
Ito K, Yokota S, Watanabe M, et al. Anemia in diabetic patients reflects severe tubulointerstitial injury and aids in clinically predicting a diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy. Intern Med  2021; 60(9): 1349-57.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5455-20] [PMID:  33250462]

[102]
Silva Junior G.B., Bentes ACSN, Daher EF, Matos SM. Obesity and kidney disease. J Bras Nefrol  2017; 39(1): 65-9.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0101-2800.20170011] [PMID:  28355395]

[103]
Keri KC, Samji NS, Blumenthal S. Diabetic nephropathy: Newer therapeutic perspectives. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect  2018; 8(4): 200-7.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20009666.2018.1500423] [PMID:  30181826]

[104]
Fu J, Lee K, Chuang PY, Liu Z, He JC. Glomerular endothelial cell injury and cross talk in diabetic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol  2015; 308(4): F287-97.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00533.2014] [PMID:  25411387]

[105]
Li X, Wu T-T, Chen J, Qiu W. Elevated expression levels of serum insulin-like growth factor-1, tumor necrosis factor-α and vascular endothelial growth factor 165 might exacerbate type 2 diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Investig  2017; 8(1): 108-4.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jdi.12542] [PMID:  27218216]

[106]
Chang F-C, Lai T-S, Chiang C-K, et al. Angiopoietin-2 is associated with albuminuria and microinflammation in chronic kidney disease. PLoS One  2013; 8(3): e54668.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054668]

[107]
Gomes MB, Rathmann W, Charbonnel B, et al. Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus worldwide: Baseline patient characteristics in the global DISCOVER study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract  2019; 151: 20-32.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.03.024] [PMID:  30904743]

[108]
Tang H, Li D, Li Y, Zhang X, Song Y, Li X. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on glucose and insulin homeostasis and incident diabetes among nondiabetic adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Endocrinol  2018; 2018: 7908764.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7908764] [PMID:  30627160]

[109]
Niroomand M, Fotouhi A, Irannejad N, Hosseinpanah F. Does high-dose vitamin D supplementation impact insulin resistance and risk of development of diabetes in patients with pre-diabetes? A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract  2019; 148: 1-9.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.12.008] [PMID:  30583032]

[110]
Barzegari M, Sarbakhsh P, Mobasseri M, et al. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on lipid profiles and oxidative indices among diabetic nephropathy patients with marginal vitamin D status. Diabetes Metab Syndr  2019; 13(1): 542-7.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2018.11.008] [PMID:  30641762]

[111]
De S, Kuwahara S, Saito A. The endocytic receptor megalin and its associated proteins in proximal tubule epithelial cells. Membranes (Basel)  2014; 4(3): 333-55.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes4030333] [PMID:  25019425]

[112]
Gembillo G, Cernaro V, Salvo A, et al. Role of vitamin D status in diabetic patients with renal disease. Medicina (Kaunas)  2019; 55(6): 273.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55060273] [PMID:  31200589]

[113]
Wang J, Li J, Wang A, et al. Dipstick proteinuria and risk of myocardial infarction and all-cause mortality in diabetes or pre-diabetes: A population-based cohort study. Sci Rep  2017; 7(1): 11986.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12057-4] [PMID:  28931849]

[114]
Tiryaki Ö, Usalan C, Sayiner ZA. Vitamin D receptor activation with calcitriol for reducing urinary angiotensinogen in patients with type 2 diabetic chronic kidney disease. Ren Fail  2016; 38(2): 222-7.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/0886022X.2015.1128250] [PMID:  26707134]

[115]
Deng X, Cheng J, Shen M. Vitamin D improves diabetic nephropathy in rats by inhibiting renin and relieving oxidative stress. J Endocrinol Invest  2016; 39(6): 657-6.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40618-015-0414-4] [PMID:  26691308]

[116]
Zheng L, Zhang W, Li A, et al. PTPN2 downregulation is associated with albuminuria and vitamin D receptor deficiency in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Res  2018; 2018: 3984797.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3984797] [PMID:  30246029]

[117]
Bolignano D, Cernaro V, Gembillo G, Baggetta R, Buemi M, D’Arrigo G. Antioxidant agents for delaying diabetic kidney disease progression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One  2017; 12(6): e0178699.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178699]

[118]
Maestroni S, Zerbini G. Glomerular endothelial cells versus. podocytes as the cellular target in diabetic nephropathy. Acta Diabetol  2018; 55(11): 1105-.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00592-018-1211-2] [PMID:  30155580]

[119]
Lattenist L, Ochodnický P, Ahdi M, et al. Renal endothelial protein C receptor expression and shedding during diabetic nephropathy. J Thromb Haemost  2016; 14(6): 1171-82.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.13315] [PMID:  26990852]

[120]
D’arrigo G, Pizzini P, Cutrupi S, et al. Vitamin D receptor activation raises soluble thrombomodulin levels in chronic kidney disease patients: A double blind, randomized trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant  2019; 34(5): 819-24.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfy085] [PMID:  29668990]

[121]
Dou D, Yang B, Gan H, Xie D, Lei H, Ye N. Vitamin D supplementation for the improvement of vascular function in patients with chronic kidney disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int Urol Nephrol  2019; 51(5): 851-.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11255-019-02088-3] [PMID:  30737643]

[122]
Vila Cuenca M, Ferrantelli E, Meinster E, et al. Vitamin D attenuates endothelial dysfunction in uremic rats and maintains human endothelial stability. J Am Heart Assoc  2018; 7(19): e02709.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.008776] [PMID:  30371300]

[123]
Deda L, Yeshayahu Y, Sud S, et al. Improvements in peripheral vascular function with vitamin D treatment in deficient adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes  2018; 19(3): 457-63.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12595] [PMID:  29063654]

[124]
Zoccali C, Curatola G, Panuccio V, et al. Paricalcitol and endothelial function in chronic kidney disease trial. Hypertension  2014; 64(5): 1005-1.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03748] [PMID:  25259743]

[125]
Hammer Y, Soudry A, Levi A, et al. Effect of vitamin D on endothelial progenitor cells function. PLoS One  2017; 12(5): e0178057.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178057]

[126]
Lucisano S, Buemi M, Passantino A, Aloisi C, Cernaro V, Santoro D. New insights on the role of vitamin D in the progression of renal damage. Kidney Blood Press Res  2013; 37(6): 667-78.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000355747] [PMID:  24356557]

[127]
Lucisano S, Arena A, Stassi G, et al. Role of paricalcitol in modulating the immune response in patients with renal disease. Int J Endocrinol  2015; 2015: 765364.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/765364] [PMID:  26451144]

[128]
Saed HAR, Ibrahim HMM, El-Khodery SA, Youssef MA. Relationship between expression pattern of vitamin D receptor, 1 alpha-hydroxylase enzyme, and chemokine RANTES genes and selected serum parameters during transition period in Holstein dairy cows. Vet Rec Open  2020; 7(1): e000339.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2019-000339] [PMID:  32153783]

[129]
Dranitsina AS, Dvorshchenko KO, Korotkyi AG, Grebinyk DM, Ostapchenko LI. Expression of Ptgs2 and Tgfb1 Genes in rat cartilage cells of the knee under conditions of osteoarthritis. Cytol Genet  2018; 52(3): 192-7.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/S0095452718030039]

[130]
Kanasaki K, Taduri G, Koya D. Diabetic nephropathy: The role of inflammation in fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)  2013; 4: 7.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2013.00007] [PMID:  23390421]
Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
5
Journal Information
For Authors
For Editors
For Reviewers
Explore Articles
Open Access
Open Access Articles
For Visitors
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574887117666220321152855	Print ISSN 1574-8871
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 1876-1038
Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials

Changes in Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease Depending on the Status of D3

Abstract Play Pause

Graphical Abstract

Related Journals

Abstract
