Abstract
An early diagnosis has the potential to greatly decrease cancer mortality. For that purpose, specific cancer biomarkers have been molecularly targeted by aptamer sequences to enable an accurate and rapid detection. Aptamer-based biosensors for cancer diagnostics are a promising alternative to those using antibodies, due to their high affinity and specificity to the target molecules and advantageous production. Synthetic nucleic acid aptamers are generated by in vitro Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment (SELEX) methodologies that have been improved over the years to enhance the efficacy and shorten the selection process. Aptamers have been successfully applied in electrochemical, optical, photoelectrochemical and piezoelectrical-based detection strategies. These aptasensors comprise a sensitive, accurate and inexpensive option for cancer detection being used as point-of-care devices. This review highlights the recent advances in cancer biomarkers, achievements and optimizations made in aptamer selection, as well as the different aptasensors developed for the detection of several cancer biomarkers.
Keywords: SELEX aptamer technique, biomarkers, neoplasms, diagnosis, molecular probe techniques, biosensing techniques.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660] [PMID: 33538338]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2010.0103] [PMID: 29671553]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11307-017-1050-5] [PMID: 28155079]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11101887] [PMID: 21415247]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2007.07.035] [PMID: 17764941]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2347-5625.158017] [PMID: 27981113]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-04526-x] [PMID: 32888061]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110849] [PMID: 33068928]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2021.338282] [PMID: 33648646]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107586] [PMID: 32966935]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c01834] [PMID: 32715227]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2020.04.046] [PMID: 32475390]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0CC01746A] [PMID: 32395729]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.128084]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.01.042] [PMID: 25636022]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112516] [PMID: 32890929]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030736] [PMID: 33499136]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2016.199]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioeng.2007.06.001] [PMID: 17627883]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2020.113620] [PMID: 32087127]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab7f20]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.202060388]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1559-0275-10-13] [PMID: 24088261]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01140]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.359.6373.259]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb9601]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704961114] [PMID: 28874546]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2019.07.003] [PMID: 31607655]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010428318776169] [PMID: 29775157]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.08.2644] [PMID: 17060676]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00396-8] [PMID: 11239757]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1746.1999.01873.x] [PMID: 10382636]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc2351] [PMID: 18337732]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2012-201031] [PMID: 23426716]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11050733] [PMID: 31137895]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajco.12019] [PMID: 23176400]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22542-5_5] [PMID: 26494386]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio-2020-0198] [PMID: 33006485]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1304186110] [PMID: 23533270]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/emmm.201303698] [PMID: 25398926]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8070727] [PMID: 31311206]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aau6977]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20013078.2018.1535750] [PMID: 30637094]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.25018] [PMID: 29904278]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030745] [PMID: 32168961]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-020-03739-w] [PMID: 33507324]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00534] [PMID: 29384376]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201702153] [PMID: 29282861]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.013]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.59.053006.104707] [PMID: 19630570]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00045-5] [PMID: 14744438]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.002] [PMID: 19167326]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg1379] [PMID: 15211354]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.5] [PMID: 24492836]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13148-018-0492-1] [PMID: 29713393]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00626] [PMID: 31379918]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12885-015-1238-5] [PMID: 25885099]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.10305] [PMID: 25897338]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2013.819] [PMID: 24423916]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160303110838] [PMID: 26935703]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047003] [PMID: 23071695]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.01.013] [PMID: 23410826]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-10-42] [PMID: 22400902]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2011.595] [PMID: 22240788]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/med.20215] [PMID: 22383180]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.01.032] [PMID: 20146939]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1214046110] [PMID: 23440203]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adbi.201900193] [PMID: 32648677]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2200121] [PMID: 2200121]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/346818a0] [PMID: 1697402]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.03.003] [PMID: 26972786]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioeng.2007.03.001] [PMID: 17428731]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.02.008] [PMID: 25708387]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.20.7652] [PMID: 3174659]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/17.14.5865] [PMID: 2548171]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/17.13.4937] [PMID: 2668874]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/23.20.4220] [PMID: 7479087]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkp489] [PMID: 19498077]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.7510417]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/355850a0] [PMID: 1538766]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv700] [PMID: 26163061]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn507494p] [PMID: 25731717]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd1955] [PMID: 16518379]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.32.20556] [PMID: 9685413]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms13033341] [PMID: 22489154]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2010.66] [PMID: 20539292]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.100979] [PMID: 32222697]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S244149] [PMID: 32368012]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2018.07.008] [PMID: 30098503]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep16788] [PMID: 26603187]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000495925] [PMID: 30562733]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.071] [PMID: 28916037]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.023] [PMID: 25242523]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/nat.2013.0423] [PMID: 24171482]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189558] [PMID: 29245156]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8RA10163A]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11010-016-2907-7] [PMID: 28004350]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.01.015] [PMID: 26821206]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2018.10.028] [PMID: 30609555]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8BM00787J] [PMID: 30349922]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.6988] [PMID: 26882565]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep10326] [PMID: 25999049]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44654-w] [PMID: 31148584]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14040349] [PMID: 33918832]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87998-y] [PMID: 33883615]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/advs.201900143] [PMID: 31179220]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8665-7] [PMID: 25863801]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mtna.2016.91] [PMID: 27845768]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2017.12.003] [PMID: 29499932]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S188003] [PMID: 30613143]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja037832s] [PMID: 14709039]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2018.09.001] [PMID: 30193856]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac050836q] [PMID: 16194066]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2013.085] [PMID: 24404332]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep15552]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1lc20461k] [PMID: 21947169]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja042394q] [PMID: 15740156]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.200] [PMID: 17406423]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201200032] [PMID: 22965726]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-005-0089-3] [PMID: 16315013]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1009331107] [PMID: 20705898]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C7AN01046J] [PMID: 29094731]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep26139] [PMID: 27217242]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4LC01124D] [PMID: 25408102]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/nat.2013.0437] [PMID: 24256293]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac4015353] [PMID: 23895515]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6LC01208F] [PMID: 27924973]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.277] [PMID: 19946274]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mtna.2016.27] [PMID: 27115840]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193598] [PMID: 31591283]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph9040076]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00283] [PMID: 27526193]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2007.12.007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv308] [PMID: 25870409]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05269-4_9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mtna.2015.4] [PMID: 25734917]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000590] [PMID: 19997485]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05840-w] [PMID: 28775305]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185169] [PMID: 28934318]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2011.03.015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts210] [PMID: 22689764]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228420]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913242117] [PMID: 32234785]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/BOE.401200] [PMID: 33014586]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113655]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.127862]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2019.10.003] [PMID: 31761044]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-04452-y] [PMID: 32761498]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.127608]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112948] [PMID: 31704128]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C9AN01764J] [PMID: 31781712]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112576] [PMID: 32919211]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112520] [PMID: 32866725]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C9AN01653H] [PMID: 31746830]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0AN01324B] [PMID: 32839791]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02790-7] [PMID: 32632516]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.128046]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.127778]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.127351]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2019.06.020]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120624] [PMID: 31987218]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab80ac]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.129515]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.127844]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2021.113116] [PMID: 33662847]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2019.11.005] [PMID: 31910959]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120369] [PMID: 31816724]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0AN01491E] [PMID: 33020770]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-04601-3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.9b02155] [PMID: 31967461]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2019.117644] [PMID: 31614271]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.127178]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112872] [PMID: 33288424]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D1NR00480H] [PMID: 33928988]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.104898]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.128155]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/jpps31171]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202007738] [PMID: 33554370]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.104763]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121456] [PMID: 33167200]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2020.01.014]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.128666]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.012] [PMID: 32892927]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02524] [PMID: 32618183]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0CC02337J] [PMID: 32639506]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121724] [PMID: 33303170]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02916-x] [PMID: 32935151]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.127931]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01387] [PMID: 32551501]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-019-02211-4] [PMID: 31897558]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.027] [PMID: 32674779]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02117] [PMID: 32580543]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112638] [PMID: 32987328]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.125452]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00051] [PMID: 32134248]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112989] [PMID: 31767223]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.49047] [PMID: 32929347]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C9NR08747H] [PMID: 31894795]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112362] [PMID: 32911314]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0TB01910K] [PMID: 33034309]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.007] [PMID: 33461703]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.129031]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112622] [PMID: 32977087]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.062]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S286317]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0AN00239A] [PMID: 32285061]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0RA01439G]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.632165] [PMID: 33718215]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112598] [PMID: 33035901]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051372] [PMID: 32131502]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.029] [PMID: 33081954]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107492]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-04342-3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.113956]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C9NR10712F] [PMID: 32108836]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.0c01447]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2020.06.053] [PMID: 32800119]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.0c00194]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114511]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-03067-9] [PMID: 33230701]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10544-020-00533-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b19161] [PMID: 31939286]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01831] [PMID: 32393021]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.127544]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2019.111503] [PMID: 31376716]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0AN00066C] [PMID: 32309839]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.129471]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04319] [PMID: 31769654]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-04592-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0AY01067G] [PMID: 32856650]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2019.117622] [PMID: 31606672]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.113868]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2021.113040] [PMID: 33548655]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41378-020-0146-2] [PMID: 34567646]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0RA02662J]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.104991]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/celc.201902049]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.129442]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-4126-x] [PMID: 32040773]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030914] [PMID: 32050422]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11010104]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2019.111833] [PMID: 31733465]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010189] [PMID: 33396710]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0252003JES]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030554] [PMID: 30699964]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05583] [PMID: 31903745]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02774-7] [PMID: 32642836]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C9NR02190F] [PMID: 31482914]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.01.056] [PMID: 25643599]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mco.2014.255] [PMID: 24772298]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245435] [PMID: 31835479]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers10010009]