Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1389-2010
ISSN (Online): 1873-4316

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Role of Cannabinoids in Various Diseases: A Review

Author(s): Simran Kaur, Nikita Sharma and Arpita Roy*

Volume 23, Issue 11, 2022

Published on: 11 April, 2022

Page: [1346 - 1358] Pages: 13

DOI: 10.2174/1389201023666211223164656

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: The plant, Cannabis sativa, is heavily explored and researched with many industrial and pharmaceutical applications. The medicinal and therapeutic role of Cannabis sativa has been summarized in the paper, citing its mechanism of action and influence on the human body. Diseases like metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, and psychological disorders pose negative and long-term drastic effects on the body like neurodegeneration and other chronic system failures. Several existing studies have proved its effectiveness against such diseases.

Objectives: This review aims to provide an overview of the role of cannabinoids in various diseases like metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, and psychological disorders.

Methods: Various e-resources like Pubmed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched and read to make an informative, comprehensive manuscript. Here we tried to summarize the therapeutic aspect of Cannabis sativa and its bioactive compound cannabinoids with respect to various diseases.

Results: This review highlights the various constituents which are present in Cannabis sativa, the endocannabinoid system, and the role of cannabinoids in various diseases.

Conclusion: Recent research on Cannabis has suggested its role in neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, sleep disorders, pediatric diseases, and their analgesic nature. Therefore, the authors majorly focus on the therapeutic aspect of Cannabis sativa in various diseases. The focus is also on the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and its role in fighting or preventing bacterial, parasitic, fungal, and viral infections.

Keywords: Cannabis sativa, endocannabinoid system, cannabinoids, therapeutic applications, infectious diseases, neurodegenerative diseases.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Hill, M.N.; Campolongo, P.; Yehuda, R.; Patel, S. Integrating endocannabinoid signaling and cannabinoids into the biology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2018, 43(1), 80-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.162] [PMID: 28745306]
[2]
Solymosi, K.; Köfalvi, A. Cannabis: A treasure trove or pandora’s box? Mini Rev. Med. Chem., 2017, 17(13), 1223-1291.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557516666161004162133] [PMID: 27719666]
[3]
Gonçalves, J.; Rosado, T.; Soares, S.; Simão, A.Y.; Caramelo, D.; Luís, Â.; Fernández, N.; Barroso, M.; Gallardo, E.; Duarte, A.P. Canna-bis and its secondary metabolites: Their use as therapeutic drugs, toxicological aspects, and analytical determination. Medicines (Basel), 2019, 6(1), 31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines6010031] [PMID: 30813390]
[4]
Kaur, J. A comprehensive review on metabolic syndrome. Cardiology research and practice, 2014, 943162. (Retraction published. Cardiol. Res. Pract., 2019, 4301528,
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/943162]
[5]
Pepper, I.; Vinik, A.; Lattanzio, F.; McPheat, W.; Dobrian, A. Countering the modern metabolic disease rampage with ancestral endocan-nabinoid system alignment. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne), 2019, 10, 311.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00311] [PMID: 31156558]
[6]
American Chemical Society. Cannabis compounds act as an antibiotic., Available from: www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/02/200226130527.htmAccessed on 26 February 2020
[7]
Nichols, J.M.; Kaplan, B.L.F. Immune responses regulated by cannabidiol. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res., 2020, 5(1), 12-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/can.2018.0073] [PMID: 32322673]
[8]
Rosenberg, E.C.; Tsien, R.W.; Whalley, B.J.; Devinsky, O. Cannabinoids and epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics, 2015, 12(4), 747-768.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0375-5] [PMID: 26282273]
[9]
Steenkamp, M.M.; Blessing, E.M.; Galatzer-Levy, I.R.; Hollahan, L.C.; Anderson, W.T. Marijuana and other cannabinoids as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: A literature review. Depress. Anxiety, 2017, 34(3), 207-216.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22596] [PMID: 28245077]
[10]
National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evi-dence and Recommendations for Research; The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2017.
[11]
Balash, Y.; Bar-Lev Schleider, L.; Korczyn, A.D.; Shabtai, H.; Knaani, J.; Rosenberg, A.; Baruch, Y.; Djaldetti, R.; Giladi, N.; Gurevich, T. Medical cannabis in parkinson disease: real-life patients’ experience. Experience. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2017, 40(6), 268-272.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0000000000000246] [PMID: 29059132]
[12]
Shohet, A.; Khlebtovsky, A.; Roizen, N.; Roditi, Y.; Djaldetti, R. Effect of medical cannabis on thermal quantitative measurements of pain in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Eur. J. Pain, 2017, 21(3), 486-493.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejp.942] [PMID: 27723182]
[13]
Srivastava, A.; Yadav, V.K. Microscopical and chemical study of Cannabis sativa. J. Forensics Res., 2013, 5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7145.1000210]
[14]
Andre, C.M.; Hausman, J.F.; Guerriero, G. Cannabis sativa: The plant of the thousand and one molecules. Front Plant Sci., 2016, 7, 19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00019]
[15]
Mechoulam, R.; Hanus, L. A historical overview of chemical research on cannabinoids. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 2000, 108(1-2), 1-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-3084(00)00184-5] [PMID: 11106779]
[16]
Cao, R.; Wang, J.; Zhang, W.; Huang, H.; Qiao, Y.; Dai, Y.; Gong, M.; Lai, H.C. Is marijuana beneficial for prevention and treatment of diabetes? Am. J. Biomed. Sci., 2017, 200-210.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5099/aj170400200]
[17]
Ramer, R.; Hinz, B. New insights into antimetastatic and antiangiogenic effects of cannabinoids., 2015, 43-116..
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2014.10.005]
[18]
Hernandez, F.; Chandra, S. The current state and potential direction of cannabis research. J. Exp. Integr. Med., 2016, 6(1), 44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jeim.310316.rw.014]
[19]
Tashkin, D.P. Does marijuana pose risks for chronic airflow obstruction? Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc., 2015, 12(2), 235-236.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201412-581ED] [PMID: 25706487]
[20]
Sandhu, J.K.; Wu, K.K.; Bui, T.L.; Armstrong, A.W. Association between atopic dermatitis and suicidality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol., 2019, 155(2), 178-187.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.4566] [PMID: 30540348]
[21]
du Plessis, S.S.; Agarwal, A.; Syriac, A. Marijuana, phytocannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system, and male fertility. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet., 2015, 32(11), 1575-1588.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10815-015-0553-8] [PMID: 26277482]
[22]
Lewis, S.E.M.; Rapino, C.; Di Tommaso, M.; Pucci, M.; Battista, N.; Paro, R.; Simon, L.; Lutton, D.; Maccarrone, M. Differences in the endocannabinoid system of sperm from fertile and infertile men. PLoS One, 2012, 7(10), e47704.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047704] [PMID: 23082196]
[23]
Jordan, T.; Ngo, B.; Jones, C.A. The use of cannabis and perceptions of its effect on fertility among infertility patients. Hum. Reprod. Open, 2020, 2020(1), hoz041.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hropen/hoz041] [PMID: 32072021]
[24]
Marsh, D.T.; Smid, S.D. Cannabis phytochemicals: A review of phytocannabinoid chemistry and bioactivity as neuroprotective agents. Aust. J. Chem., 2021, 74(6), 388.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/CH20183]
[25]
Pacher, P.; Bátkai, S.; Kunos, G. The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol. Rev., 2006, 58(3), 389-462.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/pr.58.3.2] [PMID: 16968947]
[26]
Pertwee, R.G.; Howlett, A.C.; Abood, M.E.; Alexander, S.P.H.; Di Marzo, V.; Elphick, M.R.; Greasley, P.J.; Hansen, H.S.; Kunos, G.; Mackie, K.; Mechoulam, R.; Ross, R.A. International union of basic and clinical pharmacology. LXXIX. Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: beyond CB₁ and CB₂. Pharmacol. Rev., 2010, 62(4), 588-631.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/pr.110.003004] [PMID: 21079038]
[27]
Wang, J.; Ueda, N. Biology of endocannabinoid synthesis system. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat., 2009, 89(3-4), 112-119.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2008.12.002] [PMID: 19126434]
[28]
Okamoto, Y.; Tsuboi, K.; Ueda, N. Enzymatic formation of anandamide. Vitam. Horm., 2009, 81, 1-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0083-6729(09)81001-7] [PMID: 19647106]
[29]
Liu, J.; Wang, L.; Harvey-White, J.; Huang, B.X.; Kim, H-Y.; Luquet, S.; Palmiter, R.D.; Krystal, G.; Rai, R.; Mahadevan, A.; Razdan, R.K.; Kunos, G. Multiple pathways involved in the biosynthesis of anandamide. Neuropharmacology, 2008, 54(1), 1-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.05.020] [PMID: 17631919]
[30]
Simon, G.M.; Cravatt, B.F. Anandamide biosynthesis catalyzed by the phosphodiesterase GDE1 and detection of glycerophospho-N-acyl ethanolamine precursors in mouse brain. J. Biol. Chem., 2008, 283(14), 9341-9349.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M707807200] [PMID: 18227059]
[31]
Pacher, P.; Mechoulam, R. Is lipid signaling through cannabinoid 2 receptors part of a protective system? Prog. Lipid Res., 2011, 50(2), 193-211.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2011.01.001] [PMID: 21295074]
[32]
Miller, L.K.; Devi, L.A. The highs and lows of cannabinoid receptor expression in disease: mechanisms and their therapeutic implications. Pharmacol. Rev., 2011, 63(3), 461-470.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/pr.110.003491] [PMID: 21752875]
[33]
Di Marzo, V. Targeting the endocannabinoid system: to enhance or reduce? Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2008, 7(5), 438-455.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd2553] [PMID: 18446159]
[34]
Elphick, M.R. BfCBR: a cannabinoid receptor ortholog in the cephalochordate Branchiostoma floridae (Amphioxus). Gene, 2007, 399(1), 65-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2007.04.025] [PMID: 17553639]
[35]
Nissen, L.; Zatta, A.; Stefanini, I.; Grandi, S.; Sgorbati, B.; Biavati, B.; Monti, A. Characterization and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of industrial hemp varieties (Cannabis sativa L.). Fitoterapia, 2010, 81(5), 413-419.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2009.11.010] [PMID: 19969046]
[36]
Russo, E. Cannabis treatments in obstetrics and gynecology: A historical review. J. Cannabis Ther., 2002, 2(3–4), 5-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J175v02n03_02]
[37]
Duncan, M.; Galic, M.A.; Wang, A.; Chambers, A.P.; McCafferty, D-M.; McKay, D.M.; Sharkey, K.A.; Pittman, Q.J. Cannabinoid 1 recep-tors are critical for the innate immune response to TLR4 stimulation. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 2013, 305(3), R224-R231.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00104.2013] [PMID: 23739343]
[38]
Mastinu, A.; Premoli, M.; Ferrari-Toninelli, G.; Tambaro, S.; Maccarinelli, G.; Memo, M.; Bonini, S.A. Cannabinoids in health and dis-ease: pharmacological potential in metabolic syndrome and neuroinflammation. Horm. Mol. Biol. Clin. Investig., 2018, 36(2)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hmbci-2018-0013] [PMID: 29601300]
[39]
Rochlani, Y.; Pothineni, N.V.; Kovelamudi, S.; Mehta, J.L. Metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology, management, and modulation by natu-ral compounds. Ther. Adv. Cardiovasc. Dis., 2017, 11(8), 215-225.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753944717711379] [PMID: 28639538]
[40]
Vaněčková, I.; Maletínská, L.; Behuliak, M.; Nagelová, V.; Zicha, J.; Kuneš, J. Obesity-related hypertension: possible pathophysiological mechanisms. J. Endocrinol., 2014, 223(3), R63-R78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/JOE-14-0368] [PMID: 25385879]
[41]
Dai, Y.; Mercanti, F.; Dai, D.; Wang, X.; Ding, Z.; Pothineni, N.V.; Mehta, J.L. LOX-1, a bridge between GLP-1R and mitochondrial ROS generation in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2013, 437(1), 62-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.035] [PMID: 23806684]
[42]
Gianoncelli, A.; Bonini, S.A.; Bertuzzi, M.; Guarienti, M.; Vezzoli, S.; Kumar, R.; Delbarba, A.; Mastinu, A.; Sigala, S.; Spano, P.; Pani, L.; Pecorelli, S.; Memo, M. An integrated approach for a structural and functional evaluation of biosimilars: implications for erythropoietin. BioDrugs, 2015, 29(4), 285-300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40259-015-0136-3] [PMID: 26334631]
[43]
Derosa, G.; Maffioli, P.; Sahebkar, A. Improvement of plasma adiponectin, leptin and C-reactive protein concentrations by orlistat: a sys-tematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2016, 81(5), 819-834.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12874] [PMID: 26717446]
[44]
Cristino, L.; Palomba, L.; Di Marzo, V. New horizons on the role of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in palatable food intake, obesity and relat-ed dysmetabolism. Int. J. Obes. Suppl., 2014, 4(Suppl. 1), S26-S30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijosup.2014.8] [PMID: 27152162]
[45]
Rigamonti, A.E.; Piscitelli, F.; Aveta, T.; Agosti, F.; De Col, A.; Bini, S.; Cella, S.G.; Di Marzo, V.; Sartorio, A. Anticipatory and consum-matory effects of (hedonic) chocolate intake are associated with increased circulating levels of the orexigenic peptide ghrelin and endocan-nabinoids in obese adults. Food Nutr. Res., 2015, 59, 29678.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v59.29678] [PMID: 26546790]
[46]
Massa, F.; Mancini, G.; Schmidt, H.; Steindel, F.; Mackie, K.; Angioni, C.; Oliet, S.H.; Geisslinger, G.; Lutz, B. Alterations in the hippo-campal endocannabinoid system in diet-induced obese mice. J. Neurosci., 2010, 30(18), 6273-6281.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2648-09.2010] [PMID: 20445053]
[47]
Eid, B.G. Cannabinoids for Treating Cardiovascular Disorders: Putting Together a Complex Puzzle. J. Microsc. Ultrastruct., 2018, 6(4), 171-176.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/JMAU.JMAU_42_18] [PMID: 30464888]
[48]
Richey, J.M.; Woolcott, O. Re-visiting the endocannabinoid system and its therapeutic potential in obesity and associated diseases. Curr. Diab. Rep., 2017, 17(10), 99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11892-017-0924-x] [PMID: 28913816]
[49]
Christopoulou, F.D.; Kiortsis, D.N. An overview of the metabolic effects of rimonabant in randomized controlled trials: potential for other cannabinoid 1 receptor blockers in obesity. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., 2011, 36(1), 10-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.2010.01164.x] [PMID: 21198716]
[50]
Brunner, M. Clinical pharmacology: current topics and case studies. Pharmaceutical Drug SafetyCham; Müller, M., Ed.; Springer, 2016.
[51]
Hsiao, W.C.; Shia, K.S.; Wang, Y.T.; Yeh, Y.N.; Chang, C.P.; Lin, Y.; Chen, P.H.; Wu, C.H.; Chao, Y.S.; Hung, M.S. A novel peripheral cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonist, BPR0912, reduces weight independently of food intake and modulates thermogenesis. Diabetes Obes. Metab., 2015, 17(5), 495-504.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dom.12447] [PMID: 25656402]
[52]
Chen, W.; Shui, F.; Liu, C.; Zhou, X.; Li, W.; Zheng, Z.; Fu, W.; Wang, L. Novel peripherally restricted cannabinoid 1 receptor selective antagonist TXX-522 with prominent weight-loss efficacy in diet induced obese mice. Front. Pharmacol., 2017, 8, 707.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00707] [PMID: 29051736]
[53]
Lazzari, P.; Serra, V.; Marcello, S.; Pira, M.; Mastinu, A. Metabolic side effects induced by olanzapine treatment are neutralized by CB1 receptor antagonist compounds co-administration in female rats. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2017, 27(7), 667-678.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.03.010] [PMID: 28377074]
[54]
Fulp, A.; Zhang, Y.; Bortoff, K.; Seltzman, H.; Snyder, R.; Wiethe, R.; Amato, G.; Maitra, R. Pyrazole antagonists of the CB1 receptor with reduced brain penetration. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2016, 24(5), 1063-1070.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.033] [PMID: 26827137]
[55]
Liao, Y.; Bin, J.; Luo, T.; Zhao, H.; Ledent, C.; Asakura, M.; Xu, D.; Takashima, S.; Kitakaze, M. CB1 cannabinoid receptor deficiency promotes cardiac remodeling induced by pressure overload in mice. Int. J. Cardiol., 2013, 167(5), 1936-1944.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.05.033] [PMID: 22656047]
[56]
WHO, infectious diseases. 2019. Available from:; https://www.who.int/topics/infectious_diseases/en/Accessed on 27 Sept 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0293-3]
[57]
Rohr, J.R.; Barrett, C.B.; Civitello, D.J.; Craft, M.E.; Delius, B.; DeLeo, G.A.; Hudson, P.J.; Jouanard, N.; Nguyen, K.H.; Ostfeld, R.S.; Remais, J.V.; Riveau, G.; Sokolow, S.H.; Tilman, D. Emerging human infectious diseases and the links to global food production. Nat. Sustain., 2019, 2, 445-456.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0293-3]
[58]
Eisenstein, T.K.; Meissler, J.J. Effects of cannabinoids on T-cell function and resistance to infection. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol., 2015, 10(2), 204-216.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11481-015-9603-3] [PMID: 25876735]
[59]
Farha, M.A.; El-Halfawy, O.M.; Gale, R.T.; MacNair, C.R.; Carfrae, L.A.; Zhang, X.; Jentsch, N.G.; Magolan, J.; Brown, E.D. Uncovering the hidden antibiotic potential of cannabis. ACS Infect. Dis., 2020, 6(3), 338-346.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00419] [PMID: 32017534]
[60]
Klahn, P. Cannabinoids-promising antimicrobial drugs orintoxicants with benefits? Antibiotics (Basel), 2020, 9(6), 297.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9060297] [PMID: 32498408]
[61]
Vincent, J-L.; Rello, J.; Marshall, J.; Silva, E.; Anzueto, A.; Martin, C.D.; Moreno, R.; Lipman, J.; Gomersall, C.; Sakr, Y.; Reinhart, K. International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA, 2009, 302(21), 2323-2329.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1754] [PMID: 19952319]
[62]
Gui, H.; Sun, Y.; Luo, Z-M.; Su, D-F.; Dai, S-M.; Liu, X. Cannabinoid receptor 2 protects against acute experimental sepsis in mice. Mediators Inflamm., 2013, 2013, 741303.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/741303] [PMID: 23781122]
[63]
Puskarich, M.A. Emergency management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Curr. Opin. Crit. Care, 2012, 18(4), 295-300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0b013e328354dc16] [PMID: 22622514]
[64]
Sardinha, J.; Kelly, M.E.M.; Zhou, J.; Lehmann, C. Experimental cannabinoid 2 receptor-mediated immune modulation in sepsis. Mediators Inflamm., 2014, 2014, 978678.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/978678] [PMID: 24803745]
[65]
Kianian, M.; Al-Banna, N.A.; Kelly, M.E.M.; Lehmann, C. Inhibition of endocannabinoid degradation in experimental endotoxemia reduces leukocyte adhesion and improves capillary perfusion in the gut. J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol., 2013, 24(1), 27-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2012-0065]
[66]
Marini, E.; Magi, G.; Ferretti, G.; Bacchetti, T.; Giuliani, A.; Pugnaloni, A.; Rippo, M.R.; Facinelli, B. Attenuation of listeria monocytogenes virulence by Cannabis sativa l. essential oil. Front. Cell. Inf. Microbiol., 2018, 8, 293.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00293]
[67]
Aldington, S.; Williams, M.; Nowitz, M.; Weatherall, M.; Pritchard, A.; McNaughton, A.; Robinson, G.; Beasley, R. Effects of cannabis on pulmonary structure, function and symptoms. Thorax, 2007, 62(12), 1058-1063.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2006.077081] [PMID: 17666437]
[68]
Hischebeth, G.T.R.; Keil, V.C.; Gentil, K.; Boström, A.; Kuchelmeister, K.; Bekeredjian-Ding, I. Rapid brain death caused by a cerebellar abscess with Fusobacterium nucleatum in a young man with drug abuse: a case report. BMC Res. Notes, 2014, 7, 353.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-353] [PMID: 24915846]
[69]
Kai, A.; Cooke, F.; Antoun, N.; Siddharthan, C.; Sule, O. A rare presentation of ventriculitis and brain abscess caused by Fusobacterium nucleatum. J. Med. Microbiol., 2008, 57(Pt 5), 668-671.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47710-0] [PMID: 18436604]
[70]
Kim, Y.H.; Yoon, H.J.; Park, C.W.; Kim, J.H.; Lee, M.K.; Kim, K.B.; Na, D.J.; Kim, J.M. A case of liver abscess caused by Fusobacterium nucleatum in a patient with recurrent periodontal diseases. Korean J. Gastroenterol., 2011, 57(1), 42-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4166/kjg.2011.57.1.42] [PMID: 21258201]
[71]
Barichello, T.; Ceretta, R.A.; Generoso, J.S.; Moreira, A.P.; Simões, L.R.; Comim, C.M.; Quevedo, J.; Vilela, M.C.; Zuardi, A.W.; Crippa, J.A.; Teixeira, A.L. Cannabidiol reduces host immune response and prevents cognitive impairments in Wistar rats submitted to pneumo-coccal meningitis. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2012, 697(1-3), 158-164.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.09.053] [PMID: 23085269]
[72]
Appendino, G.; Gibbons, S.; Giana, A.; Pagani, A.; Grassi, G.; Stavri, M.; Smith, E.; Rahman, M.M. Antibacterial cannabinoids from Can-nabis sativa: a structure-activity study. J. Nat. Prod., 2008, 71(8), 1427-1430.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np8002673] [PMID: 18681481]
[73]
Klein, T.W.; Newton, C.A.; Nakachi, N.; Friedman, H. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment suppresses immunity and early IFN-gamma, IL-12, and IL-12 receptor beta 2 responses to Legionella pneumophila infection. J. Immunol., 2000, 164(12), 6461-6466.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.164.12.6461]
[74]
Lu, T.; Newton, C.; Perkins, I.; Friedman, H.; Klein, T.W. Role of cannabinoid receptors in Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol suppression of IL-12p40 in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells infected with Legionella pneumophila. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2006, 532(1-2), 170-177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.040] [PMID: 16443217]
[75]
Turcotte, C.; Blanchet, M.R.; Laviolette, M.; Flamand, N. Impact of cannabis, cannabinoids, and endocannabinoids in the lungs. Front. Pharmacol., 2016, 7, 317.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2016.00317] [PMID: 27695418]
[76]
Klein, T.W.; Cabral, G.A. Cannabinoid-induced immune suppression and modulation of antigen-presenting cells. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol., 2006, 1(1), 50-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11481-005-9007-x]
[77]
Reiss, C.S. Cannabinoids and viral infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 2010, 3(6), 1873-1886.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph3061873] [PMID: 20634917]
[78]
Furler, M.D.; Einarson, T.R.; Millson, M.; Walmsley, S.; Bendayan, R. Medicinal and recreational marijuana use by patients infected with HIV. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 2004, 18(4), 215-228.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/108729104323038892] [PMID: 15142352]
[79]
Sylvestre, D.L.; Clements, B.J.; Malibu, Y. Cannabis use improves retention and virological outcomes in patients treated for hepatitis C. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2006, 18(10), 1057-1063.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.meg.0000216934.22114.51] [PMID: 16957511]
[80]
Costiniuk, C.T.; Mills, E.; Cooper, C.L. Evaluation of oral cannabinoid-containing medications for the management of interferon and rib-avirin-induced anorexia, nausea and weight loss in patients treated for chronic hepatitis C virus. Can. J. Gastroenterol., 2008, 22(4), 376-380.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/725702] [PMID: 18414712]
[81]
Sun, L-J.; Yu, J-W.; Wan, L.; Zhang, X-Y.; Shi, Y-G.; Chen, M-Y. Endocannabinoid system activation contributes to glucose metabo-lism disorders of hepatocytes and promotes hepatitis C virus replication. Int. J. Infectious Dis., 2014, 23, 75-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2013.12.017]
[82]
Maor, Y.; Yu, J.; Kuzontkoski, P.M.; Dezube, B.J.; Zhang, X.; Groopman, J.E. Cannabidiol inhibits growth and induces programmed cell death in kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-infected endothelium. Genes Cancer, 2012, 3(7-8), 512-520.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1947601912466556] [PMID: 23264851]
[83]
Mabou Tagne, A.; Pacchetti, B.; Sodergren, M.; Cosentino, M.; Marino, F. Cannabidiol for viral diseases: Hype or hope? Cannabis Cannabinoid Res., 2020, 5(2), 121-131.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/can.2019.0060] [PMID: 32656344]
[84]
Roth, M.D.; Tashkin, D.P.; Whittaker, K.M.; Choi, R.; Baldwin, G.C. Tetrahydrocannabinol suppresses immune function and enhances HIV replication in the huPBL-SCID mouse. Life Sci., 2005, 77(14), 1711-1722.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.014] [PMID: 15964028]
[85]
Purohit, V.; Rapaka, R.S.; Rutter, J. Cannabinoid receptor-2 and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol., 2014, 9(4), 447-453.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11481-014-9554-0]
[86]
Wei, Q.; Liu, L.; Cong, Z.; Wu, X.; Wang, H.; Qin, C.; Molina, P.; Chen, Z. Chronic Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol administration reduces IgE(+)B cells but unlikely enhances pathogenic SIVmac251 infection in male rhesus macaques of chinese origin. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol., 2016, 11(3), 584-591.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11481-016-9674-9]
[87]
Buchweitz, J.P.; Karmaus, P.W.F.; Williams, K.J.; Harkema, J.R.; Kaminski, N.E. Targeted deletion of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 produced enhanced inflammatory responses to influenza A/PR/8/34 in the absence and presence of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. J. Leukoc. Biol., 2008, 83(3), 785-796.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0907618] [PMID: 18073275]
[88]
Amsen, D.; Blander, J.M.; Lee, G.R.; Tanigaki, K.; Honjo, T.; Flavell, R.A. Instruction of distinct CD4 T helper cell fates by different notch ligands on antigen-presenting cells. Cell, 2004, 117(4), 515-526.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00451-9] [PMID: 15137944]
[89]
Pertwee, R.G. Handbook of cannabis; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199662685.001.0001]
[90]
Liu, T.; Howell, G.T.; Turner, L.; Corace, K.; Garber, G.; Cooper, C. Marijuana use in hepatitis C infection does not affect liver biopsy histology or treatment outcomes. Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2014, 28(7), 381-384.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/804969] [PMID: 25157529]
[91]
Croxford, J.L.; Wang, K.; Miller, S.D.; Engman, D.M.; Tyler, K.M. Effects of cannabinoid treatment on Chagas disease pathogenesis: bal-ancing inhibition of parasite invasion and immunosuppression. Cell. Microbiol., 2005, 7(11), 1592-1602.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00577.x] [PMID: 16207246]
[92]
Campos, A.C.; Brant, F.; Miranda, A.S.; Machado, F.S.; Teixeira, A.L. Cannabidiol increases survival and promotes rescue of cognitive function in a murine model of cerebral malaria. Neuroscience, 2015, 289, 166-180.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.051] [PMID: 25595981]
[93]
Alferink, J.; Specht, S.; Arends, H.; Schumak, B.; Schmidt, K.; Ruland, C.; Lundt, R.; Kemter, A.; Dlugos, A.; Kuepper, J.M.; Poppensiek-er, K.; Findeiss, M.; Albayram, Ö.; Otte, D-M.; Marazzi, J.; Gertsch, J.; Förster, I.; Maier, W.; Scheu, S.; Hoerauf, A.; Zimmer, A. Canna-binoid receptor 2 modulates susceptibility to experimental cerebral malaria through a CCL17-dependent mechanism. J. Biol. Chem., 2016, 291(37), 19517-19531.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M116.746594] [PMID: 27474745]
[94]
Wang, M.; Abais, J.M.; Meng, N.; Zhang, Y.; Ritter, J.K.; Li, P-L.; Tang, W-X. Upregulation of cannabinoid receptor-1 and fibrotic activa-tion of mouse hepatic stellate cells during Schistosoma J. infection: role of NADPH oxidase. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2014, 71, 109-120.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.015] [PMID: 24657416]
[95]
Medveczky, M.M.; Sherwood, T.A.; Klein, T.W.; Friedman, H.; Medveczky, P.G. Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) inhibits lytic repli-cation of gamma oncogenic herpesviruses in vitro. BMC Med., 2004, 2(1), 34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-2-34] [PMID: 15369590]
[96]
Kaushik, K.S.; Kapila, K.; Praharaj, A.K. Shooting up: the interface of microbial infections and drug abuse. J. Med. Microbiol., 2011, 60(Pt 4), 408-422.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.027540-0] [PMID: 21389334]
[97]
Kasten, C.R.; Zhang, Y.; Boehm, S.L., II Acute cannabinoids produce robust anxiety-like and locomotor effects in mice, but long-term consequences are age- and sex-dependent. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 2019, 13, 32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00032] [PMID: 30842732]
[98]
Lombard, C.; Hegde, V.L.; Nagarkatti, M.; Nagarkatti, P.S. Perinatal exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol triggers profound defects in T cell differentiation and function in fetal and postnatal stages of life, including decreased responsiveness to HIV antigens. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2011, 339(2), 607-617.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.111.181206] [PMID: 21831965]
[99]
Liu, H.; Gao, X.; Duan, R.; Yang, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Cheng, Y.; Guo, Y.; Tang, W. Endocannabinoids anandamide and its cannabinoid recep-tors in liver fibrosis after murine schistosomiasis. J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technolog. Med. Sci., 2009, 29(2), 182-186.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11596-009-0209-y] [PMID: 19399401]
[100]
Reddy, P.; Maurya, N.; Velmurugan, B. Medicinal use of synthetic cannabinoids-a mini review. Curr. Pharmacol. Rep., 2019, 5, 1-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40495-018-0165-y]
[101]
van Niekerk, G.; Mabin, T.; Engelbrecht, A-M. Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of cannabinoids: an immunometabolic perspective. Inflammopharmacology, 2019, 27(1), 39-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10787-018-00560-7] [PMID: 30610735]
[102]
Zuardi, A.W. History of cannabis as a medicine: a review. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 2006, 28(2), 153-157.
[103]
Ben Amar, M. Cannabinoids in medicine: A review of their therapeutic potential. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2006, 105(1-2), 1-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.02.001] [PMID: 16540272]
[104]
Campos, A.C.; Moreira, F.A.; Gomes, F.V.; Del Bel, E.A.; Guimarães, F.S. Multiple mechanisms involved in the large-spectrum therapeu-tic potential of cannabidiol in psychiatric disorders. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 2012, 367(1607), 3364-3378.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0389] [PMID: 23108553]
[105]
Poovelikunnel, T.; Gethin, G.; Humphreys, H. Mupirocin resistance: clinical implications and potential alternatives for the eradication of MRSA. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2015, 70(10), 2681-2692.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkv169] [PMID: 26142407]
[106]
Simor, A.E.; Stuart, T.L.; Louie, L.; Watt, C.; Ofner-Agostini, M.; Gravel, D.; Mulvey, M.; Loeb, M.; McGeer, A.; Bryce, E.; Matlow, A. Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program. Mupirocin-resistant, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in Canadi-an hospitals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2007, 51(11), 3880-3886.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00846-07] [PMID: 17724154]
[107]
Badowski, M.E. A review of oral cannabinoids and medical marijuana for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a focus on pharmacokinetic variability and pharmacodynamics. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 2017, 80(3), 441-449.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00280-017-3387-5] [PMID: 28780725]
[108]
Zhan, G.L.; Camras, C.B.; Palmberg, P.F.; Toris, C.B. Effects of marijuana on aqueous humor dynamics in a glaucoma patient. J. Glaucoma, 2005, 14, 175-177.
[109]
Sirikantaramas, S.; Taura, F. Cannabinoids: Biosynthesis and biotechnological applications.In: Cannabis sativa L. - Botany and Biotech-nology; Chandra, S., Ed.; , 2017, pp. 183-206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54564-6_8]
[110]
Koppel, B.S.; Brust, J.C.M.; Fife, T.; Bronstein, J.; Youssof, S.; Gronseth, G.; Gloss, D. Systematic review: efficacy and safety of medical marijuana in selected neurologic disorders: report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology, 2014, 82(17), 1556-1563.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000363] [PMID: 24778283]
[111]
Fitzcharles, M.A.; Baerwald, C.; Ablin, J.; Häuser, W. Efficacy, tolerability and safety of cannabinoids in chronic pain associated with rheumatic diseases (fibromyalgia syndrome, back pain, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis): A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Schmerz, 2016, 30(1), 47-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00482-015-0084-3] [PMID: 26767993]
[112]
Sánchez Robles, E.M.; Bagües Arias, A.; Martín Fontelles, M.I. Cannabinoids and muscular pain. Effectiveness of the local administration in rat. Eur. J. Pain, 2012, 16(8), 1116-1127.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00115.x] [PMID: 22354705]
[113]
Shang, Y.; Tang, Y. The central cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB2) and chronic pain. Int. J. Neurosci., 2017, 127(9), 812-823.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2016.1257992] [PMID: 27842450]
[114]
Lee, M.C.; Ploner, M.; Wiech, K.; Bingel, U.; Wanigasekera, V.; Brooks, J.; Menon, D.K.; Tracey, I. Amygdala activity contributes to the dissociative effect of cannabis on pain perception. Pain, 2013, 154(1), 124-134.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2012.09.017] [PMID: 23273106]
[115]
Kisková, T.; Mungenast, F.; Suváková, M.; Jäger, W.; Thalhammer, T. Future aspects for cannabinoids in breast cancer therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2019, 20(7), 1673.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071673] [PMID: 30987191]
[116]
De Aquino, J.P.; Sherif, M.; Radhakrishnan, R.; Cahill, J.D.; Ranganathan, M.; D’Souza, D.C. The psychiatric consequences of canna-binoids. Clin. Ther., 2018, 40(9), 1448-1456.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.03.013] [PMID: 29678279]
[117]
DEA Available from. http://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml Accessed on 25 Sept 2020
[118]
Bruni, N.; Della Pepa, C.; Oliaro-Bosso, S.; Pessione, E.; Gastaldi, D.; Dosio, F. Cannabinoid delivery systems for pain and inflammation treatment. Molecules, 2018, 23(10), 23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102478] [PMID: 30262735]
[119]
Nugent, S.M.; Morasco, B.J.; O’Neil, M.E.; Freeman, M.; Low, A.; Kondo, K.; Elven, C.; Zakher, B.; Motu’apuaka, M.; Paynter, R.; Kan-sagara, D. The effects of cannabis among adults with chronic pain and an overview of general harms a systematic review. Ann. Intern. Med., 2017, 167(5), 319-331.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M17-0155] [PMID: 28806817]
[120]
Aviram, J.; Samuelly-Leichtag, G. Efficacy of cannabis-based medicines for pain management: Asystematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain Physician, 2017, 20(6), E755-E796.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.20.5.E755] [PMID: 28934780]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
31
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy