Abstract
Abstract: Food forensics is an emerging branch that applies scientific knowledge for the verification and authentication of food supplements. The term “dietary supplement” refers to a diverse set of preparations that are deemed to be essential for the well-being of the human body. These supplements consist of various physiologically active substances that produce effects on the body. However, a major issue with these supplements is that they are neither considered as medicines nor as a food products. Due to this, such food supplements are prone to adulteration and counterfeiting. In this review, three widely used supplements, namely Curcuma longa, Withania somnifera, and Garcinia cambogia supplements, are considered. Chemistry, pharmacology, and benefits of three are being discussed along with the analytical techniques for their analysis. Chromatographic techniques are popular for the examination of dietary supplements. Several such analytical techniques are being used to detect and identify the physiologically active constituents as well as adulterants in dietary products. This review intends to demonstrate the overall issues regarding dietary supplements.
Keywords: Food forensics, dietary supplements, Garcinia cambogia, Curcuma longa. curcumin, Withania somnifera, adulteration, liver injury, counterfeiting.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Gören AC, Çikrikçi S, Çergel M, Bilsel G. Rapid quantitation of curcumin in turmeric via NMR and LC-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2009; 113(4): 1239-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.08.014]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.08.014]
[2]
El-Ahmady SH, Ashour ML. Advances in testing for adulteration of food supplements Advances in Food Authenticity Testing. USA: Elsevier Ltd. 2016.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100220-9.00024-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100220-9.00024-2]
[3]
Sarker MMR. Adulteration of herbal medicines and dietary supplements with undeclared synthetic drugs: Dangerous for human health. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014; 6(4): 1-2.
[4]
Rocha T, Amaral JS, Oliveira MBPP. Adulteration of dietary supplements by the illegal addition of synthetic drugs: a review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016; 15(1): 43-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12173] [PMID: 33371574]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12173] [PMID: 33371574]
[5]
Woo CSJ, Lau JSH, El-Nezami H. Herbal medicine toxicity and recent trends in assessing their potential toxic effects Advances in Botanical Research. 1st ed. USA: Elsevier Ltd. 2012; p. 62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394591-4.00009-X]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394591-4.00009-X]
[6]
Orhan IE, Senol FS, Skalicka-Wozniak K, Georgiev M, Sener B. Adulteration and safety issues in nutraceuticals and dietary supplements: innocent or risky?Nutraceuticals. USA: Elsevier 2016; pp. 153-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804305-9.00005-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804305-9.00005-1]
[7]
Mukherjee PK. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) for analysis of herbal drugs.Quality Control and Evaluation of Herbal Drugs. USA: Elsevier 2019; pp. 377-420.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813374-3.00009-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813374-3.00009-0]
[8]
Posadzki P, Watson L, Ernst E. Contamination and adulteration of herbal medicinal products (HMPs): an overview of systematic reviews. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 69(3): 295-307.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-012-1353-z] [PMID: 22843016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-012-1353-z] [PMID: 22843016]
[9]
Pawar H. Phytochemical evaluation and curcumin content determination of turmeric rhizomes collected from Bhandara district of Maharashtra (India). Med Chem 2014; 4(8): 588-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0444.1000198]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0444.1000198]
[10]
Champagne AB, Emmel KV. Rapid screening test for adulteration in raw materials of dietary supplements. Vib Spectrosc 2011; 55(2): 216-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2010.11.009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2010.11.009]
[11]
Yuen YP, Lai CK, Poon WT, Ng SW, Chan AYW, Mak TWL. Adulteration of over-the-counter slimming products with pharmaceutical analogue--an emerging threat. Hong Kong Med J 2007; 13(3): 216-20.
[PMID: 17548910]
[PMID: 17548910]
[12]
Dwyer JT, Coates PM, Smith MJ. Dietary supplements: Regulatory challenges and research resources. Nutrients 2018; 10(1): 1-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10010041] [PMID: 29300341]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10010041] [PMID: 29300341]
[13]
Vineet B, Singh K, Mundkinajeddu D, et al. Adulteration of ashwagandha Botan Adulterants Bull 2019; January: 1-7.
[14]
Priyadarsini KI. The chemistry of curcumin: from extraction to therapeutic agent. Molecules 2014; 19(12): 20091-112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules191220091] [PMID: 25470276]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules191220091] [PMID: 25470276]
[15]
Smith RE. Prescription drugs and dietary supplements for weight loss. advances in obesity. Weight Manage Control 2015; 3(1): 159-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/aowmc.2015.03.00045]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/aowmc.2015.03.00045]
[16]
Ganzera M, Choudhary MI, Khan IA. Quantitative HPLC analysis of withanolides in Withania somnifera. Fitoterapia 2003; 74(02): 68-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00325-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00325-8]
[17]
Liu Y, Lu F. Adulterated pharmaceutical chemicals in botanical dietary supplements: novel screening approaches. Rev Anal Chem 2017; 36(3): 1-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revac-2016-0032]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revac-2016-0032]
[18]
Salahshour B, Sadeghi S, Nazari H, Soltaninejad K. Determining undeclared synthetic pharmaceuticals as adulterants in weight loss herbal medicines. Int J Med Toxicol Forensic Med 2020; 10(1): 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijmtfm.v10i1.26253]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijmtfm.v10i1.26253]
[19]
Aceto M. Food forensics.Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry. USA: Elsevier 2015; p. 68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63340-8.00009-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63340-8.00009-1]
[20]
Maryam A. Some aspects of the problem of adulterated herbal medicines by the illegal addition of active pharmaceutical ingredients. J Clin Toxicol 2016; 6: 5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0495.1000e124]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0495.1000e124]
[21]
Mathews NM. Prohibited contaminants in dietary supplements. Sports Health 2018; 10(1): 19-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738117727736] [PMID: 28850291]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738117727736] [PMID: 28850291]
[22]
Pylypenko D, Krasnopolsky Y. Extraction and purification of curcuminoids from Curcuma longa L. rhizome. Ukrain Biopharm J 2019; 0(4(61)): 60-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.24959/ubphj.19.238]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.24959/ubphj.19.238]
[23]
Singh R, Das N, Lal P, Misra L. Withanolide A is inherently de novo biosynthesized in roots of the medicinal plant Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). Physiol Plant 2008; 278-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01076.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01076.x]
[24]
Pradesh A, Pradesh A. Physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation of different extracts of Withania somnifera. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2017; 2(3): 1-5.
[25]
Gavande K, Jain K, Jain B, Mehta R. Comprehensive report on phytochemistry and pharmacological prominence of Withania somnifera. UK J Pharma Biosci 2015; 3(2): 15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.20510/ukjpb/3/i2/89342]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.20510/ukjpb/3/i2/89342]
[26]
Ganguly B, Kumar N, Ahmad AH, Rastogi SK. Influence of phytochemical composition on in vitro antioxidant and reducing activities of Indian ginseng [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] root extracts. J Ginseng Res 2018; 42(4): 463-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.05.002] [PMID: 30337806]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.05.002] [PMID: 30337806]
[27]
Kumar V, Dey A, Hadimani MB, Marcović T, Emerald M. Chemistry and pharmacology of Withania somnifera. An update 2015; 5(1): 1-13.
[28]
Tomar V, Beuerle T, Sircar D. A validated HPTLC method for the simultaneous quantifications of three phenolic acids and three withanolides from Withania somnifera plants and its herbal products. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1124(June): 154-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.06.009] [PMID: 31200247]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.06.009] [PMID: 31200247]
[29]
Christian M. Steroids – chemical constituents of Withania somnifera dunal through TLC and HPTLC. Int Res J Chem 2013; 2845: 2321-845.
[30]
Singh A, Duggal S, Singh H, Singh J, Katekhaye S. Withanolides: Phytoconstituents with significant pharmacological activities. Int J Green Pharm 2010. Oct-Dec: 3-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-8258.74130]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-8258.74130]
[31]
Gavande K, Jain K, Jain B, Mehta R. Comprehensive report on phytochemistry and pharmacological prominence of Withania somnifera. UK J Pharm Biosci J 2013; 3: 15-23.
[32]
Life II, Butterflies B, Books H, et al. Phytochemical variability in commercial herbal products and preparations of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). JSTOR 2004; 86 461: 44-465.
[33]
Saleem S, Muhammad G, Hussain MA, Altaf M, Abbas Bukhari SN. Withania somnifera L.: Insights into the phytochemical profile, therapeutic potential, clinical trials, and future prospective. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2020; 23(12): 1501-26.
[34]
Nasreen S, Radha R. Assessment of quality of Withania somnifera Dunal (Solanaceae)-pharmacognostical and phyto physicochemical profile. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2011; 3(2): 152-5.
[35]
Sharma PK, Joseph P, Pillai MG, Bhasin N, Pawa U, Schreiber A. Rapid high resolution accurate mass multi-class multi-residue screening method for ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) products. ABSCIEX 2013. Available from:
https://sciex.com/content/dam/SCIEX/pdf/posters/AB%20SCIEX%20AOAC%202013_ashwagandha%20screening_Praveen%20Kumar.pdf
[36]
Singh BB, Dagenais S. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) a review. Altern Med Rev 2000; 5(4): 334-46.
[37]
Kanjikode F. Isolation and identification of withasomnine, withanolides, and butein from the industrial herbal marc of Withania somnifera (L.). Dunal 2016; 7: 116-24.
[38]
Bhatia A, Bharti SK, Tewari SK, Sidhu OP, Roy R. Metabolic profiling for studying chemotype variations in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal fruits using GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Phytochemistry 2013; 93: 105-15.
[39]
Zheng E, Sandhu N, Navarro V. Drug-induced liver injury secondary to herbal and dietary supplements. Clin Liver Dis 2020; 24(1): 141-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2019.09.009] [PMID: 31753247]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2019.09.009] [PMID: 31753247]
[40]
Siddiqui S, Ahmed N, Goswami M, Chakrabarty A, Chowdhury G. DNA damage by Withanone as a potential cause of liver toxicity observed for herbal products of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2: 72-81.
[41]
Björnsson HK, Björnsson ES, Avula B, et al. Ashwagandha-induced liver injury: A case series from Iceland and the US drug-induced liver injury network. Liver Int 2020; 40(4): 825-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/liv.14393] [PMID: 31991029]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/liv.14393] [PMID: 31991029]
[42]
Huang YS, Hsieh TJ, Lu CY. Simple analytical strategy for MALDI-TOF-MS and nanoUPLC-MS/MS: quantitating curcumin in food condiments and dietary supplements and screening of acrylamide-induced ROS protein indicators reduced by curcumin. Food Chem 2015; 174: 571-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.115] [PMID: 25529721]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.115] [PMID: 25529721]
[43]
Visweswari G, Christopher R, Rajendra W. Phytochemical screening of active secondary metabolites present in Withania somnifera root: role in traditional medicine. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2013; 4(43): 2770-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.4(7).2770-76]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.4(7).2770-76]
[44]
Sethi A. A review on “Garcinia cambogia – a weight controlling agent.”. IJPRD 2011; 10(3): 13-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.16194/j.cnki.31-1059/g4.2011.07.016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.16194/j.cnki.31-1059/g4.2011.07.016]
[45]
Semwal RB, Semwal DK, Vermaak I, Viljoen A. A comprehensive scientific overview of Garcinia cambogia. Fitoterapia 2015; 102: 134-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2015.02.012] [PMID: 25732350]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2015.02.012] [PMID: 25732350]
[46]
Jamila N, Choi JY, Hong JH, et al. Identification and quantification of adulteration in Garcinia cambogia commercial products by chromatographic and spectrometric methods. Food additives and contaminants - part A chemistry, analysis, control, exposure and risk assessment. Food Addit Contam 2016; 33(12): 1751-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2016.1244733]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2016.1244733]
[47]
Jayaprakasha GK, Sakariah KK. Determination of (-) hydroxycitric acid in commercial samples of Garcinia cambogia extract by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 2000; 23(6): 915-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/JLC-100101498]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/JLC-100101498]
[48]
Jena BS, Jayaprakasha GK, Singh RP, Sakariah KK. Chemistry and biochemistry of (-)-hydroxycitric acid from Garcinia. J Agric Food Chem 2002; 50(1): 10-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf010753k] [PMID: 11754536]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf010753k] [PMID: 11754536]
[49]
Lunsford KE, Bodzin AS, Reino DC, Wang HL, Busuttil RW. Dangerous dietary supplements: Garcinia cambogia-associated hepatic failure requiring transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22(45): 10071-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i45.10071] [PMID: 28018115]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i45.10071] [PMID: 28018115]
[50]
Jamila N, Khan N, Hwang IM, et al. Determination of macro, micro, trace essential, and toxic elements in Garcinia cambogia fruit and its anti-obesity commercial products. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99(5): 2455-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9454] [PMID: 30367475]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9454] [PMID: 30367475]
[51]
Martello S, Felli M, Chiarotti M. Survey of nutritional supplements for selected illegal anabolic steroids and ephedrine using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS methods, respectively. Food Addit Contam 2007; 24(3): 258-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030601013729]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030601013729]
[52]
Monisha S, Ragavan B. Investigation of phytochemical, mineral content, and physicochemical property of a polyherbal extract. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2015; 8(3): 238-42.
[53]
Onakpoya I, Hung SK, Perry R, Wider B, Ernst E. The use of Garcinia extract (hydroxycitric acid) as a weight loss supplement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. J Obes 2011; 2011509038
[54]
Jayaprakasha GK, Sakariah KK. Determination of organic acids in Garcinia cambogia (Desr.) By high- performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1998; 806(2): 337-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00054-5] [PMID: 9914660]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00054-5] [PMID: 9914660]
[55]
Jamila N, Choi JY, Hong JH, et al. Identification and quantification of adulteration in Garcinia cambogia commercial products by chromatographic and spectrometric methods. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33(12): 1751-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2016.1244733] [PMID: 27702395]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2016.1244733] [PMID: 27702395]
[56]
Pandey R, Chandra P, Kumar B, et al. Simultaneous determination of multi-class bioactive constituents for quality assessment of Garcinia species using UHPLC-MS/MS. Ind Crops Prod 2015; 77: 861-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.09.041]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.09.041]
[57]
Kunwar A, Barik A, Priyadarsini K, Pandey R. Absorption and Fluorescence studies of curcumin bound to liposome and living cells BARC Newsletter 2007; (285): 213-9. Available from:
http://www.barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2007/200710-32.pdf
[58]
Krishnamoorthy V, Nagappan P, Sereen AK, Rajendran R. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the fruit rind of Garcinia cambogia and leaves of Bauhinia variegata- A Comparative study. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2014; 3(5): 479-86.
[59]
Palmer ME, Haller C, McKinney PE, et al. Adverse events associated with dietary supplements: an observational study. Lancet 2003; 361(9352): 101-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12227-1] [PMID: 12531576]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12227-1] [PMID: 12531576]
[60]
Philips CA, Augustine P. Chemical analysis of weight loss herbal supplement safe lean™ associated with acute liver injury - a concern for spurious drug, misbranding and adulteration. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2018; 8(4): 471-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jceh.2018.05.001] [PMID: 30564005]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jceh.2018.05.001] [PMID: 30564005]
[61]
De Carvalho LM, Cohen PA, Silva CV, et al. A new approach to determining pharmacologic adulteration of herbal weight loss products. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29(11): 1661-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2012.706834] [PMID: 22849359]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2012.706834] [PMID: 22849359]
[62]
Avula B, Wang Y, Khan I A. quantitative determination of curcuminoids from the roots of Curcuma longa , Curcuma species and dietary supplements using an UPLC-UV-MS method. 2012; 3(1): 3-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7064.1000120]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7064.1000120]
[63]
Hewlings SJ. Curcumin : a review of its ’ effects on human health. Foods 2017; 6(10): 92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods6100092]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods6100092]
[64]
Niranjan A, Prakash D. Chemical constituents and biological activities of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) -A review. J Food Sci Technol 2008; 45(2): 109-16.
[65]
Mudge E, Chan M, Venkataraman S, Brown P N. Curcuminoids in turmeric roots and supplements: method optimization and validation 2016; 1428-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0326-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0326-0]
[66]
Niculet E, Neculia GV, Tatu AL, Buzia OD. Curcumin-extraction, physical and chemical analysis, formulas and control. Basic methods for further research. Mater Plast 2018; 55: 672-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/MP.18.4.5110]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/MP.18.4.5110]
[67]
Mohamed GA, Ibrahim SRM, Elkhayat ES, El Dine RS. Natural anti-obesity agents. Bull Fac Pharm Cairo Univ 2014; 52(2): 269-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bfopcu.2014.05.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bfopcu.2014.05.001]
[68]
Monton C, Charoenchai L, Suksaeree J, Sueree L. Quantitation of curcuminoid contents, dissolution profile, and volatile oil content of turmeric capsules produced at some secondary government hospitals. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 24(3): 493-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2016.01.007] [PMID: 28911554]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2016.01.007] [PMID: 28911554]
[69]
Kotha RR, Luthria DL. Curcumin: Biological, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and analytical aspects. Molecules 2019; 24(16): 1-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162930] [PMID: 31412624]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162930] [PMID: 31412624]
[70]
Dhakal S, Schmidt WF, Kim M, Tang X, Peng Y, Chao K. Detection of additives and chemical contaminants in turmeric powder using FT-IR spectroscopy. Foods 2019; 8(5)E143
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8050143] [PMID: 31027345]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8050143] [PMID: 31027345]
[71]
Petrova A, Dar’in D, Ivanov A, et al. Determination of curcumin in biologically active supplements and food spices using a mesofluidic platform with fluorescence detection. Talanta 2016; 159: 300-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.06.046] [PMID: 27474312]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.06.046] [PMID: 27474312]
[72]
Koncic MZ, Tomczyk M. New insights into dietary supplements used in sport: active substances, pharmacological and side effects. Curr Drug Targets 2013; 14(9): 1079-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450111314090016] [PMID: 23574283]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450111314090016] [PMID: 23574283]
[73]
Luber RP, Rentsch C, Lontos S, et al. Turmeric induced liver injury: a report of two cases. Case Reports Hepatol 2019; 20196741213
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6741213] [PMID: 31214366]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6741213] [PMID: 31214366]
[74]
Baume N, Mahler N, Kamber M, Mangin P, Saugy M. Research of stimulants and anabolic steroids in dietary supplements. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2006; 16(1): 41-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00442.x] [PMID: 16430680]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00442.x] [PMID: 16430680]
[75]
Williams M. Dietary supplements and sports performance: herbals. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2006; 3(1): 1-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-3-1-1] [PMID: 18500959]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-3-1-1] [PMID: 18500959]
[76]
Lombardi N, Crescioli G, Maggini V, et al. Acute liver injury following turmeric use in Tuscany: An analysis of the Italian Phytovigilance database and systematic review of case reports. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; (June): 1-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14460] [PMID: 32656820]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14460] [PMID: 32656820]
[77]
Choi JY, Heo S, Yoo GJ, Park SK, Yoon CY, Baek SY. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous analysis of 28 specific narcotic adulterants used in dietary supplements. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32(7): 1029-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2015.1040080] [PMID: 25922186]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2015.1040080] [PMID: 25922186]
[78]
Ali Z, Saleem M, Atta BM, Khan SS, Hammad G. Determination of curcuminoid content in turmeric using fluorescence spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2019; 213: 192-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2019.01.028] [PMID: 30685558]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2019.01.028] [PMID: 30685558]
Article Metrics
15
2