Targeting COVID-19 in Parkinson’s Patients: Drugs Repurposed

doi:10.2174/0929867327666200903115138
摘要

在过去的几个月里，世界实际上处于停滞状态。SARS-CoV-2病毒已经使全球陷入经济和社会封锁。许多COVID-19患者免疫力下降，特别是老年帕金森病患者。PD患者中多巴胺能神经元的改变和多巴胺缺乏是影响1% 的60岁以上人群的最常见症状。PD患者的免疫系统和炎症表现使他们成为容易的目标。正在进行COVID-19临床试验的最常见药物是瑞德西韦、法维比韦、氯喹和羟氯喹、阿奇霉素以及带有一些单克隆抗体的金刚烷胺等辅助药物。目前，美国FDA临床批准的PD药物包括左旋多巴、儿茶酚- O -甲基转移酶(COMT)抑制剂、(恩他卡朋和托卡朋)、多巴胺激动剂(溴隐亭、罗匹尼洛、普拉克索和罗替戈汀)、单胺氧化酶B (MAO-B)抑制剂(司来吉兰和雷沙吉兰)、金刚烷胺和抗毒蕈碱药物。这些药物已经建立了对PD患者的作用机制，已知的药效学和药代动力学特性，以及剂量和不良反应。结论:本综述的重点是可用于治疗SAR - CoV-2感染PD患者的药物，特别是已被所有发达国家批准为通过下调CTSL同时具有抗病毒特性的通用药物金刚烷胺。溶酶体途径紊乱和pH值改变是脱壳病毒蛋白和抗帕金森特性所必需的。为应对SARS-CoV-2对PD的显著预后不良影响，目前的治疗方案、临床表现和各种机制是迫切需要的。
关键词: COVID-19、帕金森病、金刚烷胺、SARS-CoV-2、治疗、pH值紊乱
« Previous Next »
[1] 
Zhu, N.; Zhang, D.; Wang, W.; Li, X.; Yang, B.; Song, J.; Zhao, X.; Huang, B.; Shi, W.; Lu, R.; Niu, P.; Zhan, F.; Ma, X.; Wang, D.; Xu, W.; Wu, G.; Gao, G.F.; Tan, W. China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in china, 2019. N. Engl. J. Med.,  2020, 382(8), 727-733.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017] [PMID:  31978945] 
[2] 
Tanne, J.H.; Hayasaki, E.; Zastrow, M.; Pulla, P.; Smith, P.; Rada, A.G. Covid-19: how doctors and healthcare systems are tackling coronavirus worldwide. BMJ,  2020, 368, m1090.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1090] [PMID:  32188598] 
[3] 
Ye, Z-W.; Yuan, S.; Yuen, K-S.; Fung, S-Y.; Chan, C-P.; Jin, D-Y. Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses. Int. J. Biol. Sci.,  2020, 16(10), 1686-1697.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45472] [PMID:  32226286] 
[4] 
Ashour, H.M.; Elkhatib, W.F.; Rahman, M.M.; Elshabrawy, H.A. Insights into the recent 2019 novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in light of past human coronavirus outbreaks. Pathogens,  2020, 9(3), 186.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030186] [PMID:  32143502] 
[5] 
Li, X.; Zai, J.; Zhao, Q.; Nie, Q.; Li, Y.; Foley, B.T.; Chaillon, A. Evolutionary history, potential intermediate animal host, and cross-species analyses of SARS-CoV-2. J. Med. Virol.,  2020, 92(6), 602-611.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25731] [PMID:  32104911] 
[6] 
Lai, C-C.; Shih, T-P.; Ko, W-C.; Tang, H-J.; Hsueh, P-R. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents,  2020, 55(3), 105924.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924] [PMID:  32081636] 
[7] 
Lauer, S.A.; Grantz, K.H.; Bi, Q.; Jones, F.K.; Zheng, Q.; Meredith, H.R.; Azman, A.S.; Reich, N.G.; Lessler, J. The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. Ann. Intern. Med.,  2020, 172(9), 577-582.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M20-0504] [PMID:  32150748] 
[8] 
Wu, Z.; McGoogan, J.M. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention. JAMA,  2020, 323(13), 1239-1242.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648] [PMID:  32091533] 
[9] 
Wehbe, Z.; Hammoud, S.; Soudani, N.; Zaraket, H.; El-Yazbi, A.; Eid, A.H. Molecular insights into SARS COV-2 interaction with cardiovascular disease: role of RAAS and MAPK signaling. Front. Pharmacol.,  2020, 11, 836.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00836] [PMID:  32581799] 
[10] 
Li, J-Y.; You, Z.; Wang, Q.; Zhou, Z-J.; Qiu, Y.; Luo, R.; Ge, X-Y. The epidemic of 2019-novel-coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia and insights for emerging infectious diseases in the future. Microbes Infect.,  2020, 22(2), 80-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2020.02.002] [PMID:  32087334] 
[11] 
Balestrino, R.; Schapira, A.H.V. Parkinson disease. Eur. J. Neurol.,  2020, 27(1), 27-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.14108] [PMID:  31631455] 
[12] 
Jia, L.; Quan, M.; Fu, Y.; Zhao, T.; Li, Y.; Wei, C.; Tang, Y.; Qin, Q.; Wang, F.; Qiao, Y.; Shi, S.; Wang, Y.J.; Du, Y.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, J.; Luo, B.; Qu, Q.; Zhou, C.; Gauthier, S.; Jia, J. Group for the Project of Dementia Situation in China. Dementia in China: epidemiology, clinical management, and research advances. Lancet Neurol.,  2020, 19(1), 81-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30290-X] [PMID:  31494009] 
[13] 
Reeve, A.; Simcox, E.; Turnbull, D. Ageing and parkinson’s disease: why is advancing age the biggest risk factor? Ageing Res. Rev.,  2014, 14(100), 19-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2014.01.004] [PMID:  24503004] 
[14] 
Dorsey, E.R.; Constantinescu, R.; Thompson, J.P.; Biglan, K.M.; Holloway, R.G.; Kieburtz, K.; Marshall, F.J.; Ravina, B.M.; Schifitto, G.; Siderowf, A.; Tanner, C.M. Projected number of people with Parkinson disease in the most populous nations, 2005 through 2030. Neurology,  2007, 68(5), 384-386.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000247740.47667.03] [PMID:  17082464] 
[15] 
Liu, K.; Chen, Y.; Lin, R.; Han, K. Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: a comparison with young and middle-aged patients. J. Infect.,  2020, 80(6), e14-e18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005] [PMID:  32171866] 
[16] 
Liu, Y.; Gayle, A.A.; Wilder-Smith, A.; Rocklöv, J. The
reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to
SARS coronavirus. J. Travel Med.,  2020, 27(2) taaa021.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa021] [PMID: 32052846] 
[17] 
Handa, K.; Kiyohara, S.; Yamakawa, T.; Ishikawa, K.; Hosonuma, M.; Sakai, N.; Karakawa, A.; Chatani, M.; Tsuji, M.; Inagaki, K.; Kiuchi, Y.; Takami, M.; Negishi-Koga, T. Bone loss caused by dopaminergic degeneration and levodopa treatment in Parkinson’s disease model mice. Sci. Rep.,  2019, 9(1), 13768.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50336-4] [PMID:  31551490] 
[18] 
Chaudhuri, K.R.; Fung, V.S.C. Fast Facts: Parkinson’s Disease, 4th ed; Health Press Limited: London, 2016. 
[19] 
Dafsari, H.S.; Petry-Schmelzer, J.N.; Ray-Chaudhuri, K.; Ashkan, K.; Weis, L.; Dembek, T.A.; Samuel, M.; Rizos, A.; Silverdale, M.; Barbe, M.T.; Fink, G.R.; Evans, J.; Martinez-Martin, P.; Antonini, A.; Visser-Vandewalle, V.; Timmermann, L. EUROPAR; IPMDS Non Motor PD Study Group. Non-motor outcomes of subthalamic stimulation in parkinson’s disease depend on location of active contacts. Brain Stimul.,  2018, 11(4), 904-912.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.03.009] [PMID:  29655586] 
[20] 
Inzelberg, R.; Flash, S.; Friedman, E.; Azizi, E. Cutaneous malignant melanoma and parkinson disease: common pathways? Ann. Neurol.,  2016, 80(6), 811-820.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.24802] [PMID:  27761938] 
[21] 
Trenkwalder, C.; Kuoppamäki, M.; Vahteristo, M.; Müller, T.; Ellmén, J. Increased dose of carbidopa with levodopa and entacapone improves “off” time in a randomized trial. Neurology,  2019, 92(13), e1487-e1496.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000007173] [PMID:  30824559] 
[22] 
Daidone, F.; Montioli, R.; Paiardini, A.; Cellini, B.; Macchiarulo, A.; Giardina, G.; Bossa, F.; Borri Voltattorni, C. Identification by virtual screening and in vitro testing of human DOPA decarboxylase inhibitors. PLoS One,  2012, 7(2), e31610.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031610] [PMID:  22384042] 
[23] 
Uddin, M.S.; Rashid, M. Advances in Neuropharmacology: Drugs and Therapeutics, 1st ed; Apple Academic Press: Boca Raton, 2020. 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429242717] 
[24] 
Jost, W.H.; Altmann, C.; Fiesel, T.; Becht, B.; Ringwald, S.; Hoppe, T. Influence of levodopa on orthostatic hypotension in parkinson’s disease. Neurol. Neurochir. Pol.,  2020, 54(2), 200-203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/PJNNS.a2020.0019] [PMID:  32219811] 
[25] 
Nakaki, T. Chapter 11- Drugs that affect autonomic functions or the extrapyramidal system. In:Side Effects of Drugs Annual; Ray, S.D., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2017, Vol. 39, pp. 133-144.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.seda.2017.06.024] 
[26] 
van der Velden, R.M.J.; Broen, M.P.G.; Kuijf, M.L.; Leentjens, A.F.G. Frequency of mood and anxiety fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease patients with motor fluctuations: A systematic review. Mov. Disord.,  2018, 33(10), 1521-1527.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.27465] [PMID:  30225905] 
[27] 
Ha, S.K.; Lee, J.A.; Cho, E.J.; Choi, I. Effects of catechol o-methyl transferase inhibition on anti-inflammatory activity of luteolin metabolites. J. Food Sci.,  2017, 82(2), 545-552.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13620] [PMID:  28071803] 
[28] 
Finberg, J.P.M. Inhibitors of MAO-B and COMT: their effects on brain dopamine levels and uses in parkinson’s disease. J. Neural Transm. (Vienna),  2019, 126(4), 433-448.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-018-1952-7] [PMID:  30386930] 
[29] 
Lv, X.; Wang, X-X.; Hou, J.; Fang, Z-Z.; Wu, J-J.; Cao, Y-F.; Liu, S-W.; Ge, G-B.; Yang, L. Comparison of the inhibitory effects of tolcapone and entacapone against human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.,  2016, 301, 42-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2016.04.009] [PMID:  27089846] 
[30] 
Katsaiti, I.; Nixon, J. Are There benefits in adding catechol-o methyltransferase inhibitors in the pharmacotherapy of parkinson’s disease patients? A systematic review. J. Parkinsons Dis.,  2018, 8(2), 217-231.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JPD-171225] [PMID:  29614697] 
[31] 
Castro Caldas, A.; Teodoro, T.; Ferreira, J.J. The launch of opicapone for Parkinson’s disease: negatives versus positives. Expert Opin. Drug Saf.,  2018, 17(3), 331-337.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2018.1433659] [PMID:  29415596] 
[32] 
Grünig, D.; Felser, A.; Duthaler, U.; Bouitbir, J.; Krähenbühl, S. Effect of the catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors tolcapone and entacapone on fatty acid metabolism in HepaRG cells. Toxicol. Sci.,  2018, 164(2), 477-488.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfy101] [PMID:  29688484] 
[33] 
Das, N.R.; Sharma, S.S.R.; Das, N.S.; Sharma, S. Cognitive impairment associated with parkinson’s disease: role of mitochondria. Curr. Neuropharmacol.,  2016, 14(6), 584-592.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X14666160104142349] [PMID:  26725887] 
[34] 
Ferreira, J.J.; Lees, A.; Rocha, J-F.; Poewe, W.; Rascol, O.; Soares-da-Silva, P. Bi-Park 1 Investigators. Opicapone as an adjunct to levodopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease and end-of-dose motor fluctuations: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet Neurol.,  2016, 15(2), 154-165.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00336-1] [PMID:  26725544] 
[35] 
Fallahi, S. Analysis of the effects of exercise on parkinson's
disease. B.S. Hons Thesis, the University of Arizona: Tuscan,
May 2017.
[36] 
Virmani, T.; Tazan, S.; Mazzoni, P.; Ford, B.; Greene, P.E. Motor fluctuations due to interaction between dietary protein and levodopa in Parkinson’s disease. J. Clin. Mov. Disord.,  2016, 3, 8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40734-016-0036-9] [PMID:  27231577] 
[37] 
Siddique, Y.H.; Khan, W.; Fatima, A.; Jyoti, S.; Khanam, S.; Naz, F. Rahul; Ali, F.; Singh, B.R.; Naqvi, A.H. Effect of bromocriptine alginate nanocomposite (BANC) on a transgenic Drosophila model of Parkinson’s disease. Dis. Model. Mech.,  2016, 9(1), 63-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dmm.022145] [PMID:  26542705] 
[38] 
Jenner, P.; Katzenschlager, R. Apomorphine - pharmacological properties and clinical trials in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord.,  2016, 33(Suppl. 1), S13-S21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.12.003] [PMID:  27979722] 
[39] 
Voon, V.; Napier, T.C.; Frank, M.J.; Sgambato-Faure, V.; Grace, A.A.; Rodriguez-Oroz, M.; Obeso, J.; Bezard, E.; Fernagut, P-O. Impulse control disorders and levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease: an update. Lancet Neurol.,  2017, 16(3), 238-250.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30004-2] [PMID:  28229895] 
[40] 
You, H.; Mariani, L-L.; Mangone, G.; Le Febvre de Nailly, D.; Charbonnier-Beaupel, F.; Corvol, J-C. Molecular basis of dopamine replacement therapy and its side effects in Parkinson’s disease. Cell Tissue Res.,  2018, 373(1), 111-135.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-018-2813-2] [PMID:  29516217] 
[41] 
Jiang, W.; Li, M.; He, F.; Bian, Z.; Liu, J.; He, Q.; Wang, X.; Sun, T.; Zhu, L. Dopamine D1 receptor agonist A-68930 inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and protects rats from spinal cord injury-induced acute lung injury. Spinal Cord,  2016, 54(11), 951-956.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.2016.52] [PMID:  27067657] 
[42] 
Lizarraga, K.J.; Fox, S.H.; Strafella, A.P.; Lang, A.E. Hallucinations, delusions and impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease. Clin. Geriatr. Med.,  2020, 36(1), 105-118.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2019.09.004] [PMID: 31733691] 
[43] 
Siddiqui, S.H.; Memon, N.A.; Shanker, R. Drug-induced movement disorder and confusion associated with duloxetine. BMJ Case Rep.,  2018, 2018, bcr2016216746.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-216746] [PMID:  29592972] 
[44] 
Kuo, B.; Singh, P. Nausea and vomiting related to the central nervous system diseases. In:Nausea and Vomiting; Koch, K.; Hasler, W., Eds.; Springer: Cham, 2017, pp. 109-118.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34076-0_8] 
[45] 
Zhang, P.; Li, Y.; Nie, K.; Wang, L.; Zhang, Y. Hypotension and bradycardia, a serious adverse effect of piribedil, a case report and literature review. BMC Neurol.,  2018, 18(1), 221.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12883-018-1230-1] [PMID:  30591018] 
[46] 
Borovac, J.A. Side effects of a dopamine agonist therapy for Parkinson’s disease: a mini-review of clinical pharmacology. Yale J. Biol. Med.,  2016, 89(1), 37-47.
[PMID: 27505015] 
[47] 
Politi, C.; Ciccacci, C.; Novelli, G.; Borgiani, P. Genetics and treatment response in Parkinson’s disease: an update on pharmacogenetic studies. Neuromolecular Med.,  2018, 20(1), 1-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12017-017-8473-7] [PMID:  29305687] 
[48] 
Inaba-Hasegawa, K.; Shamoto-Nagai, M.; Maruyama, W.; Naoi, M. Type B and A monoamine oxidase and their inhibitors regulate the gene expression of Bcl-2 and neurotrophic factors in human glioblastoma U118MG cells: different signal pathways for neuroprotection by selegiline and rasagiline. J. Neural Transm. (Vienna),  2017, 124(9), 1055-1066.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-017-1740-9] [PMID:  28577058] 
[49] 
Finberg, J.P.; Rabey, J.M. Inhibitors of MAO-A and MAO-B in psychiatry and neurology. Front. Pharmacol.,  2016, 7, 340.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2016.00340] [PMID:  27803666] 
[50] 
Müller, T. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of levodopa/carbidopa cotherapies for Parkinson’s disease. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol.,  2020, 16(5), 403-414.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2020.1750596] [PMID:  32238065] 
[51] 
Sridhar, V.; Gaud, R.; Bajaj, A.; Wairkar, S. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intranasally administered selegiline nanoparticles with improved brain delivery in Parkinson’s disease. Nanomedicine (Lond.),  2018, 14(8), 2609-2618.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2018.08.004] [PMID:  30171904] 
[52] 
Bundgaard, C.; Montezinho, L.P.; Anderson, N.; Thomsen, C.; Mørk, A. Selegiline induces a wake promoting effect in rats which is related to formation of its active metabolites. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.,  2016, 150-151, 147-152.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2016.10.003] [PMID:  27984094] 
[53] 
Hagenow, J.; Hagenow, S.; Grau, K.; Khanfar, M.; Hefke, L.; Proschak, E.; Stark, H. Reversible small molecule inhibitors of MAO A and MAO B with anilide motifs. Drug Des. Devel. Ther.,  2020, 14, 371-393.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S236586] [PMID:  32099324] 
[54] 
Westerbeck, J.W.; Machamer, C.E. The infectious bronchitis coronavirus envelope protein alters Golgi pH to protect the spike protein and promote the release of infectious virus. J. Virol.,  2019, 93(11), e00015-e00019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00015-19] [PMID:  30867314] 
[55] 
Aranda Abreu, G.E.; Hernández Aguilar, M.E.; Herrera Covarrubias, D.; Rojas Durán, F. Amantadine as a drug to mitigate the effects of COVID-19. Med. Hypotheses,  2020, 140, 109755.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109755] [PMID:  32361100] 
[56] 
Olivola, S.; Xodo, S.; Olivola, E.; Cecchini, F.; Londero, A.P.; Driul, L. Parkinson’s disease in pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature. Front. Neurol.,  2020, 10, 1349.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.01349] [PMID:  32140133] 
[57] 
Nikolaus, S.; Wittsack, H-J.; Beu, M.; Antke, C.; Hautzel, H.; Wickrath, F.; Müller-Lutz, A.; De Souza Silva, M.A.; Huston, J.P.; Antoch, G.; Müller, H.W. Amantadine enhances nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine function in the rat brain in relation to motor and exploratory activity. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.,  2019, 179, 156-170.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2018.12.010] [PMID:  30639878] 
[58] 
Fryml, L.D.; Williams, K.R.; Pelic, C.G.; Fox, J.; Sahlem, G.; Robert, S.; Revuelta, G.J.; Short, E.B. The role of amantadine withdrawal in 3 cases of treatment-refractory altered mental status. J. Psychiatr. Pract.,  2017, 23(3), 191-199.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRA.0000000000000237] [PMID:  28492457] 
[59] 
Oertel, W.; Eggert, K.; Pahwa, R.; Tanner, C.M.; Hauser, R.A.; Trenkwalder, C.; Ehret, R.; Azulay, J.P.; Isaacson, S.; Felt, L.; Stempien, M.J. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of ADS-5102 (amantadine) extended-release capsules for levodopa-induced dyskinesia in parkinson’s disease (EASE LID 3). Mov. Disord.,  2017, 32(12), 1701-1709.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.27131] [PMID:  28833562] 
[60] 
Yiğit, U.; Erdenöz, S.; Uslu, U.; Oba, E.; Cumbul, A.; Cağatay, H.; Aktaş, S.; Eskicoğlu, E. An immunohistochemical analysis of the neuroprotective effects of memantine, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and brimonidine after acute ischemia reperfusion injury. Mol. Vis.,  2011, 17, 1024-1033.
[PMID: 21541269] 
[61] 
Parker, C. Psychiatric effects of drugs for other disorders. Treat. Strat. Psychopharmacol.,  2016, 44(12), 768-774.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2016.09.011] 
[62] 
Crispo, J.A.G.; Willis, A.W.; Thibault, D.P.; Fortin, Y.; Emons, M.; Bjerre, L.M.; Kohen, D.E.; Perez-Lloret, S.; Mattison, D.; Krewski, D. Associations between cardiovascular events and nonergot dopamine agonists in parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract.,  2015, 3(3), 257-267.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.12286] [PMID:  30363519] 
[63] 
Kim, H.J.; Jeon, B.S.; Jenner, P. Hallmarks of treatment aspects: Parkinson’s disease throughout centuries including l-Dopa. Int. Rev. Neurobiol.,  2017, 132, 295-343.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2017.01.006] [PMID: 28554412] 
[64] 
Nishtala, P.S.; Salahudeen, M.S.; Hilmer, S.N. Anticholinergics: theoretical and clinical overview. Expert Opin. Drug Saf.,  2016, 15(6), 753-768.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14740338.2016.1165664] [PMID:  26966981] 
[65] 
Eastman, R.T.; Roth, J.S.; Brimacombe, K.R.; Simeonov, A.; Shen, M.; Patnaik, S.; Hall, M.D. Remdesivir: a review of its discovery and development leading to human clinical trials for treatment of COVID-19. ACS Cent. Sci.,  2020, 6(6), 1009.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.0c00747] [PMID: 32607448] 
[66] 
Agostini, M.L.; Andres, E.L.; Sims, A.C.; Graham, R.L.; Sheahan, T.P.; Lu, X.; Smith, E.C.; Case, J.B.; Feng, J.Y.; Jordan, R.; Ray, A.S.; Cihlar, T.; Siegel, D.; Mackman, R.L.O.; Clarke, M.; Baric, R.S.; Denison, M.R. Coronavirus susceptibility to the antiviral remdesivir (GS-5734) is mediated by the viral polymerase and the proofreading exoribonuclease. MBio,  2018, 9(12), e00221-e18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00221-18] [PMID:  29511076] 
[67] 
Gordon, C.J.; Tchesnokov, E.P.; Feng, J.Y.; Porter, D.P.; Götte, M. The antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J. Biol. Chem.,  2020, 295(15), 4773-4779.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.AC120.013056] [PMID:  32094225] 
[68] 
Yin, W.; Mao, C.; Luan, X.; Shen, D-D.; Shen, Q.; Su, H.; Wang, X.; Zhou, F.; Zhao, W.; Gao, M.; Chang, S.; Xie, Y.C.; Tian, G.; Jiang, H.W.; Tao, S.C.; Shen, J.; Jiang, Y.; Jiang, H.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, H.E. Structural basis for inhibition of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from SARS-CoV-2 by remdesivir. Science,  2020, 368(6498), 1499-1504.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abc1560] [PMID:  32358203] 
[69] 
de Wit, E.; Feldmann, F.; Cronin, J.; Jordan, R.; Okumura, A.; Thomas, T.; Scott, D.; Cihlar, T.; Feldmann, H. Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,  2020, 117(12), 6771-6776.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922083117] [PMID:  32054787] 
[70] 
Al-Tawfiq, J.A.; Al-Homoud, A.H.; Memish, Z.A. Remdesivir as a possible therapeutic option for the COVID-19. Travel Med. Infect. Dis.,  2020, 34, 101615.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101615] [PMID:  32145386] 
[71] 
Sheahan, T.P.; Sims, A.C.; Leist, S.R.; Schäfer, A.; Won, J.; Brown, A.J.; Montgomery, S.A.; Hogg, A.; Babusis, D.; Clarke, M.O.; Spahn, J.E.; Bauer, L.; Sellers, S.; Porter, D.; Feng, J.Y.; Cihlar, T.; Jordan, R.; Denison, M.R.; Baric, R.S. Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV. Nat. Commun.,  2020, 11(1), 222.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13940-6] [PMID:  31924756] 
[72] 
Lo, M.K.; Feldmann, F.; Gary, J.M.; Jordan, R.; Bannister, R.; Cronin, J.; Patel, N.R.; Klena, J.D.; Nichol, S.T.; Cihlar, T.; Zaki, S.R.; Feldmann, H.; Spiropoulou, C.F.; de Wit, E. Remdesivir (GS-5734) protects African green monkeys from Nipah virus challenge. Sci. Transl. Med.,  2019, 11(494), eaau9242.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aau9242] [PMID:  31142680] 
[73] 
Grein, J.; Ohmagari, N.; Shin, D.; Diaz, G.; Asperges, E.; Castagna, A.; Feldt, T.; Green, G.; Green, M.L.; Lescure, F-X.; Nicastri, E.; Oda, R.; Yo, K.; Quiros-Roldan, E.; Studemeister, A.; Redinski, J.; Ahmed, S.; Bernett, J.; Chelliah, D.; Chen, D.; Chihara, S.; Cohen, S.H.; Cunningham, J.; D’Arminio Monforte, A.; Ismail, S.; Kato, H.; Lapadula, G.; L’Her, E.; Maeno, T.; Majumder, S.; Massari, M.; Mora-Rillo, M.; Mutoh, Y.; Nguyen, D.; Verweij, E.; Zoufaly, A.; Osinusi, A.O.; DeZure, A.; Zhao, Y.; Zhong, L.; Chokkalingam, A.; Elboudwarej, E.; Telep, L.; Timbs, L.; Henne, I.; Sellers, S.; Cao, H.; Tan, S.K.; Winterbourne, L.; Desai, P.; Mera, R.; Gaggar, A.; Myers, R.P.; Brainard, D.M.; Childs, R.; Flanigan, T. Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med.,  2020, 382(24), 2327-2336.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2007016] [PMID:  32275812] 
[74] 
Sanders, J.M.; Monogue, M.L.; Jodlowski, T.Z.; Cutrell, J.B. Pharmacologic treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. JAMA, 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6019] [PMID:  32282022] 
[75] 
Holt, N.R.; Neumann, J.T.; McNeil, J.J.; Cheng, A.C.; Unit, H.E.; Prahan, V. Implications of COVID-19 in an ageing population. Med. J. Aust.,  2020, 213(8), 342-344.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50785] [PMID:  32946607] 
[76] 
Furuta, Y.; Komeno, T.; Nakamura, T. Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, Phys. Biol. Sci.,  2017, 93(7), 449-463.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2183/pjab.93.027] [PMID:  28769016] 
[77] 
Deval, J.; Jin, Z.; Chuang, Y-C.; Kao, C.C. Structure(s), function(s), and inhibition of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of noroviruses. Virus Res.,  2017, 234, 21-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.018] [PMID:  28041960] 
[78] 
Westover, J.B.; Sefing, E.J.; Bailey, K.W.; Van Wettere, A.J.; Jung, K-H.; Dagley, A.; Wandersee, L.; Downs, B.; Smee, D.F.; Furuta, Y.; Bray, M.; Gowen, B.B. Low-dose ribavirin potentiates the antiviral activity of favipiravir against hemorrhagic fever viruses. Antiviral Res.,  2016, 126, 62-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.12.006] [PMID:  26711718] 
[79] 
Wang, M.; Cao, R.; Zhang, L.; Yang, X.; Liu, J.; Xu, M.; Shi, Z.; Hu, Z.; Zhong, W.; Xiao, G. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res.,  2020, 30(3), 269-271.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0] [PMID:  32020029] 
[80] 
Shiraki, K.; Daikoku, T. Favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug against life-threatening RNA virus infections. Pharmacol. Ther.,  2020, 209, 107512.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107512] [PMID:  32097670] 
[81] 
Guan, W-J.; Ni, Z-Y.; Hu, Y.; Liang, W-H.; Ou, C-Q.; He, J-X.; Liu, L.; Shan, H.; Lei, C-L.; Hui, D.S.C.; Du, B.; Li, L.J.; Zeng, G.; Yuen, K.Y.; Chen, R.C.; Tang, C.L.; Wang, T.; Chen, P.Y.; Xiang, J.; Li, S.Y.; Wang, J.L.; Liang, Z.J.; Peng, Y.X.; Wei, L.; Liu, Y.; Hu, Y.H.; Peng, P.; Wang, J.M.; Liu, J.Y.; Chen, Z.; Li, G.; Zheng, Z.J.; Qiu, S.Q.; Luo, J.; Ye, C.J.; Zhu, S.Y.; Zhong, N.S. China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19. Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China. N. Engl. J. Med.,  2020, 382(18), 1708-1720.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2002032] [PMID: 32109013] 
[82] 
Zhao, Y.; Harmatz, J.S.; Epstein, C.R.; Nakagawa, Y.; Kurosaki, C.; Nakamura, T.; Kadota, T.; Giesing, D.; Court, M.H.; Greenblatt, D.J. Favipiravir inhibits acetaminophen sulfate formation but minimally affects systemic pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.,  2015, 80(5), 1076-1085.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12644] [PMID:  25808818] 
[83] 
Du, Y.X.; Chen, X.P. Favipiravir: pharmacokinetics and concerns about clinical trials for 2019‐nCoV infection. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.,  2020, 108(2), 242-247.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpt.1844] [PMID:  32246834] 
[84] 
Colson, P.; Rolain, J-M.; Lagier, J-C.; Brouqui, P.; Raoult, D. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents,  2020, 55(4), 105932.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105932] [PMID:  32145363] 
[85] 
Mahase, E. Covid-19: 146 researchers raise concerns over chloroquine study that halted WHO trial. BMJ,  2020, 369, m2197.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2197] [PMID: 32487664] 
[86] 
Mehra, M.R.; Desai, S.S.; Ruschitzka, F.; Patel, A.N. Hydroxychloroquine
or chloroquine with or without a macrolide
for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry
analysis. Lancet, 2020. S0140-6736(20)31180-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31180-6] [PMID: 32450107] 
[87] 
Principi, N.; Esposito, S. Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis of COVID-19. Lancet Infect. Dis.,  2020, 20(10), 1118.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30296-6] [PMID: 32311322] 
[88] 
Schrezenmeier, E.; Dörner, T. Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: implications for rheumatology. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol.,  2020, 16(3), 155-166.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41584-020-0372-x] [PMID:  32034323] 
[89] 
Naveau, T.; Lichau, O.; Barnetche, T.; Blanco, P.; Truchetet, M-E.; Richez, C. O7 Safety of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during pregnancy: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Lupus Sci. Med.,  2020, 7(Suppl. 1), A10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2020-eurolupus.20] 
[90] 
Gao, J.; Tian, Z.; Yang, X. Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies. Biosci. Trends,  2020, 14(1), 72-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.01047] [PMID:  32074550] 
[91] 
Chen, J.; Liu, D.; Liu, L.; Liu, P. Xu. Q.;Xia, L.; Ling, Y.; Huang, D.; Song, S.; Zhang, D.; Qian, Z.; Li, T.; Shen, Y.; Lu, H. [A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with common coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban,  2020, 49(2), 215-219.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.03.03] [PMID: 32391667] 
[92] 
Fedele, A.O.; Proud, C.G. Chloroquine and bafilomycin A mimic lysosomal storage disorders and impair mTORC1 signalling. Biosci. Rep.,  2020, 40(4), 40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BSR20200905] [PMID:  32285908] 
[93] 
Fantini, J.; Di Scala, C.; Chahinian, H.; Yahi, N. Structural and molecular modelling studies reveal a new mechanism of action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents,  2020, 55(5), 105960.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960] [PMID:  32251731] 
[94] 
Hu, T.Y.; Frieman, M.; Wolfram, J. Insights from nanomedicine into chloroquine efficacy against COVID-19. Nat. Nanotechnol.,  2020, 15(4), 247-249.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-0674-9] [PMID:  32203437] 
[95] 
Zhao, M. Cytokine storm and immunomodulatory therapy in COVID-19: role of chloroquine and anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents,  2020, 55(6), 105982.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105982] [PMID:  32305588] 
[96] 
Tsubone, T.M.; de Sousa Rocha, C.; Tonolli, P.N. In vitro autophagy modulation with chloroquine some lessons to learn. Adv. Biochem. Biotech.,  2020, 5, 1098.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.29011/2574-7258.001098] 
[97] 
Yao, X.; Ye, F.; Zhang, M.; Cui, C.; Huang, B.; Niu, P.; Liu, X.; Zhao, L.; Dong, E.; Song, C.; Zhan, S.; Lu, R.; Li, H.; Tan, W.; Liu, D. In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clin. Infect. Dis.,  2020, 71(15), 732-739.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa237] [PMID:  32150618] 
[98] 
Plantone, D.; Koudriavtseva, T. Current and future use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in infectious, immune, neoplastic, and neurological diseases: a mini-review. Clin. Drug Investig.,  2018, 38(8), 653-671.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40261-018-0656-y] [PMID:  29737455] 
[99] 
Leonard, A.; Möhlis, K.; Schlüter, R.; Taylor, E.; Lalk, M.; Methling, K. Exploring metabolic adaptation of Streptococcus pneumoniae to antibiotics. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo),  2020, 73(7), 441-454.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41429-020-0296-3] [PMID:  32210362] 
[100] 
Molina, J.M.; Delaugerre, C.; Le Goff, J.; Mela-Lima, B.; Ponscarme, D.; Goldwirt, L.; de Castro, N. No evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection. Med. Mal. Infect.,  2020, 50(4), 384.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2020.03.006] [PMID:  32240719] 
[101] 
Romano, S.S.; Jensen, J.S.; Lowens, M.S.; Morgan, J.L.; Chambers, L.C.; Robinson, T.S.; Totten, P.A.; Soge, O.O.; Golden, M.R.; Manhart, L.E. Long duration of asymptomatic Mycoplasma genitalium infection after syndromic treatment for nongonococcal urethritis. Clin. Infect. Dis.,  2019, 69(1), 113-120.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy843] [PMID:  30281079] 
[102] 
Mercorelli, B.; Palù, G.; Loregian, A. Drug repurposing for viral infectious diseases: how far are we? Trends Microbiol.,  2018, 26(10), 865-876.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2018.04.004] [PMID:  29759926] 
[103] 
Bosseboeuf, E.; Aubry, M.; Nhan, T.; de Pina, J.J.; Rolain, J.M.; Raoult, D.; Musso, D. Azithromycin Inhibits the Replication of Zika Virus. J. Antivir. Antiretrovir.,  2018, 10(1), 6-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000173] 
[104] 
Vega-Briceño, L.E.; Sánchez, I. Pulmonary anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides. In:Pediatric Respiratory Diseases; Bertrand, P.; Sánchez, I., Eds.; Springer: New York, 2020, Vol. 1, pp. 643-648.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26961-6_62] 
[105] 
Gérard, A.; Romani, S.; Fresse, A.; Viard, D.; Parassol, N.; Granvuillemin, A.; Chouchana, L.; Rocher, F.; Drici, M-D. French Network of Pharmacovigilance Centers. “Off-label” use of hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, lopinavir-ritonavir and chloroquine in COVID-19: a survey of cardiac adverse drug reactions by the French network of pharmacovigilance centers. Therapie,  2020, 75(4), 371-379.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.therap.2020.05.002] [PMID: 32418730] 
[106] 
Sargiacomo, C.; Sotgia, F.; Lisanti, M.P. COVID-19 and chronological aging: senolytics and other anti-aging drugs for the treatment or prevention of corona virus infection? Aging (Albany NY),  2020, 12(8), 6511-6517.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/aging.103001] [PMID:  32229706] 
[107] 
Naiel, S.; Tat, V.; Padwal, M.; Vierhout, M.; Mekhael, O.; Yousof, T.; Ayoub, A.; Abed, S.; Dvorkin-Gheva, A.; Ask, K. Protein misfolding and endoplasmic reticulum stress in chronic lung disease: will cell-specific targeting be the key to the cure? Chest,  2020, 157(5), 1207-1220.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2019.11.009] [PMID:  31778676] 
[108] 
Song, S.; Lam, E.W-F.; Tchkonia, T.; Kirkland, J.L.; Sun, Y. Senescent cells: emerging targets for human aging and age-related diseases. Trends Biochem. Sci.,  2020, 45(7), 578-592.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2020.03.008] [PMID:  32531228] 
[109] 
Pellegrini, C.; Ippolito, C.; Segnani, C.; Dolfi, A.; Errede, M.; Virgintino, D.; Fornai, M.; Antonioli, L.; Garelli, F.; Nericcio, A.; Colucci, R.; Cerri, S.; Blandini, F.; Blandizzi, C.; Bernardini, N. Pathological remodelling of colonic wall following dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. Neurobiol. Dis.,  2020, 139, 104821.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104821] [PMID:  32088380] 
[110] 
Mitha, E.; Krivan, G.; Jacobs, F.; Nagler, A.; Alrabaa, S.; Mykietiuk, A.; Kenwright, A.; Le Pogam, S.; Clinch, B.; Vareikiene, L. Safety, resistance, and efficacy results from a phase IIIb study of conventional-and double-dose oseltamivir regimens for treatment of influenza in immunocompromised patients. Infect. Dis. Ther.,  2019, 8(4), 613-626.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40121-019-00271-8] [PMID:  31667696] 
[111] 
Ju, H.; Zhang, J.; Sun, Z.; Huang, Z.; Qi, W.; Huang, B.; Zhan, P.; Liu, X. Discovery of C-1 modified oseltamivir derivatives as potent influenza neuraminidase inhibitors. Eur. J. Med. Chem.,  2018, 146, 220-231.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.050] [PMID:  29407952] 
[112] 
Belhadi, D.; Peiffer-Smadja, N.; Lescure, F.-X.; Yazdanpanah, Y.; Mentré, F.; Laouénan, C. A brief review of antiviral
drugs evaluated in registered clinical trials for COVID-
19. medRxiv, 2020. preprint
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.18.20038190] 
[113] 
Rosa, S.G.V.; Santos, W.C. Clinical trials on drug repositioning for COVID-19 treatment. Rev. Panam. Salud Publica,  2020, 44, e40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2020.40] [PMID:  32256547] 
[114] 
Matsuzono, K.; Baba, M.; Imai, G.; Imai, H.; Fujimoto, S. Malignant syndrome triggered by influenza A virus infection in a patient with Parkinson’s disease with improvement after intravenous peramivir treatment. Neurol. Sci.,  2019, 40(6), 1291-1294.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-018-3696-4] [PMID:  30617448] 
[115] 
Chen, Y.W.; Yiu, C.B.; Wong, K-Y. Prediction of the SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) 3C-like protease (3CL pro) structure: virtual screening reveals velpatasvir, ledipasvir, and other drug repurposing candidates. F1000 Res.,  2020, 9, 129.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.22457.2] [PMID:  32194944] 
[116] 
Cao, B.; Wang, Y.; Wen, D.; Liu, W.; Wang, J.; Fan, G.; Ruan, L.; Song, B.; Cai, Y.; Wei, M.; Li, X.; Xia, J.; Chen, N.; Xiang, J.; Yu, T.; Bai, T.; Xie, X.; Zhang, L.; Li, C.; Yuan, Y.; Chen, H.; Li, H.; Huang, H.; Tu, S.; Gong, F.; Liu, Y.; Wei, Y.; Dong, C.; Zhou, F.; Gu, X.; Xu, J.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Li, H.; Shang, L.; Wang, K.; Li, K.; Zhou, X.; Dong, X.; Qu, Z.; Lu, S.; Hu, X.; Ruan, S.; Luo, S.; Wu, J.; Peng, L.; Cheng, F.; Pan, L.; Zou, J.; Jia, C.; Wang, J.; Liu, X.; Wang, S.; Wu, X.; Ge, Q.; He, J.; Zhan, H.; Qiu, F.; Guo, L.; Huang, C.; Jaki, T.; Hayden, F.G.; Horby, P.W.; Zhang, D.; Wang, C. A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med.,  2020, 382(19), 1787-1799.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001282] [PMID:  32187464] 
[117] 
Wu, C.; Chen, X.; Cai, Y.; Xia, J.; Zhou, X.; Xu, S.; Huang, H.; Zhang, L.; Zhou, X.; Du, C.; Zhang, Y.; Song, J.; Wang, S.; Chao, Y.; Yang, Z.; Xu, J.; Zhou, X.; Chen, D.; Xiong, W.; Xu, L.; Zhou, F.; Jiang, J.; Bai, C.; Zheng, J.; Song, Y. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome
and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019
pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern. Med, 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994] [PMID: 32167524] 
[118] 
Longo, D.M.; Yang, Y.; Watkins, P.B.; Howell, B.A.; Siler, S.Q. Elucidating differences in the hepatotoxic potential of tolcapone and entacapone with DILIsym®, a mechanistic model of drug‐induced liver injury. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol.,  2016, 5(1), 31-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psp4.12053] [PMID:  26844013] 
[119] 
Kadam, R.U.; Wilson, I.A. Structural basis of influenza virus fusion inhibition by the antiviral drug Arbidol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,  2017, 114(2), 206-214.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1617020114] [PMID:  28003465] 
[120] 
Ahsan, W.; Javed, S.; Bratty, M.A.; Alhazmi, H.A.; Najmi, A. Treatment of SARS-CoV-2: How far have we reached? Drug Discov. Ther.,  2020, 14(2), 67-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5582/ddt.2020.03008] [PMID:  32336723] 
[121] 
Zhang, J.; Zhou, L.; Yang, Y.; Peng, W.; Wang, W.; Chen, X. Therapeutic and triage strategies for 2019 novel coronavirus disease in fever clinics. Lancet Respir. Med.,  2020, 8(3), e11-e12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30071-0] [PMID:  32061335] 
[122] 
Huang, C.; Wang, Y.; Li, X.; Ren, L.; Zhao, J.; Hu, Y.; Zhang, L.; Fan, G.; Xu, J.; Gu, X.; Cheng, Z.; Yu, T.; Xia, J.; Wei, Y.; Wu, W.; Xie, X.; Yin, W.; Li, H.; Liu, M.; Xiao, Y.; Gao, H.; Guo, L.; Xie, J.; Wang, G.; Jiang, R.; Gao, Z.; Jin, Q.; Wang, J.; Cao, B. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet,  2020, 395(10223), 497-506.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5] [PMID:  31986264] 
[123] 
Li, X.; Xu, S.; Yu, M.; Wang, K.; Tao, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Shi, J.; Zhou, M.; Wu, B.; Yang, Z.; Zhang, C.; Yue, J.; Zhang, Z.; Renz, H.; Liu, X.; Xie, J.; Xie, M.; Zhao, J. Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19 inpatients in Wuhan. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.,  2020, 146(1), 110-118.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.006] [PMID:  32294485] 
[124] 
Liu, B.; Li, M.; Zhou, Z.; Guan, X.; Xiang, Y. Can we use interleukin-6 (IL-6) blockade for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced cytokine release syndrome (CRS)? J. Autoimmun.,  2020, 111, 102452.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102452] [PMID:  32291137] 
[125] 
Zhou, F.; Yu, T.; Du, R.; Fan, G.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Z.; Xiang, J.; Wang, Y.; Song, B.; Gu, X.; Guan, L.; Wei, Y.; Li, H.; Wu, X.; Xu, J.; Tu, S.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, H.; Cao, B. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet,  2020, 395(10229), 1054-1062.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3] [PMID:  32171076] 
[126] 
Konig, M.F.; Powell, M.; Staedtke, V.; Bai, R-Y.; Thomas, D.L.; Fischer, N.; Huq, S.; Khalafallah, A.M.; Koenecke, A.; Xiong, R.; Mensh, B.; Papadopoulos, N.; Kinzler, K.W.; Vogelstein, B.; Vogelstein, J.T.; Athey, S.; Zhou, S.; Bettegowda, C. Preventing cytokine storm syndrome in COVID-19 using α-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists. J. Clin. Invest.,  2020, 130(7), 3345-3347.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI139642] [PMID:  32352407] 
[127] 
Lythgoe, M.P.; Middleton, P. Ongoing clinical trials for the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. Trends Pharmacol. Sci.,  2020, 41(6), 363-382.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2020.03.006] [PMID:  32291112] 
[128] 
Kannoth, S.; Anandakkuttan, A.; Mathai, A.; Sasikumar, A.N.; Nambiar, V. Autoimmune atypical parkinsonism - A group of treatable parkinsonism. J. Neurol. Sci.,  2016, 362, 40-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2016.01.006] [PMID:  26944115] 
[129] 
Shen, C.; Wang, Z.; Zhao, F.; Yang, Y.; Li, J.; Yuan, J.; Wang, F.; Li, D.; Yang, M.; Xing, L.; Wei, J.; Xiao, H.; Yang, Y.; Qu, J.; Qing, L.; Chen, L.; Xu, Z.; Peng, L.; Li, Y.; Zheng, H.; Chen, F.; Huang, K.; Jiang, Y.; Liu, D.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, Y.; Liu, L. Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. JAMA,  2020, 323, 1582-1589.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4783] [PMID:  32219428] 
[130] 
Arabi, Y.M.; Hajeer, A.H.; Luke, T.; Raviprakash, K.; Balkhy, H.; Johani, S.; Al-Dawood, A.; Al-Qahtani, S.; Al-Omari, A.; Al-Hameed, F.; Hayden, F.G.; Fowler, R.; Bouchama, A.; Shindo, N.; Al-Khairy, K.; Carson, G.; Taha, Y.; Sadat, M.; Alahmadi, M. Feasibility of using convalescent plasma immunotherapy for MERS-CoV infection, Saudi Arabia. Emerg. Infect. Dis.,  2016, 22(9), 1554-1561.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2209.151164] [PMID:  27532807] 
[131] 
Chen, L.; Xiong, J.; Bao, L.; Shi, Y. Convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19. Lancet Infect. Dis.,  2020, 20(4), 398-400.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30141-9] [PMID:  32113510] 
[132] 
Mair-Jenkins, J.; Saavedra-Campos, M.; Baillie, J.K.; Cleary, P.; Khaw, F-M.; Lim, W.S.; Makki, S.; Rooney, K.D.; Nguyen-Van-Tam, J.S.; Beck, C.R. Convalescent Plasma Study Group. The effectiveness of convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe acute respiratory infections of viral etiology: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. J. Infect. Dis.,  2015, 211(1), 80-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu396] [PMID:  25030060] 
[133] 
Jankovic, J. Immunologic treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Immunotherapy,  2018, 10(2), 81-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/imt-2017-0146] [PMID:  29260621] 
[134] 
Nisar, T.; Sutherland-Foggio, H.; Husar, W. Antiviral amantadine. Lancet Neurol.,  2019, 18(12), 1080.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30361-8] [PMID:  31973807] 
[135] 
Dey, D.; Siddiqui, S.I.; Mamidi, P.; Ghosh, S.; Kumar, C.S.; Chattopadhyay, S.; Ghosh, S.; Banerjee, M. The effect of amantadine on an ion channel protein from Chikungunya virus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis.,  2019, 13(7), e0007548.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007548] [PMID:  31339886] 
[136] 
Rejdak, K.; Grieb, P. Adamantanes might be protective from COVID-19 in patients with neurological diseases: multiple sclerosis, parkinsonism and cognitive impairment. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord.,  2020, 42, 102163.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2020.102163] [PMID:  32388458] 
[137] 
Smieszek, S.; Przychodzen, B.; Polymeropoulos, M.H. Amantadine disrupts lysosomal gene expression; potential therapy for COVID19. bioRxiv, 2020. preprint.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.05.026187] 
[138] 
Hill, A.T.; Gold, P.M.; El Solh, A.A.; Metlay, J.P.; Ireland, B.; Irwin, R.S.; Adams, T.M.; Altman, K.W.; Azoulay, E.; Barker, A.F. CHEST Expert Cough Panel. Adult outpatients with acute cough due to suspected pneumonia or influenza: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest,  2019, 155(1), 155-167.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2018.09.016] [PMID:  30296418] 
[139] 
Choi, J-G.; Kim, Y.S.; Kim, J.H.; Chung, H-S. Antiviral activity of ethanol extract of Geranii Herba and its components against influenza viruses via neuraminidase inhibition. Sci. Rep.,  2019, 9(1), 12132.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48430-8] [PMID:  31431635] 
[140] 
Cimolai, N. Potentially repurposing adamantanes for COVID-19. J. Med. Virol.,  2020, 92(6), 531-532.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25752] [PMID:  32176361] 
[141] 
Choy, K-T.; Wong, A.Y-L.; Kaewpreedee, P.; Sia, S-F.; Chen, D.; Hui, K.P.Y.; Chu, D.K.W.; Chan, M.C.W.; Cheung, P.P-H.; Huang, X.; Peiris, M.; Yen, H.L. Remdesivir, lopinavir, emetine, and homoharringtonine inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. Antiviral Res.,  2020, 178, 104786.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104786] [PMID:  32251767] 
[142] 
Tchesnokov, E.P.; Feng, J.Y.; Porter, D.P.; Götte, M. Mechanism of inhibition of Ebola virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase by remdesivir. Viruses,  2019, 11(4), 326.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11040326] [PMID:  30987343] 
[143] 
Jean, S-S.; Lee, P-I.; Hsueh, P-R. Treatment options for COVID-19: the reality and challenges. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect.,  2020, 53(3), 436-443.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.034] [PMID:  32307245] 
[144] 
Varga, A.; Lionne, C.; Roy, B. Intracellular metabolism of nucleoside/nucleotide analogues: a bottleneck to reach active drugs on HIV reverse transcriptase. Curr. Drug Metab.,  2016, 17(3), 237-252.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200217666151210141903] [PMID:  26651972] 
[145] 
Abena, P.M.; Decloedt, E.H.; Bottieau, E.; Suleman, F.; Adejumo, P.; Sam-Agudu, N.A. Muyembe TamFum J-J, Seydi M, Eholie SP, Mills EJ. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the prevention or treatment of (COVID-19) in Africa: caution for inappropriate off-label use in healthcare settings. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.,  2020, 102(6), 1184-1188.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0290]] [PMID:  32323646] 
[146] 
Sahoo, S.; Kumar, M.; Sinha, V.K. Chloroquine-induced recurrent psychosis. Am. J. Ther.,  2007, 14(4), 406-407.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0b013e31802e4b0e] [PMID:  17667217] 
[147] 
Dahly, D; Gates, S; Morris, T Statistical review of hydroxychloroquine
and azithromycin as a treatment of
COVID-19: results of an open-label nonrandomized clinical
trial. Zonodo.org, 2020. preprint.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3724166] 
[148] 
Gautret, P.; Lagier, J-C.; Parola, P.; Hoang, V.T.; Meddeb, L.; Mailhe, M.; Doudier, B.; Courjon, J.; Giordanengo, V.; Vieira, V.E.; Tissot Dupont, H.; Honoré, S.; Colson, P.; Chabrière, E.; La Scola, B.; Rolain, J.M.; Brouqui, P.; Raoult, D. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents,  2020, 56(1), 105949.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949] [PMID:  32205204] 
[149] 
Ramadhani, A.M.; Derrick, T.; Macleod, D.; Massae, P.; Malisa, A.; Mbuya, K.; Mtuy, T.; Makupa, W.; Roberts, C.H.; Bailey, R.L.; Mabey, D.C.W.; Holland, M.J.; Burton, M.J. Ocular immune responses, Chlamydia trachomatis infection and clinical signs of trachoma before and after azithromycin mass drug administration in a treatment naïve trachoma-endemic Tanzanian community. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis.,  2019, 13(7), e0007559.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007559] [PMID:  31306419] 
[150] 
Rascol, O.; Negre-Pages, L.; Damier, P.; Delval, A.; Derkinderen, P.; Destée, A.; Fabbri, M.; Meissner, W.G.; Rachdi, A.; Tison, F.; Perez-Lloret, S. COPARK Study Group. Utilization patterns of amantadine in parkinson’s disease patients enrolled in the French COPARK Study. Drugs Aging,  2020, 37(3), 215-223.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40266-019-00740-2] [PMID:  31919803] 
[151] 
Kode, S.S.; Pawar, S.D.; Tare, D.S.; Keng, S.S.; Mullick, J. Amantadine resistance markers among low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 viruses isolated from poultry in India, during 2009-2017. Microb. Pathog.,  2019, 137, 103779.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103779] [PMID:  31600542] 
[152] 
Ying, B.; Pang, S.; Yang, J.; Zhong, Y.; Wang, J. Computational study of HCV p7 channel: insight into a new strategy for HCV inhibitor design. Interdiscip. Sci.,  2019, 11(2), 292-299.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12539-018-0306-3] [PMID:  30194627] 
[153] 
Mazzon, M.; Marsh, M. Targeting viral entry as a strategy
for broad-spectrum antivirals. F1000 Res,  2019, 8 F1000 Faculty Rev-1628.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.19694.1] [PMID: 31559009] 
[154] 
Smieszek, S.P.; Przychodzen, B.P.; Polymeropoulos, M.H. Amantadine disrupts lysosomal gene expression: a hypothesis for COVID19 treatment. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents,  2020, 55(6), 106004.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106004] [PMID:  32361028] 
[155] 
Helmich, R.C.; Bloem, B.R. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Parkinson’s disease: hidden sorrows and emerging opportunities. J. Parkinsons Dis.,  2020, 10(2), 351-354.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JPD-202038] [PMID:  32250324] 
[156] 
Gilat, M.; Ehgoetz Martens, K.A.; Miranda-Domínguez, O.; Arpan, I.; Shine, J.M.; Mancini, M.; Fair, D.A.; Lewis, S.J.G.; Horak, F.B. Dysfunctional limbic circuitry underlying freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience,  2018, 374, 119-132.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.044] [PMID:  29408498] 
Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
49
1
Journal Information
For Authors
For Editors
For Reviewers
Explore Articles
Open Access
Open Access Articles
For Visitors
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867327666200903115138	Print ISSN 0929-8673
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 1875-533X
当代药物化学

针对帕金森病患者的COVID-19:药物改变用途

摘要

当代药物化学

针对帕金森病患者的COVID-19:药物改变用途

摘要 Play Pause

Related Journals

Related Books

Related Articles

摘要
