Abstract
Background: Solutions to challenges of access to potable water have been the focus of many studies around the world, which also is one of the goals of sustainable development.
Objective: This study attempts to address this issue wherein we tested the efficiency of blended coagulants in removing pollutants from surface water. Previous studies have reported and suggested the requirement of blended coagulants that are tailor-made for treating geographically specific water samples since single coagulants will not be effective in removing all pollutants.
Methods: Three coagulants, two natural and one chemical, were blended for the present study in various ratios. Turbidity removal of the bi and tri-blend coagulants of water samples with initial turbidity of 70 and 150NTU was above 95% - 100%.
Results: Removal of Physico-chemical parameters by blended coagulants in surface waters was up to 48% for electrical conductivity, 80% for total solids, 36% for hardness, 40% for alkalinity and 57% for chlorides. The results are supported with analysis from SEM images showing adsorbed floc on to coagulant and FTIR spectra presenting the functional groups responsible for coagulation.
Conclusion: Hence, it can be concluded that the natural coagulants tested in the present study are promising solutions for the challenges of water quality.
Keywords: Chitin, Sago, turbidity, coagulation and flocculation, SEM, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Bratby J. Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment. IWA Publishing 2016.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781780407500]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781780407500]
[2]
Howe KJ, Hand DW, Crittenden JC, Trussell RR, Tchobanoglous G. Principles of water treatment John Wiley & Sons 2012 Nov ; 6.
[4]
Tzoupanos ND, Zouboulis AI. Coagulation-flocculation processes in water/wastewater treatment: the application of new generation of chemical reagents. 6th IASME/WSEAS Int Conf Greece.
[5]
Unnisa SA, Deepthi P, Mukkanti K. Efficiency studies with Dolichos lablab and solar disinfection for treating turbid waters. J Environ Prot Sci 2010; 4: 8-12.
[7]
Wang J, Yu S, Zhao Y, et al. Experimental and theoretical studies of ZnO and MgO for the rapid coagulation of graphene oxide from aqueous solutions. Separ Purif Tech 2017; 184: 88-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.03.058]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.03.058]
[8]
Gao BY, Wang Y, Yue QY. The chemical species distribution of aluminum in composite flocculants prepared from polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride (PDMDAAC). Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol 2005; 33(4): 365-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aheh.200300586]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aheh.200300586]
[9]
Gao BY, Wang Y, Yue QY, Wei JC, Li Q. Color removal from simulated dye water and actual textile wastewater using a composite coagulant prepared by ployferric chloride and polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride. Separ Purif Tech 2007; 54(2): 157-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2006.08.026]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2006.08.026]
[10]
Verstraeten G, Poesen J. Estimating trap efficiency of small reservoirs and ponds: Methods and implications for the assessment of sediment yield. Prog Phys Geogr 2000; 24(2): 219-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913330002400204]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913330002400204]
[11]
Tolkou AK, Zouboulis AI. Synthesis and coagulation performance of composite poly-aluminum-ferric-silicate-chloride coagulants in water and wastewater. Desalination Water Treat 2015; 53(12): 3309-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.933614]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.933614]
[12]
Zhu G, Wang Q, Yin J, et al. Toward a better understanding of coagulation for dissolved organic nitrogen using polymeric zinc-iron-phosphate coagulant. Water Res 2016; 100: 201-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.035] [PMID: 27192355]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.035] [PMID: 27192355]
[13]
Yan M, Wang D, Ni J, Qu J, Chow CW, Liu H. Mechanism of natural organic matter removal by polyaluminum chloride: Effect of coagulant particle size and hydrolysis kinetics. Water Res 2008; 42(13): 3361-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.04.017] [PMID: 18519148]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.04.017] [PMID: 18519148]
[14]
Wang J, Zhu M, Chen Z, et al. Polyacrylamide modified molybdenum disulfide composites for efficient removal of graphene oxide from aqueous solutions. Chem Eng J 2019; 361: 651-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.12.123]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.12.123]
[15]
Ng M, Liana AE, Liu S, et al. Preparation and characterisation of new-polyaluminum chloride-chitosan composite coagulant. Water Res 2012; 46(15): 4614-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.021] [PMID: 22770964]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.021] [PMID: 22770964]
[16]
Lyu HM, Shen SL, Zhou A, Yang J. Perspectives for flood risk assessment and management for mega-city metro system. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 2019; 84: 31-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.10.019]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.10.019]
[17]
Yin CY. Emerging usage of plant-based coagulants for water and wastewater treatment. Process Biochem 2010; 45(9): 1437-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2010.05.030]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2010.05.030]
[18]
Vara S. Screening and evaluation of innate coagulants for water treatment: A sustainable approach. Int J Energy Environ Eng 2012; 3(1): 29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2251-6832-3-29]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2251-6832-3-29]
[19]
Xiao K, Chen Y, Jiang X, et al. Variations in physical, chemical and biological properties in relation to sludge dewaterability under Fe (II) - oxone conditioning. Water Res 2017; 109: 13-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.034] [PMID: 27866102]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.034] [PMID: 27866102]
[20]
Rong H, Gao B, Zhao Y, et al. Advanced lignin-acrylamide water treatment agent by pulp and paper industrial sludge: Synthesis, properties and application. J Environ Sci (China) 2013; 25(12): 2367-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60326-X] [PMID: 24649666]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60326-X] [PMID: 24649666]
[21]
Ng M, Liu S, Chow CW, Drikas M, Amal R, Lim M. Understanding effects of water characteristics on natural organic matter treatability by PACl and a novel PACl-chitosan coagulants. J Hazard Mater 2013; 263(Pt 2): 718-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.036] [PMID: 24220196]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.036] [PMID: 24220196]
[22]
Zeng D, Luo X, Tu R. Application of bioactive coatings based on chitosan for soybean seed protection. Int J Carbohydr Chem 2012.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/104565]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/104565]
[23]
Ndabigengesere A, Narasiah KS, Talbot BG. Active agents and mechanism of coagulation of turbid waters using Moringa oleifera. Water Res 1995; 29(2): 703-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)00161-Y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)00161-Y]
[24]
Marobhe NJ. Effectiveness of crude extract and purified protein from Vigna unguiculata seed in purification of charco dam water for drinking in Tanzania. Int J Environ Sci 2013; 4(3): 259-73.
[25]
Choy SY, Prasad KM, Wu TY, Raghunandan ME, Ramanan RN. Utilization of plant-based natural coagulants as future alternatives towards sustainable water clarification. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26(11): 2178-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.09.024] [PMID: 25458671]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.09.024] [PMID: 25458671]
[26]
Pritchard M, Mkandawire T, Edmondson A, O’neill JG, Kululanga G. Potential of using plant extracts for purification of shallow well water in Malawi. Phys Chem Earth Parts ABC 2009; 34(13-16): 799-805.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2009.07.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2009.07.001]
[27]
Asgari G, Ramavandi B, Sahebi S. Removal of a cationic dye from wastewater during purification by Phoenix dactylifera. Desalinat Water Treat 2014; 52(37-39): 7354-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.823358]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.823358]
[28]
Ramavandi B, Hashemi S, Kafaei R. A novel method for extraction of a proteinous coagulant from Plantago ovata seeds for water treatment purposes. MethodsX 2015; 2: 278-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2015.05.006] [PMID: 26150999]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2015.05.006] [PMID: 26150999]
[29]
Tzoupanos ND, Zouboulis AI. Preparation, characterisation and application of novel composite coagulants for surface water treatment. Water Res 2011; 45(12): 3614-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.009] [PMID: 21555140]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.009] [PMID: 21555140]
[30]
Saritha V, Karnena MK, Dwarapureddi BK. “Exploring natural coagulants as impending alternatives towards sustainable water clarification”–A comparative studies of natural coagulants with alum. J Water Process Eng 2019; 32100982.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100982]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100982]
[31]
Manholer DD, de Souza MTF, Ambrosio E, Freitas TKFS, Geraldino HCL, Garcia JC. Coagulation/flocculation of textile effluent using a natural coagulant extracted from Dillenia indica. Water Sci Technol 2019; 80(5): 979-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.342] [PMID: 31746805]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.342] [PMID: 31746805]
[32]
Riaños-Donado K, Meza-Leones MC, Mercado-Martínez ID. Clarification of the water of wetlands using a mixture of natural coagulants. Dyna (Bilbao) 2019; 86(209): 73-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v86n209.73687]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v86n209.73687]
[33]
Saritha V, Karnena MK, Dwarapureddi BK. Competence of blended coagulants for surface water treatment. Appl Water Sci 2020; 10(1): 20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1108-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1108-4]
Article Metrics
17
1