Abstract
Introduction: Although soap industry is known from hundreds of years, the development accompanied with this industry was little. The development implied the mechanical equipment and the additive materials necessary to produce soap with the best specifications of shape, physical and chemical properties.
Objectives: This research studies the use of vacuum reactive distillation VRD technique for soap production. Methods: Olein and Palmitin in the ratio of 3 to 1 were mixed in a flask with NaOH solution in stoichiometric amount under different vacuum pressures from -0.35 to -0.5 bar. Total conversion was reached by using the VRD technique. The soap produced by the VRD method was compared with soap prepared by the reaction - only method which is known as the conventional method. The two kinds of soap were compared in yield, the reaction temperature, the volume of the co-product liquid and its composition, FTIR analysis, the density and the time of production. Results: It was shown that the yield of soap using VRD was 2.45 times that produced by the reaction - only method. The process temperature was reduced 0.11 times. The volume of the co-product liquid was reduced 95.76% consisting of water only. The analyses of FTIR were compared with a commercial soap regarded as a standard and they showed identical functional groups. Very little difference in density was recorded. The time of production was shorter than the conventional method giving another priority to the VRD method. Conclusion: It was beneficial to adopt VRD method in soap production in batch mode. Continuous mode of soap production using VRD method may be investigated in future study.Keywords: Development in the soap industry, esterification reaction, palmitin and olein, saponification reaction, soap production, vacuum reactive distillation.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Nwankwojike BN. Design and development of a soap stamping and tableting machine for small scale soap manufacturing. Nigerian J Technol 2012; 2: 99-205.
[2]
Onyegbado CO, Iyagba ET, Offor OJ. Solid soap production using plantain peel ash as source of alkali. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 2002; 1: 73-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v6i1.17200]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v6i1.17200]
[4]
Himmelblau DM. Basic principles and calculations in chemical engineering. 7th ed. USA: Prentice Hall 2004.
[5]
Kumar R, Mahajani SM. Esterification of lactic acid with n-butanol by reactive distillation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2007; 21: 6873-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie061274j]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie061274j]
[6]
Wei Z, Liu Y, Thushara D, Ren Q. Entrainer-intensified vacuum reactive distillation process for the separation of 5-hydroxylmethylfurfural from the dehydration of carbohydrates catalyzed be a metal salt-ionic liquid. Green Chem 2012; 4: 1220-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2gc16671b]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2gc16671b]
[7]
Kiss AA, Suszwalak DJPC. Enhanced dimethyl ether synthesis by reactive distillation in a dividing-wall column. Proceedings of Twentieth International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering. Prague, Czech Republic. 2012; pp. 25-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.451]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.451]
[8]
Orjuela A, Kolah A, Hong X, Lira CT, Miller DJ. Diethyl succinate synthesis by reactive distillation. Separ Purif Tech 2012; 88: 151-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.11.033]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.11.033]
[9]
Leyva F, Orjuela A, Kolah A, Lira C, Miller D, Rodríguez G. Isoamyl propionate production by reactive distillation. Separ Purif Tech 2015; 146: 199-212.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.03.039]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.03.039]
[10]
Chen C-L, Chung Y-H, Lee H-Y. design and control of reactive distillation process for the production of methyl valerate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016; 5: 1347-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b03495]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b03495]
[11]
Kasim R, Shokorr R. Semi-Batch reactive distillation of consecutive reaction: The saponification reaction of diethyl adipate with sodium hydroxide solution. J Eng (Stevenage) 2016; 3: 49-65.
[12]
Sudibyo H, Prasakti L, Budiman A, Rochmadi R. Continuous monoglyceride production from palm fatty acid distillate and glycerol using vacuum reactive distillation column. Int J Adv Sci Eng Inf Tech 2018; 1: 108-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.8.1.3753]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.8.1.3753]
[13]
Gong SH. Determination of Free Glycerol in Biodiesel by using PDA UV-Vis Spectrophotometer – Colorimetric method. Application Scientist. SCINCO CO.,LTD., Seoul, Korea. 2007.
Article Metrics
14
1