Ethnopharmacological Applications of Mango (Mangiferaindica L.) Peel - A Review

Katike       Umamahesh; Arumugam    D.   Gandhi; Obulam    V.S.   Reddy

doi:10.2174/1389201021666200420075759

Abstract

Background: Mango peel is a major by-product of mango (Mangifera Indica L.) fruit that belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. It is a tropical or subtropical fruit and is a potent source of polyphenolic contents. In traditional medicines, mango peel extract has been commonly used, either singly or in combination with other plant extracts against different ailments since ancient times.

Methods: An electronic database search for accepted articles in Pubmed, Google Scholar, Researchgate, Google, Scopus and Science Direct was used to review the scientific inputs by searching appropriate keywords. Some information was obtained from books and databases on medicinal plants used in different periods.

Results: Numerous reports revealed that mango peel contains a wide spectrum of phytochemical compounds like polyphenolics and flavonoids. A mango peel is a potential source of antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, antibacterial and antiproliferative properties. This review suggests that mango peel could be a potential drug to treat various clinical conditions in the future.

Conclusion: In this review, a number of phytochemicals have been summarized for their pharmacological properties and the mechanisms of action, and the possible potential therapeutic applications of mango peel against various diseases are also discussed.

Keywords: Mango peel, phytochemicals, biological properties, antidiabetic activity, anti-bacterial activity, antibacterial.

« Previous Next »

Graphical Abstract

[1] 
Subramanyam, H.; Krishnamurthy, S.; Parpia, H.A.B. Physiology and biochemistry of mango fruit. Adv. Food Res.,  1975, 21, 223-305.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2628(08)60092-0] [PMID: 1098417] 
[2] 
Tjiptono, P.; Lam, P.F.; Kosiyachinda, S.; Mendoza, D.B.; Leong, P.C. Status of the mango industry in ASEAN. Mango: Fruit Development; Postharvest Physiology and Marketing in ASEAN, 1984, pp. 1-11.
[3] 
https://www.statista.com/statistics/264001/worldwide-production-of-fruit-by-variety/
[4] 
Food and Agriculture Organization. Corporate Statistical Database; FAOSTAT, 2017.  Retrieved 16 April 2019
[5] 
Mukherjee, S.K. Introduction: Botany and Importance. The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses; Litz, R.E., Ed.; CAB International: Boca Raton, Florida, 1997, pp. 1-19.
[6] 
Iyer, C.P.A. Recent advances in varietal improvement in mango. III International Mango Symposium 29,  1989, pp. 109-132.
[7] 
Indian Horticulture Database. http://nhb.gov.in/area-pro/database-2011.pdf
[8] 
Sagar, V.R.; Khurdiya, D.S.; Balakrishnan, K.A. Quality of dehydrated ripe mango slices as affected by packaging material and mode of packaging. J. Food Sci. Technol.,  1999, 36, 67-70.
[9] 
Tharanathan, R.N.; Yashoda, H.M.; Prabha, T.N. Mango (Mangiferaindica L.), “The king of fruits”-An overview. Food Rev. Int.,  2006, 22(2), 95-123.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87559120600574493] 
[10] 
Singh, R.N. Mango; Indian Council of Agricultural Research: New Delhi, India, 1990. 
[11] 
Susser and Allen. The Great Mango Book; Ten Speed Press: New York, 2001. 978-1-58008-204-4
[12] 
Knight, R.J., Jr Important mango cultivars and their descriptors. The Mango; Botany, Production and Uses; Litz, R.E., Ed.; CAB International: Boca Raton, Florida, 1997, pp. 545-565.
[13] 
Ajila, C.M.; Prasada Rao, U.J. Protection against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative damage in rat erythrocytes by Mangifera indica L. peel extract. Food Chem. Toxicol.,  2008, 46(1), 303-309.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.08.024] [PMID: 17919803] 
[14] 
Schieber, A.; Berardini, N.; Carle, R. Identification of flavonol and xanthone glycosides from mango (Mangifera indica L. Cv. “Tommy Atkins”) peels by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem.,  2003, 51(17), 5006-5011.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf030218f] [PMID: 12903961] 
[15] 
Ribeiro, S.M.R.; Barbosa, L.C.A.; Queiroz, J.H.; Knödler, M.; Schieber, A. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Brazilian mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties. Food Chem.,  2008, 110(3), 620-626.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.067] 
[16] 
Ramirez, J.E.; Zambrano, R.; Sepúlveda, B.; Simirgiotis, M.J. Antioxidant properties and hyphenated HPLC-PDA-MS profiling of Chilean Pica mango fruits (Mangifera indica L. Cv. piqueño). Molecules,  2013, 19(1), 438-458.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules19010438] [PMID: 24384924] 
[17] 
Ajila, C.M.; Bhat, S.G.; Rao, U.P. Valuable components of raw and ripe peels from two Indian mango varieties. Food Chem.,  2007, 102(4), 1006-1011.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.06.036] 
[18] 
Sirisakulwat, S.; Nagel, A.; Sruamsiri, P.; Carle, R.; Neidhart, S. Yield and quality of pectins extractable from the peels of thai mango cultivars depending on fruit ripeness. J. Agric. Food Chem.,  2008, 56(22), 10727-10738.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf802173c] [PMID: 18980323] 
[19] 
Koubala, B.B.; Kansci, G.; Mbome, L.I.; Crépeau, M.J.; Thibault, J.F.; Ralet, M.C. Effect of extraction conditions on some physicochemical characteristics of pectins from “Améliorée” and “Mango” mango peels. Food Hydrocoll.,  2008, 22(7), 1345-1351.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2007.07.005] 
[20] 
Rymbai, H.; Srivastav, M.; Sharma, R.R.; Patel, C.R.; Singh, A.K. Bio-active compounds in mango (Mangifera indica L.) and their roles in human health and plant defence-a review. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol.,  2013, 88(4), 369-379.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2013.11512978] 
[21] 

USDA U. Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2010; US Department of Agriculture, US Department of Health and Human Services: Washington, DC, 2010. 
[22] 
Gouado, I.; Schweigert, F.J.; Ejoh, R.A.; Tchouanguep, M.F.; Camp, J.V. Systemic levels of carotenoids from mangoes and papaya consumed in three forms (juice, fresh and dry slice). Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.,  2007, 61(10), 1180-1188.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602841] [PMID: 17637601] 
[23] 
Mahattanatawee, K.; Manthey, J.A.; Luzio, G.; Talcott, S.T.; Goodner, K.; Baldwin, E.A. Total antioxidant activity and fiber content of select Florida-grown tropical fruits. J. Agric. Food Chem.,  2006, 54(19), 7355-7363.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf060566s] [PMID: 16968105] 
[24] 
Singh, U.P.; Singh, D.P.; Singh, M.; Maurya, S.; Srivastava, J.S.; Singh, R.B.; Singh, S.P. Characterization of phenolic compounds in some Indian mango cultivars. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr.,  2004, 55(2), 163-169.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09637480410001666441] [PMID: 14985189] 
[25] 
Rocha Ribeiro, S.M.; Queiroz, J.H.; Lopes Ribeiro de Queiroz, M.E.; Campos, F.M.; Pinheiro Sant’ana, H.M. Antioxidant in mango (Mangifera indica L.) pulp. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr.,  2007, 62(1), 13-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11130-006-0035-3] [PMID: 17243011] 
[26] 
Andreu, G.L.; Delgado, R.; Velho, J.A.; Curti, C.; Vercesi, A.E. Mangiferin, a natural occurring glucosyl xanthone, increases susceptibility of rat liver mitochondria to calcium-induced permeability transition. Arch. Biochem. Biophys.,  2005, 439(2), 184-193.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2005.05.015] [PMID: 15979560] 
[27] 
Rodríguez, J.; Di Pierro, D.; Gioia, M.; Monaco, S.; Delgado, R.; Coletta, M.; Marini, S. Effects of a natural extract from Mangifera indica L, and its active compound, mangiferin, on energy state and lipid peroxidation of red blood cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta,  2006, 1760(9), 1333-1342.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.04.005] [PMID: 16860486] 
[28] 
Chen, J.P.; Tai, C.Y.; Chen, B.H. Improved liquid chromatographic method for determination of carotenoids in Taiwanese mango (Mangifera indica L.). J. Chromatogr. A,  2004, 1054(1-2), 261-268.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(04)01406-2] [PMID: 15553152] 
[29] 
Vuong, Q.V. Extraction and Utilisation of Bioactive Compounds from Agricultural and Food Production Waste; CRC Press, 2017, pp. 135-166.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315151540-14] 
[30] 
Umamahesh, K.; Ramesh, B.; Kumar, B.V.; Reddy, O.V.S. In vitro anti-oxidant, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities of five Indian cultivars of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit peel extracts. J. Herbmed Pharmacol.,  2019, 8(3), 238-247.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jhp.2019.35] 
[31] 
Ajila, C.M.; Naidu, K.A.; Bhat, S.G.; Rao, U.P. Bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential of mango peel extract. Food Chem.,  2007, 105(3), 982-988.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.052] 
[32] 
Lauricella, M.; Emanuele, S.; Calvaruso, G.; Giuliano, M.; D’Anneo, A. Multifaceted health benefits of Mangifera indica L. (Mango): The inestimable value of orchards recently planted in Sicilian rural areas. Nutrients,  2017, 9(5), 525.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu9050525] [PMID: 28531110] 
[33] 
Nijveldt, R.J.; van Nood, E.; van Hoorn, D.E.; Boelens, P.G.; van Norren, K.; van Leeuwen, P.A. Flavonoids: A review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.,  2001, 74(4), 418-425.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/74.4.418] [PMID: 11566638] 
[34] 
Giampieri, F.; Alvarez-Suarez, J.M.; Tulipani, S.; Gonzàles-Paramàs, A.M.; Santos-Buelga, C.; Bompadre, S.; Quiles, J.L.; Mezzetti, B.; Battino, M. Photoprotective potential of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) extract against UV-A irradiation damage on human fibroblasts. J. Agric. Food Chem.,  2012, 60(9), 2322-2327.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf205065x] [PMID: 22304566] 
[35] 
Thambi, P.A.; John, S.; Lydia, E.; Iyer, P.; Sarah Jane Monica, S.J. Antimicrobial efficacy of mango peel powder and formulation of recipes using mango peel powder (Mangifera indica L.); Int. J. Home Sci, 2016, pp. 155-161.
[36] 
Abbasi, A.M.; Liu, F.; Guo, X.; Fu, X.; Li, T.; Liu, R.H. Phytochemical composition, cellular antioxidant capacity and antiproliferative activity in mango (Mangifera indica L.) pulp and peel. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol.,  2017, 52(3), 817-826.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.13341] 
[37] 
Sultana, B.; Hussain, Z.; Asif, M.; Munir, A. Investigation on the antioxidant activity of leaves, peels, stems bark, and kernel of mango (Mangifera indica L.). J. Food Sci.,  2012, 77(8), C849-C852.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02807.x] [PMID: 22860576] 
[38] 
Kim, H.; Moon, J.Y.; Kim, H.; Lee, D.S.; Cho, M.; Choi, H.K.; Kim, Y.S.; Mosaddik, A.; Cho, S.K. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of mango (Mangifera indica L.) flesh and peel. Food Chem.,  2010, 121(2), 429-436.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.12.060] 
[39] 
Dorta, E.; Lobo, M.G.; Gonzalez, M. Reutilization of mango byproducts: Study of the effect of extraction solvent and temperature on their antioxidant properties. J. Food Sci.,  2012, 77(1), C80-C88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02477.x] [PMID: 22132766] 
[40] 
Gondi, M.; Basha, S.A.; Bhaskar, J.J.; Salimath, P.V.; Rao, U.J. Anti-diabetic effect of dietary mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Sci. Food Agric.,  2015, 95(5), 991-999.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6778] [PMID: 24917522] 
[41] 
Vega-Vega, V.; Silva-Espinoza, B.A.; Cruz-Valenzuela, M.R.; Bernal-Mercado, A.T.; Gonzalez-Aguilar, G.A.; Ruiz-Cruz, S.; Moctezuma, E.; Siddiqui, M.W.; Ayala-Zavala, J.F. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of byproduct extracts of mango fruit. J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual.,  2013, 86(1)
[42] 
Gondi, M.; Prasada Rao, U.J. Ethanol extract of mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities, and ameliorates diabetes related biochemical parameters in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. J. Food Sci. Technol.,  2015, 52(12), 7883-7893.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-1963-4] [PMID: 26604360] 
[43] 
Gondi, M.; Basha, S.A.; Salimath, P.V.; Rao, U.J.P. Supplementation of mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel in diet ameliorates cataract in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. J. Food Biochem.,  2017, 41(1)e12300
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12300] 
[44] 
Luo, F.; Fu, Y.; Xiang, Y.; Yan, S.; Hu, G.; Huang, X.; Huang, G.; Sun, C.; Li, X.; Chen, K. Identification and quantification of gallotannins in mango (Mangifera indica L.) kernel and peel and their antiproliferative activities. J. Funct. Foods,  2014, 8, 282-291.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.03.030] 
[45] 
Kim, H.; Kim, H.; Mosaddik, A.; Gyawali, R.; Ahn, K.S.; Cho, S.K. Induction of apoptosis by ethanolic extract of mango peel and comparative analysis of the chemical constitutes of mango peel and flesh. Food Chem.,  2012, 133(2), 416-422.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.053] [PMID: 25683414] 
[46] 
Ali, M.R.; Yong, M.J.; Gyawali, R.; Mosaddik, A.; Ryu, Y.C.; Cho, S.K. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel extracts inhibit proliferation of HeLa human cervical carcinoma cell via induction of apoptosis. J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem.,  2012, 55(3), 397-405.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13765-012-1024-x] 
[47] 
Li, F.; Li, S.; Li, H.B.; Deng, G.F.; Ling, W.H.; Wu, S.; Xu, X.R.; Chen, F. Antiproliferative activity of peels, pulps and seeds of 61 fruits. J. Funct. Foods,  2013, 5(3), 1298-1309.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.04.016] 
[48] 
Kuganesan, A.; Thiripuranathar, G.; Navaratne, A.N.; Paranagama, P.A. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of peels, pulps and seed kernels of three common Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Varieties in Sri Lanka. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res.,  2017, 8(1), 70-78.
[49] 
Knödler, M.; Conrad, J.; Wenzig, E.M.; Bauer, R.; Lacorn, M.; Beifuss, U.; Carle, R.; Schieber, A. Anti-inflammatory 5-(11‘Z-heptadecenyl)- and 5-(8’Z,11'Z-heptadecadienyl)-resorcinols from mango (Mangifera indica L.) peels. Phytochemistry,  2008, 69(4), 988-993.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.10.013] [PMID: 18155258] 
[50] 
Taing, M.W.; Pierson, J.T.; Hoang, V.L.; Shaw, P.N.; Dietzgen, R.G.; Gidley, M.J.; Roberts-Thomson, S.J.; Monteith, G.R. Mango fruit peel and flesh extracts affect adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Food Funct.,  2012, 3(8), 828-836.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2fo30073g] [PMID: 22699857] 
[51] 
Ulla, A.; Rahman, M.T.; Habib, Z.F.; Rahman, M.M.; Subhan, N.; Sikder, B.; Reza, H.M.; Hossain, M.H.; Alam, M.A. Mango peel powder supplementation prevents oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic dysfunction in rats. J. Food Biochem.,  2017, 41(3)e12344
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12344] 
[52] 
Kalpna, R.D. Antioxidant and antimicrobial property of mango
(Mangifera indica L.) ripe peel International Conference and Exhibition on Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Natural Products,, 2013 October 21-23; Radisson Blu Plaza Hotel, Hyderabad, India
[53] 
Jullian, V.; Bourdy, G.; Georges, S.; Maurel, S.; Sauvain, M. Validation of use of a traditional antimalarial remedy from French Guiana, Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. J. Ethnopharmacol.,  2006, 106(3), 348-352.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.01.011] [PMID: 16504432] 
[54] 
El-Hawary, S.S.; Rabeh, M.A. Mangifera indica peels: A common waste product with impressive immunostimulant, anticancer and antimicrobial potency J. Nat. Sci. Res ISSN, 2014. 2224-3186 www. iiste. org
[55] 
Safdar, M.N.; Kausar, T.; Nadeem, M.; Jabbar, S.; Ahmed, S.; Taj, T.; Tufail, F.; Mehmood, W. Cardioprotective effect of mango and kinnow peel extracts on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in albino rats; B. Life Environment. Sci,  2017, 219-235.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite

Article Metrics

11

Journal Information

For Authors

For Editors

For Reviewers

Explore Articles

Open Access

Open Access Articles

For Visitors

DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201021666200420075759	Print ISSN 1389-2010
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 1873-4316

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Ethnopharmacological Applications of Mango (Mangiferaindica L.) Peel - A Review

Abstract Play Pause

Graphical Abstract

Related Journals

Related Books

Abstract