Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1381-6128
ISSN (Online): 1873-4286

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Vitex Diterpenoids: Structural Diversity and Pharmacological Activity

Author(s): Yanfei Ban, Tianshuang Xia, Rui Jing, Yaoli Guo, Yiya Geng, Qi Ye* and Chengjian Zheng*

Volume 26, Issue 1, 2020

Page: [138 - 159] Pages: 22

DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191216151703

Price: $65

Abstract

Plants of the genus Vitex (Verbenaceae) are mainly distributed throughout tropical and temperate regions, and many Vitex plants have been traditionally used in folk medicine. Plants of this genus are a rich source of diterpenoids, which not only displayed versatile structural diversity with potential chemotaxonomical significance but also exhibited a wide range of biological activities, mainly including in vitro cytotoxic, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, hormone level-regulating and antiangiogenic activities. Recently, a series of bioactive diterpenoids, with interesting carbon skeletons, have been reported and gathered considerable interest. This article systematically reviewed diterpenoids isolated from the genus Vitex that appeared in the literature up to December 2018, critically highlighting their structural diversity and pharmacological activities. Up to now, a total of 154 diterpenoids with diverse structures have been isolated and identified from Vitex plants. The authors also summarized the reported structure-activity relationships of those well explored Vitex diterpenoids. Finally, the authors discussed the challenges and potential applications of these diterpenoids in the future.

Keywords: Vitex (Verbenaceae), diterpenoids, activity, review, application, chemotaxonomical.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Editorial Committee of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Flora of China 1982; 65: 131.
[2]
Editorial Committee of Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicine. Compilation of Chinese herbal medicine 1996; 792-5.
[3]
Editorial Committee of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010; 15: 161.
[4]
Editorial Committee of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015; 1: 363.
[5]
Zhu CL, Zhao YH. Dai medicine 2007; 1: 29.
[6]
Xiao GZ, Luo ZM. Study on antioxidant activites of extracts from negundo chastetree fruit. J Guangdong Univ Technol 2006; 23: 31-5.
[7]
E.R. A. Hanisah N, M.A. MN, Y. NM M S. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of Vitex trifolia var. timplicifolia associated with anticancer. J Biol Sci 2012; 1: 65-8.
[8]
Kuruüzüm-Uz A, Güvenalp Z, Ströch K, Demirezer LÖ, Zeeck A. Antioxidant potency of flavonoids from Vitex agnus-castus L. growing in Turkey. Fabad J Pharm Sci 2008; 33: 11-6.
[9]
Ono M, Ito Y, Nohara T. A labdane diterpene glycoside from fruit of Vitex rotundifolia. Phytochemistry 1998; 48: 207-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00863-7]
[10]
Huang Q, Li GQ. Study on extracting process of total flavonoids from Vitex quinata by ultrasonic method and its antioxidant activity. Anhui Nongye Kexue 2009; 37: 2544-6.
[11]
Zheng GM, Luo ZM. Studies on antioxygenic effect of Vitex negundo L. Shipin Kexue 1999; 20: 21-3.
[12]
Zheng GM, Luo ZM. Studies on the antioxygenic composition of Vitex negundo L. J Guangdong Univ Technol 1999; 16: 41-6.
[13]
Ono M, Masuoka C, Ito Y, Nohara T. Antioxidative constituents from viticis trifoliae fructus (fruit of Vitex rotundifolia L.). Food Sci Technol (Campinas) 1998; 4: 9-13.
[14]
Liu HY. Study on antioxidant activity of alkaloids chemical simulation from viticis fructus in Vitro. Anti-Infection Pharm 2014; 3: 9.
[15]
Chouhan CS, Sridevi K, Singh NK, Singh SK. Anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract of Vitex glabrata leaves. Pak J Pharm Sci 2012; 25(1): 131-4.
[PMID: 22186320]
[16]
Dewade D, Christina A, Chidambaranathan N, Bhajipale N, Tekade N. Antitumor activity of Vitex negundo Linn. against Dalton’s ascitic lymphoma. Int J Pharm Tech Res 2010; 2: 1101-4.
[17]
Kobayakawa J, Sato-Nishimori F, Moriyasu M, Matsukawa Y. G2-M arrest and antimitotic activity mediated by casticin, a flavonoid isolated from viticis fructus (Vitex rotundifolia Linne fil.). Cancer Lett 2004; 208(1): 59-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2004.01.012] [PMID: 15105046]
[18]
Weisskopf M, Schaffner W, Jundt G, Sulser T, Wyler S, Tullberg-Reinert H. A Vitex agnus-castus extract inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in prostate epithelial cell lines. Planta Med 2005; 71(10): 910-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-871235] [PMID: 16254821]
[19]
Xie J, Bai J, Sheng XF, Cao JG, Xie WY. Inhibition of proliferation of human cervical cancer HeLa cells by casticin in vitro. China Oncology 2010; 20: 406-10.
[20]
Sun X, Li DS, Liu SQ. Study on tumor inhibition of extracts from Vitex negundo Linn. leave. Chin Med Periodicals 2005; 4: 11-2.
[21]
Liu YQ. Isolation and identification of active components from vitex negundo linn and the biological effectiveness against Aphis gossypii Glover and Pieris rapae Linn. Shandong Agri Univ 2010; pp. 1-2.
[22]
Ling WW. Study on chemical composition and antibacteria activity of Vitex negundo Linn. Anhui Agri Univ 2010; pp. 1-3.
[23]
Ye Q. Integrative anti-pms effect of active constituents in fructus viticis. Second Military Medical University 2010; pp. 1-3.
[24]
Xin HL. The chemical constituents of anti-PMS activity, intraspecific variation and quality evaluation of Fructus Viticis. 2nd ed. Milit Med Univ 2005; pp. 1-5.
[25]
Luo QF, Zhou DX. Study on cholagogic, liver-protective of extracts from Vitex negundo Linn. China Prac Med 2004; 4: 20.
[26]
Li CZ, Su YF, Jin XJ. Advances in studies on chemical constituents from plants of Vitex L. and their bioactivities. Chin Tradit Herbal Drugs 2005; 930-8.
[27]
Rani A, Sharma A. The genus Vitex: a review. Pharmacogn Rev 2013; 7(14): 188-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.120522] [PMID: 24347927]
[28]
Anthonsen T, Mccabe PH, Mccrindle R, Murray RDH. Constituents of Solidago species-I: the constitution and stereochemistry of diterpenoids from Solidago canadensis L. Tetrahedron 1969; 25: 2233-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)82771-X]
[29]
Cheng YS, Rudloff EV. Two new diterpenoid oxides from the leaf oil of Chamaecyparis nootkatensis. Tetrahedron Lett 1970; 11: 1131-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)97927-4]
[30]
Hoberg E, Orjala J, Meier B, Sticher O. Diterpenoids from the fruits of Vitex agnus-castus. Phytochemistry 1999; 52: 1555-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00181-8]
[31]
Taguchi H. Studies on the constituents of Vitex cannabifolia. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1976; 24: 1668-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.24.1668]
[32]
Kondo Y, Sugiyama K, Nozoe S. Studies on the constituents of Vitex rotundifolia L. fil. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1986; 34(11): 4829-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.34.4829] [PMID: 3829197]
[33]
Waibel R, Achenbach H, Torrenegra R, Pedrozo J, Robles J. Diterpenes from Gnaphalium pellitum and Gnaphalium graveolens. Phytochemistry 1992; 31: 2415-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83289-B]
[34]
Aphaijitt S, Nimgirawath K, Suksamrarn A, Tooptakong U. Isolation and crystal structure of limonidilactone - a labdane diterpene from Vitex limonifolia. Aust J Chem 1995; 48: 133-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/CH9950133]
[35]
Miyazawa M, Shimamura H, Nakamura S, Kameoka H. Antimutagenic activity of (+)-Polyalthic Acid from Vitex rotundiforia. J Agric Food Chem 1995; 43: 3012-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00060a004]
[36]
Ono M, Yamamoto M, Masuoka C, Ito Y, Yamashita M, Nohara T. Diterpenes from the fruits of Vitex rotundifolia. J Nat Prod 1999; 62(11): 1532-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np990204x] [PMID: 10579867]
[37]
Ono M, Sawamura H, Ito Y, Mizuki K, Nohara T. Diterpenoids from the fruits of Vitex trifolia. Phytochemistry 2000; 55(8): 873-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00214-4] [PMID: 11140517]
[38]
Ono M, Yamamoto M, Yanaka T, Ito Y, Nohara T. Ten new labdane-type diterpenes from the fruit of Vitex rotundifolia. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2001; 49(1): 82-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.49.82] [PMID: 11201231]
[39]
Alam G, Wahyuono S, Ganjar IG, Hakim L, Timmerman H, Verpoorte R. Tracheospasmolytic activity of viteosin-A and vitexicarpin isolated from Vitex trifolia. Planta Med 2002; 68(11): 1047-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-35650] [PMID: 12451502]
[40]
Ono M, Yanaka T, Yamamoto M, Ito Y, Nohara T. New diterpenes and norditerpenes from the fruits of Vitex rotundifolia. J Nat Prod 2002; 65(4): 537-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np0105331] [PMID: 11975496]
[41]
Li SH, Zhang HJ, Qiu SX, et al. Vitexlactam A, a novel labdane diterpene lactam from the fruits of Vitex agnus-castus. ChemInform 2002; 33: 5131-4.
[42]
Kiuchi F, Matsuo K, Ito M, Qui TK, Honda G. New norditerpenoids with trypanocidal activity from Vitex trifolia. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2004; 52(12): 1492-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.52.1492] [PMID: 15577254]
[43]
Jarry H, Spengler B, Wuttke W, Christoffel V. In vitro assays for bioactivity-guided isolation of endocrine active compounds in Vitex agnus-castus. Maturitas 2006; 55: S26-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.06.014]
[44]
Rigano D, Grassia A, Bruno M, et al. Labdane diterpenoids from Marrubium globosum ssp. libanoticum. J Nat Prod 2006; 69(5): 836-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np0505420] [PMID: 16724854]
[45]
Luo P, Yu Q, Liu SN, et al. Diterpenoids with diverse scaffolds from Vitex trifolia as potential topoisomerase I inhibitor. Fitoterapia 2017; 120: 108-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2017.06.006] [PMID: 28602939]
[46]
Zheng CJ, Zhu JY, Yu W, Ma XQ, Rahman K, Qin LP. Labdane-type diterpenoids from the fruits of Vitex trifolia. J Nat Prod 2013; 76(2): 287-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np300679x] [PMID: 23327905]
[47]
Ono M, Yamasaki T, Konoshita M, et al. Five new diterpenoids, viteagnusins A-E, from the fruit of Vitex agnus-castus. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008; 56(11): 1621-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.56.1621] [PMID: 18981619]
[48]
Ono M, Nagasawa Y, Ikeda T, et al. Three new diterpenoids from the fruit of Vitex agnus-castus. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2009; 57(10): 1132-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.57.1132] [PMID: 19801874]
[49]
Ono M, Eguchi K, Konoshita M, et al. A new diterpenoid glucoside and two new diterpenoids from the fruit of Vitex agnus-castus. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2011; 59(3): 392-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.59.392] [PMID: 21372425]
[50]
Wu J, Zhou T, Zhang SW, Zhang XH, Xuan LJ. Cytotoxic terpenoids from the fruits of Vitex trifolia L. Planta Med 2009; 75(4): 367-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1112211] [PMID: 19156599]
[51]
Zheng CJ, Huang BK, Wang Y, et al. Anti-inflammatory diterpenes from the seeds of Vitex negundo. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18(1): 175-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2009.11.004] [PMID: 19931461]
[52]
Zheng CJ, Lan XP, Wang Y, et al. A new labdane diterpene from Vitex negundo. Pharm Biol 2012; 50(6): 687-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2011.597410] [PMID: 22486582]
[53]
Li S, Qiu S, Yao P, Sun H, Fong HH, Zhang H. Compounds from the Fruits of the Popular European Medicinal Plant Vitex agnus-castus in Chemoprevention via NADP (H): Quinone Oxidoreductase Type 1 Induction. Evid Based Complement and Alternat Med 2013; 2013 432829
[54]
Chen YJ, Li CM, Ling WW, et al. A rearranged labdane-type diterpenoid and other constituents from Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia. Biochem Syst Ecol 2012; 40: 98-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2011.10.008]
[55]
Chen YJ. Pilot study on antibacteria chemical component and chemotaxonomy of Vitex negundo Linn. Anhui Agri Univ 2012; pp. 1-3.
[56]
Zhang T. Chemical constituents and bioactivities of the fruit of Vitex trifolia Linn var simplicifolia. Cham: Shandong University 2013; pp. 1-2.
[57]
Tiwari N, Thakur J, Saikia D, Gupta MM. Antitubercular diterpenoids from Vitex trifolia. Phytomedicine 2013; 20(7): 605-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2013.01.003] [PMID: 23462211]
[58]
Lee C, Lee JW, Jin Q, et al. Anti-inflammatory constituents from the fruits of Vitex rotundifolia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23(21): 6010-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.004] [PMID: 24035341]
[59]
Kim YA. Da Seul Kim KsO, Seo Y. Isolation of a new labdane-type diterpene from Vitex rotundifolia. Notes 2013; 34: 3841.
[60]
Pal M, Li SH, Tewari SK, Sun HD. Diterpenoid compounds from Vitex agnus-castus. Chem Nat Compd 2013; 49: 635-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-013-0697-7]
[61]
Oshima N, Masada S, Suzuki R, et al. Identification of new diterpenes as putative marker compounds distinguishing agnus castus fruit (chaste tree) from shrub chaste tree fruit (viticis fructus). Planta Med 2016; 82(1-2): 147-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1558089] [PMID: 26756820]
[62]
Luo P, Xia W, Morris-Natschke SL, et al. Vitepyrroloids A-D, 2-cyanopyrrole-containing labdane diterpenoid alkaloids from the leaves of Vitex trifolia. J Nat Prod 2017; 80(5): 1679-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01195] [PMID: 28453270]
[63]
Bao F, Tang R, Cheng L, et al. Terpenoids from Vitex trifolia and their anti-inflammatory activities. J Nat Med 2018; 72(2): 570-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11418-018-1178-x] [PMID: 29429059]
[64]
Ban NK, Thoa NTK, Linh TM, et al. Labdane-type diterpenoids from Vitex limonifolia and their antivirus activities. J Nat Med 2018; 72(1): 290-7.
[PMID: 28914420]
[65]
Corlay N, Lecsö-Bornet M, Leborgne E, et al. Antibacterial Labdane diterpenoids from Vitex vestita. J Nat Prod 2015; 78(6): 1348-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00206] [PMID: 26034885]
[66]
Villegas Gómez C, Martínez-Vázquez M, Esquivel B. Antifeedant activity of anticopalic acid isolated from Vitex hemsleyi. Z Natforsch C J Biosci 2009; 64(7-8): 502-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2009-7-806] [PMID: 19791500]
[67]
Rasamison VE, Ranaivo-Harimanana L, Cao S, et al. A new labdane diterpene from Vitex cauliflora Moldenke from the Madagascar rainforest. Fitoterapia 2010; 81(1): 55-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2009.07.007] [PMID: 19635529]
[68]
Nyiligira E, Viljoen AM, Van Heerden FR, Van Zyl RL, Van Vuuren SF, Steenkamp PA. Phytochemistry and in vitro pharmacological activities of South African Vitex (Verbenaceae) species. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 119(3): 680-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.004] [PMID: 18678237]
[69]
Appleton R, Fulke J, Henderson M, Mccrindle R. The stereochemistry of marrubiin. J Chem Soc C 1967; 1943-7
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/j39670001943]
[70]
Asaka Y, Kamikawa T, Kubota T. Constituents of Vitex rotundifolia L. fil. Chem Lett 1973; 937-40
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.1973.937]
[71]
Ono M, Nishida Y, Masuoka C, et al. Lignan derivatives and a norditerpene from the seeds of Vitex negundo. J Nat Prod 2004; 67(12): 2073-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np040102t] [PMID: 15620254]
[72]
Harrison LJ, Asakawa Y. 18-Oxoferruginol from the leaf of Torreya nucifera. Phytochemistry 1987; 26: 1211-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82385-7]
[73]
Chamy MC, Piovano M, Garbarino JA, et al. Diterpenoids from Calceolaria thyrsiflora. Phytochemistry 1991; 30: 589-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)83731-Y]
[74]
Xu JL. Chemical constituents of Vitex negundo var cannabifolia fruits and pre-clinical pharmacokinetics of casticin in rat plasma. Second Mil Med Univ 2012; pp. 1-2.
[75]
Seca AML, Silva AMS, Bazzocchi IL, Jimenez IA. Diterpene constituents of leaves from Juniperus brevifolia. Phytochemistry 2008; 69(2): 498-505.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.07.026] [PMID: 17854850]
[76]
Qing S. Study on the lipophilic constituents for anti-tumor activities from the seeds of Vitex negundo. Central South University. Central South University 2011; p. 10.
[77]
Rasyid FA, Fukuyoshi S, Ando H, et al. A Novel Clerodane Diterpene from Vitex cofassus. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 65(1): 116-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.c16-00775] [PMID: 28049908]
[78]
Gu Q. Studies on the Chemical Constituents and Anti-HIV active constituents of Five Medicinal Plants 2007; 1.
[79]
Ko WG, Kang TH, Lee SJ, Kim YC, Lee BH. Rotundifuran, a labdane type diterpene from Vitex rotundifolia, induces apoptosis in human myeloid leukaemia cells. Phytother Res 2001; 15(6): 535-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.743] [PMID: 11536386]
[80]
Li WX. Studies on the Anticancer Constituents of Vitex trifolia L, A Traditional Chinese Medicine. Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 2003; pp. 55-6.
[81]
Li WX, Cui CB, Cai B, Yao XS. Labdane-type diterpenes as new cell cycle inhibitors and apoptosis inducers from Vitex trifolia L. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2005; 7(2): 95-105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286020310001617165] [PMID: 15621610]
[82]
Zheng CJ, Zhang XW, Han T, et al. Anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoporotic lignans from Vitex negundo seeds. Fitoterapia 2014; 93: 31-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2013.12.006] [PMID: 24369311]
[83]
Choudhary MI, Jalil S, Nawaz SA, Khan KM, Tareen RB. Azizuddin; Atta-ur-Rahman. Antiinflammatory and lipoxygenase inhibitory compounds from Vitex agnus-castus. Phytother Res 2009; 23(9): 1336-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2639] [PMID: 19173281]
[84]
Latoui M, Aliakbarian B, Casazza AA, Seffen M, Converti A, Perego P. Extraction of phenolic compounds from Vitex agnus-castus L. Food Bioprod Process 2012; 90: 748-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2012.01.003]
[85]
Zheng CJ, Huang BK, Han T, et al. Nitric oxide scavenging lignans from Vitex negundo seeds. J Nat Prod 2009; 72(9): 1627-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np900320e] [PMID: 19715321]
[86]
Zheng CJ, Tang WZ, Huang BK, et al. Bioactivity-guided fractionation for analgesic properties and constituents of Vitex negundo L. seeds. Phytomedicine 2009; 16(6-7): 560-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2008.12.001] [PMID: 19181504]
[87]
Zheng CJ, Zhao XX, Ai HW, et al. Therapeutic effects of standardized Vitex negundo seeds extract on complete Freund’s adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. Phytomedicine 2014; 21(6): 838-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2014.02.003] [PMID: 24680620]
[88]
Li MM, Su XQ, Sun J, et al. Anti-inflammatory ursane- and oleanane-type triterpenoids from Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia. J Nat Prod 2014; 77(10): 2248-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np500509q] [PMID: 25245917]
[89]
Zheng CJ. Anti-inflammatory Constituents and Quality Evaluation of Vitex negundo Fruits. Second Military Medical University 2010; pp. 1-4.
[90]
Wuttke W, Jarry H, Christoffel V, Spengler B, Seidlová-Wuttke D. Chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus)--pharmacology and clinical indications. Phytomedicine 2003; 10(4): 348-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/094471103322004866] [PMID: 12809367]
[91]
Meier B, Berger D, Hoberg E, Sticher O, Schaffner W. Pharmacological activities of Vitex agnus-castus extracts in vitro. Phytomedicine 2000; 7(5): 373-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(00)80058-6] [PMID: 11081988]
[92]
Hu Y, Hou TT, Zhang QY, et al. Evaluation of the estrogenic activity of the constituents in the fruits of Vitex rotundifolia L. for the potential treatment of premenstrual syndrome. J Pharm Pharmacol 2007; 59(9): 1307-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/jpp.59.9.0016] [PMID: 17883902]
[93]
Nishina A, Itagaki M, Sato D, et al. The rosiglitazone-like effects of vitexilactone, a constituent from Vitex trifolia L. in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Molecules 2017; 22(11) E2030
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22112030] [PMID: 29165364]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
9
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy