Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1389-2010
ISSN (Online): 1873-4316

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Detection of Metallothionein Proteins by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Author(s): Qingyun Jia, Hans-Uwe Dahms and Lan Wang*

Volume 21, Issue 7, 2020

Page: [544 - 554] Pages: 11

DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666191127124629

Price: $65

Abstract

Metallothioneins (MTs) are low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich proteins that bind to heavy metals. MTs play a key role in the homeostasis of metal ions, maintaining intracellular redox equilibria and free radical scavenging. In several studies, under different conditions such as cancer development, drug therapy and heavy metal stress, the unique structural changes and functional effects of MT were studied. Although several assays are available to monitor the content and type of Metallothionein (MT) from environmental samples or in biomedical assays, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) became the preferred method of MT detection. ELISA is low in cost, specific, simple, and efficient. This review evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of using different types of ELISA in the detection of metallothioneins from environmental or clinical samples as well as ways of its validation and cross-validation.

Keywords: Metallothionein, ELISA, environmental biomarker, clinical biomarker, detection, cross-validation.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Jamakala, O.; Rani, A.U. Metallothioneins role against cadmium toxicity in zinc and calcium supplemented Oreochromis mossambicus (tilapia). Int. J. Pharma Bio Sci., 2015, 6(3), B149-B163.
[2]
Sabolić, I.; Breljak, D.; Herak-Kramberger, C.M.; Ljubojevic, M. Cadmium and metallothionein. In: Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins, 2013; p. 342-352.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1533-6_27]
[3]
Sabolić, I.; Breljak, D.; Skarica, M.; Herak-Kramberger, C.M. Role of metallothionein in cadmium traffic and toxicity in kidneys and other mammalian organs. Biometals, 2010, 23(5), 897-926.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10534-010-9351-z] [PMID: 20549307]
[4]
Zalewska, M.; Trefon, J.; Milnerowicz, H. The role of metallothionein interactions with other proteins. Proteomics, 2014, 14(11), 1343-1356.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201300496] [PMID: 24616286]
[5]
Lynes, M.A.; Hidalgo, J.; Manso, Y.; Devisscher, L.; Laukens, D.; Lawrence, D.A. Metallothionein and stress combine to affect multiple organ systems. Cell Stress Chaperones, 2014, 19(5), 605-611.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12192-014-0501-z] [PMID: 24584987]
[6]
Capdevila, M.; Atrian, S. Metallothionein protein evolution: a miniassay. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 2011, 16(7), 977-989.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00775-011-0798-3] [PMID: 21633816]
[7]
Lahti, D.W.; Hoekman, J.D.; Tokheim, A.M.; Martin, B.L.; Armitage, I.M. Identification of mouse brain proteins associated with isoform 3 of metallothionein. Protein Sci., 2005, 14(5), 1151-1157.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1110/ps.041113005] [PMID: 15802640]
[8]
Ryvolová, M.; Krizkova, S.; Adam, V.; Beklova, M.; Trnková, L.; Hubálek, J.; Kizek, R. Analytical methods for metallothionein detection. Curr. Anal. Chem., 2011, 7(3), 243.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573411011107030243]
[9]
Kimura, T.; Kambe, T. The functions of metallothionein and zip and znt transporters: An overview and perspective. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2016, 17(3), 336.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17030336] [PMID: 26959009]
[10]
Vasák, M. Advances in metallothionein structure and functions. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 2005, 19(1), 13-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2005.03.003] [PMID: 16240666]
[11]
Rigby Duncan, K.E.; Stillman, M.J. Metal-dependent protein folding: metallation of metallothionein. J. Inorg. Biochem., 2006, 100(12), 2101-2107.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.09.005] [PMID: 17055583]
[12]
Li, Y.; Kimura, T.; Laity, J.H.; Andrews, G.K. The zinc-sensing mechanism of mouse MTF-1 involves linker peptides between the zinc fingers. Mol. Cell. Biol., 2006, 26(15), 5580-5587.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.00471-06] [PMID: 16847313]
[13]
Ushakova, G.A.; Kruchinenko, O.A. Peculiarities of the molecular structure and functions of metallothioneins in the central nervous system. Neurophysiology, 2009, 41(5), 355-364.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11062-010-9113-0]
[14]
Sutherland, D.E.; Stillman, M.J. The “magic numbers” of metallothionein. Metallomics, 2011, 3(5), 444-463.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0mt00102c] [PMID: 21409206]
[15]
Chiaverini, N.; De Ley, M. Protective effect of metallothionein on oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. Free Radic. Res., 2010, 44(6), 605-613.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10715761003692511] [PMID: 20380594]
[16]
Capdevila, M.; Bofill, R.; Palacios, Ò.; Atrian, S. State-of-the-art of metallothioneins at the beginning of the 21st century. Coord. Chem. Rev., 2012, 256(1-2), 46-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2011.07.006]
[17]
Wang, S.; Gu, J.; Xu, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Bai, T.; Xu, J.; Cai, J.; Barnes, G.; Liu, Q.J.; Freedman, J.H.; Wang, Y.; Liu, Q.; Zheng, Y.; Cai, L. Zinc rescues obesity-induced cardiac hypertrophy via stimulating metallothionein to suppress oxidative stress-activated BCL10/CARD9/p38 MAPK pathway. J. Cell. Mol. Med., 2017, 21(6), 1182-1192.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.13050] [PMID: 28158919]
[18]
Zheng, Y.; Jiang, L.; Hu, Y.; Xiao, C.; Xu, N.; Zhou, J.; Zhou, X. Metallothionein 1H (MT1H) functions as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma through regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. BMC Cancer, 2017, 17(1), 161.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12885-017-3139-2] [PMID: 28241806]
[19]
Pan, Y.; Huang, J.; Xing, R.; Yin, X.; Cui, J.; Li, W.; Yu, J.; Lu, Y. Metallothionein 2A inhibits NF-κB pathway activation and predicts clinical outcome segregated with TNM stage in gastric cancer patients following radical resection. J. Transl. Med., 2013, 11(1), 173.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-11-173] [PMID: 23870553]
[20]
Eckschlager, T.; Adam, V.; Hrabeta, J.; Figova, K.; Kizek, R. Metallothioneins and cancer. Curr. Protein Pept. Sci., 2009, 10(4), 360-375.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920309788922243] [PMID: 19689357]
[21]
Krizkova, S.; Fabrik, I.; Adam, V.; Hrabeta, J.; Eckschlager, T.; Kizek, R. Metallothionein--a promising tool for cancer diagnostics. Bratisl. Lek Listy, 2009, 110(2), 93-97.
[PMID: 19408840]
[22]
Nagamine, T.; Nakajima, K. Significance of metallothionein expression in liver disease. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol., 2013, 14(4), 420-426.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201011314040006] [PMID: 23590140]
[23]
Inoue, K.; Takano, H. Metallothionein as a negative regulator of pulmonary inflammation. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol., 2013, 14(4), 414-419.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201011314040005] [PMID: 23590139]
[24]
Kimura, T.; Okumura, F.; Oguro, I.; Nakanishi, T.; Sone, T.; Isobe, M. Metal response element-binding transcription factor-1 is activated by degradation of metallothionein. J. Health Sci., 2009, 55(1), 72-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/jhs.55.72]
[25]
Bi, Y.; Lin, G.X.; Millecchia, L.; Ma, Q. Superinduction of metallothionein I by inhibition of protein synthesis: role of a labile repressor in MTF-1 mediated gene transcription. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol., 2006, 20(2), 57-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbt.20116] [PMID: 16615093]
[26]
Huang, M.; Shaw, C.F., III; Petering, D.H. Interprotein metal exchange between transcription factor IIIa and apo-metallothionein. J. Inorg. Biochem., 2004, 98(4), 639-648.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.02.004] [PMID: 15041244]
[27]
Stitt, M.S.; Wasserloos, K.J.; Tang, X.; Liu, X.; Pitt, B.R.; St Croix, C.M. Nitric oxide-induced nuclear translocation of the metal responsive transcription factor, MTF-1 is mediated by zinc release from metallothionein. Vascul. Pharmacol., 2006, 44(3), 149-155.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2005.10.004] [PMID: 16423564]
[28]
Abril, S.I.M.; Costa, P.G.; Bianchini, A. Metal accumulation and expression of genes encoding for metallothionein and copper transporters in a chronically exposed wild population of the fish Hyphessobrycon luetkenii. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2018, 211, 25-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.05.008] [PMID: 29783005]
[29]
Woo, S.; Yum, S.; Jung, J.H.; Shim, W.J.; Lee, C.H.; Lee, T.K. Heavy metal-induced differential gene expression of metallothionein in Javanese medaka, Oryzias javanicus. Mar. Biotechnol. (NY), 2006, 8(6), 654-662.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10126-006-6046-0] [PMID: 16967182]
[30]
Fritsch, C.; Cosson, R.P.; Coeurdassier, M.; Raoul, F.; Giraudoux, P.; Crini, N.; de Vaufleury, A.; Scheifler, R. Responses of wild small mammals to a pollution gradient: host factors influence metal and metallothionein levels. Environ. Pollut., 2010, 158(3), 827-840.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.09.027] [PMID: 19897292]
[31]
Mićović, V.; Bulog, A.; Kučić, N.; Jakovac, H.; Radošević-Stašić, B. Metallothioneins and heat shock proteins 70 in marine mussels as sensors of environmental pollution in Northern Adriatic Sea. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2009, 28(3), 439-447.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2009.08.005] [PMID: 21784040]
[32]
Stejskal, K.; Krizkova, S.; Adam, V.; Sures, B.; Trnkova, L.; Zehnalek, J.; Hubalek, J.M.; Hanustiak, P.; Svobodova, Z.; Horna, A.; Kizek, R. Bio-assessing of environmental pollution via monitoring of metallothionein levels using electrochemical detection. IEEE Sens. J., 2008, 8(9), 1578-1585.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2008.928500]
[33]
Trombini, C.; Campana, O.; Fabbri, E.; Blasco, J. Metallothionein like protein in the mollusc Crassostrea angulata from the Guadalquivir river estuary: A good biomarker for metal pollution? Mar. Environ. Res., 2008, 66(1), 202-203.
[34]
Ruiz, O.N.; Alvarez, D.; Torres, C.; Roman, L.; Daniell, H. Metallothionein expression in chloroplasts enhances mercury accumulation and phytoremediation capability. Plant Biotechnol. J., 2011, 9(5), 609-617.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00616.x] [PMID: 21518240]
[35]
Kotrba, P.; Najmanova, J.; Macek, T.; Ruml, T.; Mackova, M. Genetically modified plants in phytoremediation of heavy metal and metalloid soil and sediment pollution. Biotechnol. Adv., 2009, 27(6), 799-810.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.06.003] [PMID: 19567265]
[36]
Gehrig, P.M.; You, C.; Dallinger, R.; Gruber, C.; Brouwer, M.; Kägi, J.H.; Hunziker, P.E. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of zinc, cadmium, and copper metallothioneins: evidence for metal-binding cooperativity. Protein Sci., 2000, 9(2), 395-402.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1110/ps.9.2.395] [PMID: 10716192]
[37]
Nwoko, C.O. Trends in phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 2010, 9(37), 6010-6016.
[38]
Saito, T.; Tezuka, T.; Konno, R.; Fujii, N. Protective effects of metallothionein I and II against metal- and ultraviolet radiation-induced damage in cultured lens epithelial cells. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol., 2010, 54(5), 486-493.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10384-010-0844-7] [PMID: 21052914]
[39]
Swindell, W.R. Dietary restriction in rats and mice: a meta-analysis and review of the evidence for genotype-dependent effects on lifespan. Ageing Res. Rev., 2012, 11(2), 254-270.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2011.12.006] [PMID: 22210149]
[40]
Zangger, K.; Oz, G.; Otvos, J.D.; Armitage, I.M. Three-dimensional solution structure of mouse [Cd7]-metallothionein-1 by homonuclear and heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. Protein Sci., 1999, 8(12), 2630-2638.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1110/ps.8.12.2630] [PMID: 10631978]
[41]
Scudiero, R.; Cretì, P.; Trinchella, F.; Grazia Esposito, M. Evaluation of cadmium, lead and metallothionein contents in the tissues of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Campania coast (Italy): levels and seasonal trends. C. R. Biol., 2014, 337(7-8), 451-458.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2014.05.003] [PMID: 25103830]
[42]
Ureña, R.; João Bebianno, M.; Del Ramo, J.; Torreblanca, A. Metallothionein in the freshwater gastropod Melanopsis dufouri chronically exposed to cadmium: a methodological approach. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 2010, 73(5), 779-787.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.02.010] [PMID: 20189648]
[43]
Muñoz, A.; Rodríguez, A.R. Electrochemical behavior of metallothioneins and related molecules. Part III: Metallothionein. Electroanalysis, 2010, 7(7), 674-680.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140070715]
[44]
Wang, W.X.; Rainbow, P.S. Significance of metallothioneins in metal accumulation kinetics in marine animals. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2010, 152(1), 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.02.015] [PMID: 20206713]
[45]
Schanz, M.; Schaaf, L.; Dippon, J.; Biegger, D.; Fritz, P.; Alscher, M.D.; Kimmel, M. Renal effects of metallothionein induction by zinc in vitro and in vivo. BMC Nephrol., 2017, 18(1), 91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12882-017-0503-z] [PMID: 28302075]
[46]
Xiao, X.; Xue, J.; Liao, L.; Chen, X.; Zeng, Y.; Wu, Y. Determination of trace metallothioneins at nanomolar levels using phenanthroline-copper coordination by fluorescence spectra. Anal. Sci., 2014, 30(10), 999-1004.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.30.999] [PMID: 25312631]
[47]
Xu, M.; Yang, L.; Wang, Q. Chemical interactions of mercury species and some transition and noble metals towards metallothionein (Zn7MT-2) evaluated using SEC/ICP-MS, RP-HPLC/ESI-MS and MALDI-TOF-MS. Metallomics, 2013, 5(7), 855-860.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3mt00016h] [PMID: 23559365]
[48]
Kang, D.; Shao, Y.; Yin, X.; Xiao, J.; Rao, T.; Shen, B.; Chen, H.; Zhu, Z.; Wang, G.; Liang, Y. Bioanalytical assay development and validation for simultaneous quantification of five schisandra lignans in rat primary hepatocytes based on LC-MS/MS: application to a real-time uptake study for Schisandra Lignan Extract. Biomed. Chromatogr., 2017, 31(2)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bmc.3797] [PMID: 27459903]
[49]
Połec, K.; Peréz-Calvo, M.; García-Arribas, O.; Szpunar, J.; Ribas-Ozonas, B.; Lobinski, R. Investigation of metal complexes with metallothionein in rat tissues by hyphenated techniques. J. Inorg. Biochem., 2002, 88(2), 197-206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0162-0134(01)00380-4] [PMID: 11803040]
[50]
Nöstelbacher, K.; Kirchgessner, M.; Stangl, G.I. Separation and quantitation of metallothionein isoforms from liver of untreated rats by ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography and atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl., 2000, 744(2), 273-282.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(00)00258-9] [PMID: 10993515]
[51]
Takatera, K.; Osaki, N.; Yamaguchi, H.; Watanabe, T. HPLC/ ICP mass spectrometric study of the selenium incorporation into cyanobacterial metallothionein induced under heavy-metal stress. Anal. Sci., 2006, 10(4), 567-572.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.10.567] [PMID: 16760599]
[52]
Nischwitz, V.; Michalke, B.; Kettrup, A. Identification and quantification of metallothionein isoforms and superoxide dismutase in spiked liver extracts using HPLC-ESI-MS offline coupling and HPLC-ICP-MS online coupling. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2003, 375(1), 145-156.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-002-1594-2] [PMID: 12520451]
[53]
Zaia, J.; Fabris, D.; Wei, D.; Karpel, R.L.; Fenselau, C. Monitoring metal ion flux in reactions of metallothionein and drug-modified metallothionein by electrospray mass spectrometry. Protein Sci., 1998, 7(11), 2398-2404.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pro.5560071117] [PMID: 9828006]
[54]
Irvine, G.W.; Santolini, M.; Stillman, M.J. Selective cysteine modification of metal-free human metallothionein 1a and its isolated domain fragments: Solution structural properties revealed via ESI-MS. Protein Sci., 2017, 26(5), 960-971.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pro.3139] [PMID: 28187517]
[55]
Rippel, G.; Corstjens, H.; Billiet, H.A.; Frank, J. Affinity capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis, 1997, 18(12-13), 2175-2183.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150181208] [PMID: 9456032]
[56]
Tran, N.T.; Taverna, M. Capillary electrophoresis of proteins and peptides. Methods Mol. Biol., 2016, •••, 1466.
[PMID: 27473482]
[57]
Houessinon, A.; François, C.; Sauzay, C.; Louandre, C.; Mongelard, G.; Godin, C.; Bodeau, S.; Takahashi, S.; Saidak, Z.; Gutierrez, L.; Régimbeau, J.M.; Barget, N.; Barbare, J.C.; Ganne, N.; Chauffert, B.; Coriat, R.; Galmiche, A. Metallothionein-1 as a biomarker of altered redox metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma cells exposed to sorafenib. Mol. Cancer, 2016, 15(1), 38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12943-016-0526-2] [PMID: 27184800]
[58]
Babczyńska, A.; Wilczek, G.; Szulińska, E.; Franiel, I. Quantitative immunodetection of metallothioneins in relation to metals concentration in spiders from variously polluted areas. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 2011, 74(6), 1498-1503.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.05.019] [PMID: 21676461]
[59]
Sinaie, M.; Bastami, K.D.; Ghorbanpour, M.; Najafzadeh, H.; Shekari, M.; Haghparast, S. Metallothionein biosynthesis as a detoxification mechanism in mercury exposure in fish, spotted scat (Scatophagus argus). Fish Physiol. Biochem., 2010, 36(4), 1235-1242.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10695-010-9403-x] [PMID: 20499274]
[60]
Milnerowicz, H.; Śliwińska-Mossoń, M.; Sobiech, K.A. The effect of ozone on the expression of metallothionein in tissues of rats chronically exposed to cadmium. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2017, 52, 27-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2017.03.010] [PMID: 28366866]
[61]
Milnerowicz, H.; Bizoń, A. Determination of metallothionein in biological fluids using enzyme-linked immunoassay with commercial antibody. Acta Biochim. Pol., 2010, 57(1), 99-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2010_2379] [PMID: 20349027]
[62]
Kowalska, K.; Bizoń, A.; Zalewska, M.; Milnerowicz, H. The influence of biological and environmental factors on metallothionein concentration in the blood. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 2015, 29, 99-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.05.001] [PMID: 24912972]
[63]
David, E.; Tanguy, A.; Riso, R.; Quiniou, L.; Laroche, J.; Moraga, D. Responses of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas populations to abiotic stress in environmentally contrasted estuaries along the Atlantic coast of France. Aquat. Toxicol., 2012, 109(3), 70-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.11.014] [PMID: 22204990]
[64]
Boutet, I.; Tanguy, A.; Auffret, M.; Riso, R.; Moraga, D. Immunochemical quantification of metallothioneins in marine mollusks: characterization of a metal exposure bioindicator. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 2002, 21(5), 1009-1014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620210517] [PMID: 12013122]
[65]
Yang, J.; Sun, H.; Zhang, H.; Zhou, H. Expression, purification of metallothionein genes from freshwater crab (Sinopotamon yangtsekiense) and development of an anti-metallothionein ELISA. PLoS One, 2017, 12(3)e0174482
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174482] [PMID: 28350826]
[66]
Peters, U.; Frenzel, K.; Brettschneider, R.; Oldenburg, M.; Bittner, C. Identification of two metallothioneins as novel inhalative coffee allergens cof a 2 and cof a 3. PLoS One, 2015, 10(5)e0126455
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126455] [PMID: 25962169]
[67]
Bittner, C.; Grassau, B.; Frenzel, K.; Baur, X. Identification of wheat gliadins as an allergen family related to baker’s asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2008, 121(3), 744-749.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.09.051] [PMID: 18036646]
[68]
Tang, W.; Kido, T.; Gross, W.A.; Nogawa, K.; Sabbioni, E.; Shaikh, Z.A. Measurement of cadmium-induced metallothionein in urine by ELISA and prevention of overestimation due to polymerization. J. Anal. Toxicol., 1999, 23(3), 153-158.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/23.3.153] [PMID: 10369323]
[69]
Rezk, N.A.; Zidan, H.E.; Riad, M.; Mansy, W.; Mohamad, S.A. Metallothionein 2A expression and its relation to different clinical stages and grades of breast cancer in Egyptian patients. Gene, 2015, 571(1), 17-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.035] [PMID: 26093198]
[70]
Pankhurst, M.W.; Gell, D.A.; Butler, C.W.; Kirkcaldie, M.T.; West, A.K.; Chung, R.S. Metallothionein (MT) -I and MT-II expression are induced and cause zinc sequestration in the liver after brain injury. PLoS One, 2012, 7(2)e31185
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031185] [PMID: 22363575]
[71]
Apostolova, M.; Nachev, C.; Koleva, M.; Bontchev, P.R.; Kehaiov, I. New competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of metallothionein in tissue and sera. Talanta, 1998, 46(2), 325-333.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(97)00341-X] [PMID: 18967154]
[72]
Nakajima, K.; Kodaira, T.; Kato, M.; Nakazato, K.; Tokita, Y.; Kikuchi, H.; Sekine, H.; Suzuki, K.; Nagamine, T. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for metallothionein-I and -II in plasma of humans and experimental animals. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2010, 411(9-10), 758-761.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2010.02.058] [PMID: 20184868]
[73]
Nakazato, K.; Tomioka, S.; Nakajima, K.; Saito, H.; Kato, M.; Kodaira, T.; Yatsuzuka, S.; Shimomura, Y.; Hiroki, T.; Motoyama, K.; Kodama, H.; Nagamine, T. Determination of the serum metallothionein (MT)1/2 concentration in patients with Wilson’s disease and Menkes disease. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 2014, 28(4), 441-447.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.07.013] [PMID: 25172214]
[74]
Saito, H.; Nakazato, K.; Kato, M.; Kodaira, T.; Akutsu, T.; Tokita, Y.; Suzuki, K.; Nagamine, T.; Nakajima, K. Determination of metallothionein-3 by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in experimental animals. J. Toxicol. Sci., 2013, 38(1), 83-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2131/jts.38.83] [PMID: 23358142]
[75]
Christoforidou, S.; Malissiova, E.; Gortzi, O.; Hadjichristodoulou, C. Comparative evaluation of ELISA kits’ reliability for the aflatoxin MT1, determination in goat milk. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 2015, 240(4), 701-706.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-014-2374-x]
[76]
Rosenberg, B. Protein analysis and purification. Birkhäuser Boston, 2005, 57(1), 130-138.
[77]
Ito, Y.; Tanaka, H.; Hara, H. The potential roles of metallothionein as a therapeutic target for cerebral ischemia and retinal diseases. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol., 2013, 14(4), 400-407.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201011314040003] [PMID: 23590137]
[78]
Pedersen, M.Ø.; Larsen, A.; Stoltenberg, M.; Penkowa, M. The role of metallothionein in oncogenesis and cancer prognosis. Prog. Histochem. Cytochem., 2009, 44(1), 29-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proghi.2008.10.001] [PMID: 19348910]
[79]
Kawata, T.; Nakamura, S.; Nakayama, A.; Fukuda, H.; Ebara, M.; Nagamine, T.; Minami, T.; Sakurai, H. An improved diagnostic method for chronic hepatic disorder: analyses of metallothionein isoforms and trace metals in the liver of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma as determined by capillary zone electrophoresis and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2006, 29(3), 403-409.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.29.403] [PMID: 16508136]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
30
3
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy