This Ebook is designed for science and engineering students taking a course in numerical methods of differential equations. Most of the material in this Ebook has its origin based on lecture courses given to advanced and early postgraduate students. This Ebook covers linear difference equations, linear multistep methods, Runge Kutta methods and finite difference methods for elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic equations. As a course in numerical analysis it contains a variety of finite difference schemes and efficient algorithms implemented in mathematics. The mathematical modulae attached to each chapter with solutions of practical examples should help readers to understand the text and apply the methods. It is expected that the readers will find theorems with proofs and applications interesting and informative.

This textbook is intended as a guide for undergraduate and graduate students in engineering, science and technology courses. Chapters of the book cover the numerical concepts of errors, approximations, differential equations and partial differential equations. The simple presentation of numerical concepts and illustrative examples helps students and general readers to understand the topics covered in the text.

Vector optimization is continuously needed in several science fields, particularly in economy, business, engineering, physics and mathematics. The evolution of these fields depends, in part, on the improvements in vector optimization in mathematical programming. The aim of this Ebook is to present the latest developments in vector optimization. The contributions have been written by some of the most eminent researchers in this field of mathematical programming. The Ebook is considered essential for researchers and students in this field.

This e-book presents several basic methods and results of order theory that are currently used in various branches of mathematics. It presents topics that require a broad explanation in a concise and attractive way. Readers will easily identify problems/techniques/solutions without the frustration of long searches through previous notations, definitions and results. It begins with a sketch of axiomatic set theory and of the theory of categories. The fundamentals of the order relation are presented, including several properties equivalent to the axiom of choice, and culminating with well-ordered sets and transfinite numbers. This e-book also explains: (1) The complete existential theory of the various distinguished elements which a partially ordered set may possess, (2) The proof of the equivalence with the axiom of choice of 14 frequently used properties,(3) The fact that certain properties of ordinals are revealed as being just properties of well-ordered sets, and (4) The presentation of ordinals and cardinals both in axiomatic setting and following von Neumann’s construction. Proofs are given in detail along with numerous examples and exercises illustrating the theory and demonstrating applications. Several classes of lattices, closure operators and Galois connections include tools which serve as prerequisites to universal algebra. Other topics include embeddings and topological duality for distributive lattices. The e-book serves both as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate students and as a reference book for mathematicians working in fields different from set theory or algebra, to whom it provides a quick access to basic facts from order theory.

Lately there is an increasing interest in partial difference equations demonstrated by the enormous amount of research papers devoted to them. The initial reason for this increasing interest was the development of computers and the area of numerical analysis, where partial difference equations arise naturally when discretizing a partial differential equation. The aim of this e-book is to provide some recent advances in the field of partial difference equations. Applications of partial difference equations in numerical analysis and systems theory are also presented. This e-book will be of use to high level undergraduate students, graduate students and researchers working in the area of partial difference equations.

This book explains different types of subharmonic and harmonic functions. The book brings 12 chapters explaining general and specific types of subharmonic functions (eg. quasinearly subharmonic functions and other separate functions), related partial differential equations, mathematical proofs and extension results. The methods covered in the book also attempt to explain different mathematical analyses such as elliptical equations, domination conditions, weighted boundary behavior. The book serves as a reference work for scholars interested in potential theory and complex analysis.

The theory of summability has many uses throughout analysis and applied mathematics. Engineers and physicists working with Fourier series or analytic continuation will also find the concepts of summability theory valuable to their research. The concepts of summability have been extended to the sequences of fuzzy numbers and also to the theorems of ergodic theory. This ebook explains various aspects of summability and demonstrates applications in a coherent manner. The content can readily serve as a useful series of lecture notes on the subject. This ebook comprises of 8 chapters starting from classical sequence spaces and covering matrix transformations and fuzzy numbers. An accompanying bibliography with extensive references makes this a valuable source of information for readers interested in summability theory as well as other branches of science.

In The Generalized Relative Gol‘dberg Order and Type: Some Remarks on Functions of Complex Variables, the authors have discussed the generalized comparative growth analysis of entire functions of several complex variables at length. The discussion covers the important branch of complex analysis specially the theory of analytic functions of several variables. The book contains eight chapters. Chapter 1 presents introductory aspects of the topic and some preliminary definitions. In the proceeding chapters (2-8), the authors derive some results about the generalized Gol'dberg order (α,β) and generalized Gol'dberg type (α,β) of entire functions of several complex variables which progressively explores different variations of these variables, (upper and lower, functions, inequalities, growth measures). The book culminates in an explanation of the sum and product theorems depending on the generalized relative Gol'dberg order (α,β). This monograph is intended for mathematical researchers and enthusiasts who wish to expand their understanding about complex variables of several functions and complex and related aspects of complex analysis.

The Stokes phenomenon refers to the emergence of jump discontinuities in asymptotic expansions at specific rays in the complex plane. This book presents a radical theory for the phenomenon by introducing the concept of regularization. Two methods of regularization, Borel summation and Mellin-Barnes regularization, are used to derive general expressions for the regularized values of asymptotic expansions throughout the complex plane. Though different, both yield identical values, which, where possible, agree with the original functions. Consequently, asymptotics has been elevated to a true discipline yielding precise solutions. All researchers, who seek asymptotic solutions to problems, will find this a most valuable book.

This reference explains hybrid-Trefftz finite element method (FEM). Readers are introduced to the basic concepts and general element formulations of the method. This is followed by topics on non-homogeneous parabolic problems, thermal analysis of composites, and heat conduction in nonlinear functionally graded materials. A brief summary of the fundamental solution based-FEM is also presented followed by a discussion on axisymmetric potential problems and the rotordynamic response of tapered composites. The book is rounded by chapters that cover the n-sided polygonal hybrid finite elements and analysis of piezoelectric materials. Key Features - Systematic presentation of 9 topics - Covers FEMs in two sections: 1) hybrid-Trefftz method and 2) fundamental FEM solutions - Bibliographic references - Includes solutions to problems in the numerical analysis of different material types - Includes solutions to some problems encountered in civil engineering (seepage, heat transfer, etc). This reference is suitable for scholars involved in advanced courses in mathematics and engineering (civil engineering/materials engineering). Professionals involved in developing analytical tools for materials and construction testing can also benefit from the methods presented in the book.