Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1381-6128
ISSN (Online): 1873-4286

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Systematic Review Article

The Protective Mechanism of Cannabidiol in Cardiac Injury: A Systematic Review of Non-Clinical Studies

Author(s): Mohammad R.H. Shayesteh, Hamed Haghi-Aminjan, Mohammad J. Mousavi, Saeideh Momtaz and Mohammad Abdollahi*

Volume 25, Issue 22, 2019

Page: [2499 - 2507] Pages: 9

DOI: 10.2174/2210327909666190710103103

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Cardiac disease is accounted as the leading cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. The disease is characterized by the overproduction of reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), and induction of oxidative stress. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive ingredient of marijuana that has been reported to be safe and well tolerated in patients. Due to its pleiotropic effect, CBD has been shown to exert cytoprotective effects. This study intended to clarify the mechanisms and the potential role of CBD regarding cardiac injuries treatment.

Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, in the electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase up to June 2019 using predefined search terms in the titles and abstracts. Accordingly, a set of pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria were considered and 8 articles were ultimately included in this study.

Results: Our findings demonstrate that CBD has multi-functional protective assets to improve cardiac injuries; preliminary through scavenging of free radicals, and reduction of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation.

Conclusion: CBD can protect against cardiac injuries, mainly through its antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects on the basis of non-clinical studies. The cardioprotective effects of the CBD need to be further studied in welldesigned clinical trials.

Keywords: Cannabinoids, cardiac injury, oxidative stress, systematic review, free radicals, cardioprotective effects.

« Previous
[1]
Mechoulam R, Hanuš LO, Pertwee R, Howlett AC. Early phytocannabinoid chemistry to endocannabinoids and beyond. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014; 15(11): 757-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3811] [PMID: 25315390]
[2]
Niaz K, Khan F, Maqbool F, et al. Endo-cannabinoids system and the toxicity of cannabinoids with a biotechnological approach. EXCLI J 2017; 16: 688-711.
[PMID: 28827985]
[3]
Farzaei MH, Bahramsoltani R, Rahimi R, Abbasabadi F, Abdollahi M. A systematic review of plant-derived natural compounds for anxiety disorders. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 16(17): 1924-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026616666160204121039] [PMID: 26845556]
[4]
Bergamaschi MM, Queiroz RH, Zuardi AW, Crippa JA. Safety and side effects of cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent. Curr Drug Saf 2011; 6(4): 237-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157488611798280924] [PMID: 22129319]
[5]
Iffland K, Grotenhermen F. An update on safety and side effects of cannabidiol: A review of clinical data and relevant animal studies. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2017; 2(1): 139-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0034] [PMID: 28861514]
[6]
Deiana S, Watanabe A, Yamasaki Y, et al. Plasma and brain pharmacokinetic profile of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidivarine (CBDV), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and cannabigerol (CBG) in rats and mice following oral and intraperitoneal administration and CBD action on obsessive-compulsive behaviour. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219(3): 859-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2415-0] [PMID: 21796370]
[7]
McGilveray IJ. Pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids. Pain Res Manag 2005; 10(Suppl. A): 15A-22A.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/242516] [PMID: 16237477]
[8]
Huestis MA. Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chem Biodivers 2007; 4(8): 1770-804.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152] [PMID: 17712819]
[9]
Grotenhermen F. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003; 42(4): 327-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003] [PMID: 12648025]
[10]
Huestis M. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the plant cannabinoids, Δ 9-tetrahydrocannibinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol. Cannabinoids. In: Springer. 2005; pp. 657-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26573-2_23]
[11]
Weiss L, Zeira M, Reich S, et al. Cannabidiol lowers incidence of diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Autoimmunity 2006; 39(2): 143-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08916930500356674] [PMID: 16698671]
[12]
Malfait AM, Gallily R, Sumariwalla PF, et al. The nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an oral anti-arthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97(17): 9561-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.160105897] [PMID: 10920191]
[13]
Borrelli F, Aviello G, Romano B, et al. Cannabidiol, a safe and non-psychotropic ingredient of the marijuana plant Cannabis sativa, is protective in a murine model of colitis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87(11): 1111-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00109-009-0512-x] [PMID: 19690824]
[14]
Stanley CP, Hind WH, O’Sullivan SE. Is the cardiovascular system a therapeutic target for cannabidiol? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75(2): 313-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04351.x] [PMID: 22670794]
[15]
Fernández-Ruiz J, Sagredo O, Pazos MR, et al. Cannabidiol for neurodegenerative disorders: Important new clinical applications for this phytocannabinoid? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75(2): 323-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04341.x] [PMID: 22625422]
[16]
Koppel BS. Cannabis in the treatment of dystonia, dyskinesias, and tics. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12(4): 788-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0376-4] [PMID: 26271953]
[17]
Leweke FM, Piomelli D, Pahlisch F, et al. Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2(3)e94
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.15] [PMID: 22832859]
[18]
Mecha M, Feliú A, Iñigo PM, Mestre L, Carrillo-Salinas FJ, Guaza C. Cannabidiol provides long-lasting protection against the deleterious effects of inflammation in a viral model of multiple sclerosis: A role for A2A receptors. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 59: 141-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2013.06.016] [PMID: 23851307]
[19]
Devinsky O, Cilio MR, Cross H, et al. Cannabidiol: Pharmacology and potential therapeutic role in epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Epilepsia 2014; 55(6): 791-802.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/epi.12631] [PMID: 24854329]
[20]
Zuardi AW, Crippa JA, Hallak JE, et al. Cannabidiol for the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson’s disease. J Psychopharmacol (Oxford) 2009; 23(8): 979-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881108096519] [PMID: 18801821]
[21]
Zuardi AW. Cannabidiol: From an inactive cannabinoid to a drug with wide spectrum of action. Br J Psychiatry 2008; 30(3): 271-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462008000300015] [PMID: 18833429]
[22]
Pisanti S, Malfitano AM, Ciaglia E, et al. Cannabidiol: State of the art and new challenges for therapeutic applications. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 175: 133-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.041] [PMID: 28232276]
[23]
Hampson AJ, Grimaldi M, Lolic M, Wink D, Rosenthal R, Axelrod J. Neuroprotective antioxidants from marijuana. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 899(1): 274-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06193.x] [PMID: 10863546]
[24]
Fouad AA, Al-Mulhim AS, Jresat I. Cannabidiol treatment ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion renal injury in rats. Life Sci 2012; 91(7-8): 284-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2012.07.030] [PMID: 22877651]
[25]
Pan H, Mukhopadhyay P, Rajesh M, et al. Cannabidiol attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by decreasing oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation, and cell death. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 328(3): 708-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.108.147181] [PMID: 19074681]
[26]
Ruiz-Valdepeñas L, Martínez-Orgado JA, Benito C, Millán A, Tolón RM, Romero J. Cannabidiol reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced vascular changes and inflammation in the mouse brain: An intravital microscopy study. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8(1): 5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-8-5] [PMID: 21244691]
[27]
Costa B, Colleoni M, Conti S, et al. Oral anti-inflammatory activity of cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive constituent of cannabis, in acute carrageenan-induced inflammation in the rat paw. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2004; 369(3): 294-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00210-004-0871-3] [PMID: 14963641]
[28]
Burstein S. Cannabidiol (CBD) and its analogs: A review of their effects on inflammation. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23(7): 1377-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.059] [PMID: 25703248]
[29]
Booz GW. Cannabidiol as an emergent therapeutic strategy for lessening the impact of inflammation on oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51(5): 1054-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.01.007] [PMID: 21238581]
[30]
Yang L, Rozenfeld R, Wu D, Devi LA, Zhang Z, Cederbaum A. Cannabidiol protects liver from binge alcohol-induced steatosis by mechanisms including inhibition of oxidative stress and increase in autophagy. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 68: 260-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.12.026] [PMID: 24398069]
[31]
Esposito G, De Filippis D, Maiuri MC, De Stefano D, Carnuccio R, Iuvone T. Cannabidiol inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression and nitric oxide production in β-amyloid stimulated PC12 neurons through p38 MAP kinase and NF-kappaB involvement. Neurosci Lett 2006; 399(1-2): 91-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2006.01.047] [PMID: 16490313]
[32]
da Silva VK, de Freitas BS, Garcia RCL, et al. Antiapoptotic effects of cannabidiol in an experimental model of cognitive decline induced by brain iron overload. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8(1): 176.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41398-018-0232-5] [PMID: 30177808]
[33]
Giacoppo S, Soundara Rajan T, Galuppo M, et al. Purified Cannabidiol, the main non-psychotropic component of Cannabis sativa, alone, counteracts neuronal apoptosis in experimental multiple sclerosis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2015; 19(24): 4906-19.
[PMID: 26744883]
[34]
Hao E, Mukhopadhyay P, Cao Z, et al. Cannabidiol protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy by modulating mitochondrial function and biogenesis. Mol Med 2015; 21: 38-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2119/molmed.2014.00261] [PMID: 25569804]
[35]
Mukhopadhyay P, Rajesh M, Horváth B, et al. Cannabidiol protects against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating inflammatory signaling and response, oxidative/nitrative stress, and cell death. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50(10): 1368-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.02.021] [PMID: 21362471]
[36]
Reznik SE, Gardner EL, Ashby CR Jr. Cannabidiol: A potential treatment for post Ebola syndrome? Int J Infect Dis 2016; 52: 74-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2016.09.020] [PMID: 27686726]
[37]
Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev 2015; 4(1): 1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-1] [PMID: 25554246]
[38]
Lee WS, Erdelyi K, Matyas C, et al. Cannabidiol limits T cell-mediated chronic autoimmune myocarditis: Implications to autoimmune disorders and organ transplantation. Mol Med 2016; 22: 136-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2119/molmed.2016.00007] [PMID: 26772776]
[39]
Haghi-Aminjan H, Asghari MH, Farhood B, Rahimifard M, Hashemi Goradel N, Abdollahi M. The role of melatonin on chemotherapy-induced reproductive toxicity. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70(3): 291-306.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12855] [PMID: 29168173]
[40]
Arola OJ, Saraste A, Pulkki K, Kallajoki M, Parvinen M, Voipio-Pulkki L-M. Acute doxorubicin cardiotoxicity involves cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Cancer Res 2000; 60(7): 1789-92.
[PMID: 10766158]
[41]
Octavia Y, Tocchetti CG, Gabrielson KL, Janssens S, Crijns HJ, Moens AL. Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 52(6): 1213-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.03.006] [PMID: 22465037]
[42]
Haghi-Aminjan H, Farhood B, Rahimifard M, et al. The protective role of melatonin in chemotherapy-induced nephrotoxicity: A systematic review of non-clinical studies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14(9): 937-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2018.1513492] [PMID: 30118646]
[43]
Fouad AA, Albuali WH, Al-Mulhim AS, Jresat I. Cardioprotective effect of cannabidiol in rats exposed to doxorubicin toxicity. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 36(2): 347-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2013.04.018] [PMID: 23721741]
[44]
Rajesh M, Mukhopadhyay P, Bátkai S, et al. Cannabidiol attenuates cardiac dysfunction, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and inflammatory and cell death signaling pathways in diabetic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56(25): 2115-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/de.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.07.033] [PMID: 21144973]
[45]
Asbun J, Villarreal FJ. The pathogenesis of myocardial fibrosis in the setting of diabetic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47(4): 693-700.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.09.050] [PMID: 16487830]
[46]
Westermann D, Rutschow S, Jäger S, et al. Contributions of inflammation and cardiac matrix metalloproteinase activity to cardiac failure in diabetic cardiomyopathy: The role of angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonism. Diabetes 2007; 56(3): 641-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db06-1163] [PMID: 17327431]
[47]
Cai L, Wang Y, Zhou G, et al. Attenuation by metallothionein of early cardiac cell death via suppression of mitochondrial oxidative stress results in a prevention of diabetic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48(8): 1688-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.022] [PMID: 17045908]
[48]
Huikuri HV, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ. Sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmias. N Engl J Med 2001; 345(20): 1473-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra000650] [PMID: 11794197]
[49]
Bacaner M, Brietenbucher J, LaBree J. Prevention of ventricular fibrillation, acute myocardial infarction (myocardial necrosis), heart failure, and mortality by bretylium: Is ischemic heart disease primarily adrenergic cardiovascular disease? Am J Ther 2004; 11(5): 366-411.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mjt.0000126444.24163.81] [PMID: 15356432]
[50]
Walsh SK, Hepburn CY, Kane KA, Wainwright CL. Acute administration of cannabidiol in vivo suppresses ischaemia-induced cardiac arrhythmias and reduces infarct size when given at reperfusion. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160(5): 1234-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00755.x] [PMID: 20590615]
[51]
Gonca E, Darıcı F. The effect of cannabidiol on ischemia/reperfusion-induced ventricular arrhythmias: The role of adenosine A1 receptors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2015; 20(1): 76-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1074248414532013] [PMID: 24853683]
[52]
Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD. Universal definition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50(22): 2173-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.09.011] [PMID: 18036459]
[53]
Feng Y, Chen F, Yin T, et al. Pharmacologic effects of cannabidiol on acute reperfused myocardial infarction in rabbits: evaluated with 3.0T cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 66(4): 354-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0000000000000287] [PMID: 26065843]
[54]
Yellon DM, Baxter GF. Protecting the ischaemic and reperfused myocardium in acute myocardial infarction: Distant dream or near reality? Heart 2000; 83(4): 381-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heart.83.4.381] [PMID: 10722532]
[55]
Durst R, Danenberg H, Gallily R, et al. Cannabidiol, a nonpsychoactive Cannabis constituent, protects against myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293(6): H3602-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00098.2007] [PMID: 17890433]
[56]
Matsushima S, Sadoshima J. The role of sirtuins in cardiac disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309(9): H1375-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00053.2015] [PMID: 26232232]
[57]
Madamanchi NR, Vendrov A, Runge MS. Oxidative stress and vascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25(1): 29-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000150649.39934.13] [PMID: 15539615]
[58]
Rezaeyan A, Haddadi GH, Hosseinzadeh M, Moradi M, Najafi M. Radioprotective effects of hesperidin on oxidative damages and histopathological changes induced by X-irradiation in rats heart tissue. J Med Phys 2016; 41(3): 182-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0971-6203.189482] [PMID: 27651565]
[59]
Hampson AJ, Grimaldi M, Axelrod J, Wink D. Cannabidiol and (-)Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol are neuroprotective antioxidants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95(14): 8268-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.14.8268] [PMID: 9653176]
[60]
Bedard K, Krause K-H. The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: Physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2007; 87(1): 245-313.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00044.2005] [PMID: 17237347]
[61]
Lee CF, Qiao M, Schröder K, Zhao Q, Asmis R. Nox4 is a novel inducible source of reactive oxygen species in monocytes and macrophages and mediates OxLDL-induced macrophage death. Circ Res 2010; 106(9): 1489.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.215392] [PMID: 20360249]
[62]
Satoh M, Shimada A, Zhang B, Tohyama C. Renal toxicity caused by cisplatinum in glutathione-depleted metallothionein-null mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60(11): 1729-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(00)00478-0] [PMID: 11077056]
[63]
Rooney JP. The role of thiols, dithiols, nutritional factors and interacting ligands in the toxicology of mercury. Toxicology 2007; 234(3): 145-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2007.02.016] [PMID: 17408840]
[64]
Askari H, Rajani SF, Poorebrahim M, Haghi-Aminjan H, Raeis-Abdollahi E, Abdollahi M. A glance at the therapeutic potential of irisin against diseases involving inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis: An introductory review. Pharmacol Res 2018; 129: 44-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.012] [PMID: 29414191]
[65]
Haghi-Aminjan H, Asghari MH, Goharbari MH, Abdollahi M. A systematic review on potential mechanisms of minocycline in kidney diseases. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69(4): 602-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharep.2017.02.001] [PMID: 28500967]
[66]
Lee Y, Gustafsson ÅB. Role of apoptosis in cardiovascular disease. Apoptosis 2009; 14(4): 536-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10495-008-0302-x] [PMID: 19142731]
[67]
Liu J, Lin A. Role of JNK activation in apoptosis: A double-edged sword. Cell Res 2005; 15(1): 36-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.cr.7290262] [PMID: 15686625]
[68]
Song G, Ouyang G, Bao S. The activation of Akt/PKB signaling pathway and cell survival. J Cell Mol Med 2005; 9(1): 59-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2005.tb00337.x] [PMID: 15784165]
[69]
Kalivendi SV, Konorev EA, Cunningham S, et al. Doxorubicin activates nuclear factor of activated T-lymphocytes and Fas ligand transcription: Role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and calcium. Biochem J 2005; 389(Pt 2): 527-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BJ20050285] [PMID: 15799720]
[70]
Choudhary R, Mishra KP, Subramanyam C. Interrelations between oxidative stress and calcineurin in the attenuation of cardiac apoptosis by eugenol. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 283(1-2): 115-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11010-006-2386-3] [PMID: 16444593]
[71]
Altieri DC. The case for survivin as a regulator of microtubule dynamics and cell-death decisions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2006; 18(6): 609-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2006.08.015] [PMID: 16934447]
[72]
Ouhtit A, Matrougui K, Bengrine A, Koochekpour S, Zerfaoui M, Yousief Z. Survivin is not only a death encounter but also a survival protein for invading tumor cells. Front Biosci 2007; 12(1): 1260-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/2144] [PMID: 17127378]
[73]
McDaid JR, Loughery J, Dunne P, et al. MLH1 mediates PARP-dependent cell death in response to the methylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Br J Cancer 2009; 101(3): 441-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605186] [PMID: 19623177]
[74]
Vlantis K, Pasparakis M. Role of TNF in pathologies induced by nuclear factor κb deficiency. in, TNF Pathophysiology. In: Karger Publishers. 2010.
[75]
Rizvi M, Pathak D, Freedman JE, Chakrabarti S. CD40-CD40 ligand interactions in oxidative stress, inflammation and vascular disease. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14(12): 530-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2008.09.006] [PMID: 18977174]
[76]
Pashkow FJ. Oxidative stress and inflammation in heart disease: Do antioxidants have a role in treatment and/or prevention? Int J Inflamm 2011; 2011514623
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/514623] [PMID: 21860805]
[77]
Ribeiro A, Ferraz-de-Paula V, Pinheiro ML, et al. Cannabidiol, a non-psychotropic plant-derived cannabinoid, decreases inflammation in a murine model of acute lung injury: Role for the adenosine A(2A) receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 678(1-3): 78-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.12.043] [PMID: 22265864]
[78]
Hayakawa K, Mishima K, Nozako M, et al. Delayed treatment with cannabidiol has a cerebroprotective action via a cannabinoid receptor-independent myeloperoxidase-inhibiting mechanism. J Neurochem 2007; 102(5): 1488-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04565.x] [PMID: 17437545]
[79]
Currie S, Rainbow RD, Ewart MA, et al. IP(3)R-mediated Ca2+ release is modulated by anandamide in isolated cardiac nuclei. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 45(6): 804-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.07.005] [PMID: 18692061]
[80]
Al Kury LT, Voitychuk OI, Yang KHS, et al. Effects of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide on voltage-dependent sodium and calcium channels in rat ventricular myocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171(14): 3485-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.12734] [PMID: 24758718]
[81]
Giudice ED, Rinaldi L, Passarotto M, et al. Cannabidiol, unlike synthetic cannabinoids, triggers activation of RBL-2H3 mast cells. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 81(6): 1512-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1189/jlb.1206738] [PMID: 17339608]
[82]
Hajrasouliha AR, Tavakoli S, Ghasemi M, et al. Endogenous cannabinoids contribute to remote ischemic preconditioning via cannabinoid CB2 receptors in the rat heart. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 579(1-3): 246-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.09.034] [PMID: 17950273]
[83]
Ugdyzhekova DS, Bernatskaya NA, Stefano JB, Graier VF, Tam SW, Mekhoulam R. Endogenous cannabinoid anandamide increases heart resistance to arrhythmogenic effects of epinephrine: Role of CB(1) and CB(2) receptors. Bull Exp Biol Med 2001; 131(3): 251-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017651432193] [PMID: 11427912]
[84]
Andreka G, Vertesaljai M, Szantho G, et al. Remote ischaemic postconditioning protects the heart during acute myocardial infarction in pigs. Heart 2007; 93(6): 749-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2006.114504] [PMID: 17449499]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
32
3
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy