Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Analysis

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-4129
ISSN (Online): 1875-676X

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Simultaneous and Sensitive Determination of Amphetamine, Codeine and Morphine in Exhaled Breath Condensate, Using Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with On-line and Off-line Enhancing Methods

Author(s): Samin Hamidi*

Volume 16, Issue 7, 2020

Page: [872 - 879] Pages: 8

DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190219143049

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Abuse of drugs is associated with several medical, forensic, toxicology and social challenges. “Drugs of abuse” testing is therefore an important issue.

Objective: We propose a simple CE-based method for the quantification of amphetamine, codeine and morphine after direct injection of Exhaled Breath Condensate (EBC) by the aid of simple stacking mode and an off-line pre-concentration method.

Methods: Using graphene oxide adsorbents, amphetamine, codeine and morphine were extracted from EBC in order to eliminate the proteins and other interferences. In addition to off-line method, an online stacking mode was applied to improve the analytical signal obtained from the instrument.

Results: The validation parameters were experimented on the developed method based on the FDA guideline over concentration ranges of 12.5-100, 30-500 and 10-1250 ng/mL associated with amphetamine, codeine and morphine, respectively. Small volumes (around 100 μL) of EBC were collected using a lab-made setup and successfully analyzed using the proposed method where precisions and accuracies (within day and between days) were in accordance with the guideline (recommended less than 15 % for biological samples). The recovery tests were used to evaluate the matrix effect and data (94 to 105 %) showed that the proposed method can be applied in different EBC matrix samplings of subjects.

Conclusion: The proposed method is superior for simultaneous determination of amphetamine, codeine and morphine over chromatographic analyses because it is fast and consumes fewer chemicals, with no derivatization step.

Keywords: Drugs of abuse, capillary electrophoresis, graphene oxide, sensitivity, off-line pre-concentration, stacking

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Heal, D.J.; Smith, S.L.; Gosden, J.; Nutt, D.J. Amphetamine, past and present--a pharmacological and clinical perspective. J. Psychopharmacol. (oxford), 2013, 27(6), 479-496.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881113482532] [PMID: 23539642]
[2]
Stein, C. Peripheral mechanisms of opioid analgesia.Opioids II; Springer, 1993, pp. 91-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77540-6_4]
[3]
Williams, D.G.; Patel, A.; Howard, R.F. Pharmacogenetics of codeine metabolism in an urban population of children and its implications for analgesic reliability. Br. J. Anaesth., 2002, 89(6), 839-845.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aef284] [PMID: 12453926]
[4]
Davis, M.P. Opioids in cancer pain; Oxford University Press, 2009.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199236640.001.0001]
[5]
www. wada-ama. org/rtecontent/document/code_v2009_en. pdf (Accessed on: 31 January 2013), 2009.
[6]
Hamilton, G.R.; Baskett, T.F. In the arms of Morpheus the development of morphine for postoperative pain relief. Can. J. Anaesth., 2000, 47(4), 367-374.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03020955] [PMID: 10764185]
[7]
Levine, B.; Smialek, J.E. Considerations in the interpretation of urine analyses in suspected opiate intoxications. J. Forensic Sci., 1998, 43(2), 388-389.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/JFS16152J] [PMID: 9544548]
[8]
Tagliaro, F.; Franchi, D.; Dorizzi, R.; Marigo, M. Highperformance liquid chromatographic determination of morphine in biological samples: an overview of separation methods and detection techniques. J. Chromatogr. A, 1989, 488(1), 215-228.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(00)82947-3] [PMID: 2654160]
[9]
Somogyi, A.A.; Barratt, D.T.; Coller, J.K. Pharmacogenetics of opioids. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2007, 81(3), 429-444.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100095] [PMID: 17339873]
[10]
Scott, C.K.; Dennis, M.L.; Laudet, A.; Funk, R.R.; Simeone, R.S. Surviving drug addiction: the effect of treatment and abstinence on mortality. Am. J. Public Health, 2011, 101(4), 737-744.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2010.197038] [PMID: 21330586]
[11]
Hamidi, S.; Khoubnasabjafari, M.; Ansarin, K.; Jouyban-Gharamaleki, V.; Jouyban, A. Direct analysis of methadone in exhaled breath condensate by capillary zone electrophoresis. Curr. Pharm. Anal., 2016, 12(2), 137-145.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573412911666150911202647]
[12]
Hamidi, S.; Khoubnasabjafari, M.; Ansarin, K.; Jouyban-Gharamaleki, V.; Jouyban, A. Chiral separation of methadone in exhaled breath condensate using capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Methods, 2017, 9(15), 2342-2350.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C7AY00110J]
[13]
Hamidi, S.; Amini, M.; Khoubnasabjafari, M.; Jouyban-Gharamaleki, V.; Sate, H.; Jouyban, A. LC-MS/MS estimation of propranolol level in exhaled breath condensate. Pharm. Sci., 2017, 23, 264-270.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/PS.2017.39]
[14]
Hunt, J. Exhaled breath condensate: an evolving tool for noninvasive evaluation of lung disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2002, 110(1), 28-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mai.2002.124966] [PMID: 12110814]
[15]
Jouyban, A.; Hamidi, S. Dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction using carbon-based adsorbents for the sensitive determination of verapamil in plasma samples coupled with capillary electrophoresis. J. Sep. Sci., 2017, 40(16), 3318-3326.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201700385] [PMID: 28631422]
[16]
Hamidi, S.; Jouyban, A. Capillary electrophoresis with UV detection, on-line stacking and off-line dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for determination of verapamil enantiomers in plasma. Anal. Methods, 2015, 7(14), 5820-5829.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5AY00916B]
[17]
Hamidi, S.; Soltani, S.; Jouyban, A. A dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and chiral separation of carvedilol in human plasma using capillary electrophoresis. Bioanalysis, 2015, 7(9), 1107-1117.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio.15.51] [PMID: 26039808]
[18]
Hamidi, S.; Jouyban, A. Pre-concentration approaches combined with capillary electrophoresis in bioanalysis of chiral cardiovascular drugs. Pharm. Sci., 2015, 21(2), 229-243.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/PS.2015.42]
[19]
Liu, Y.; Deng, R.; Wang, Z.; Liu, H. Carboxyl-functionalized graphene oxide–polyaniline composite as a promising supercapacitor. material. J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22(27), 13619-13624.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2jm32479b]
[20]
DHHS, U.; FDA, C. Guidance for industry: bioanalytical method validation. US Department of Health and Human Services. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; (CDER),, 2015.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
25
2
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy