[1]
Dale HH. On some physiological actions of ergot. J Physiol 1906; 34(3): 163-206.
[2]
Alquist RP. A study of the adrenotropic receptors. Am J Physiol 1948; 153(3): 586-600.
[3]
Richardson DW, Kontos HA, Raper AJ, Patterson JL. Modification by beta-adrenergic blockade of the circulatory responses to acute hypoxia in man. J Clin Invest 1967; 46(1): 77-87.
[4]
Lands AM, Arnold A, McAuliff JP, Luduena FP, Brown TGJ. Differentiation of receptor systems activated by sympathomimetic amines. Nature 1967; 214(5088): 597-8.
[5]
Yarden Y, Rodriguez H, Wong SK, et al. The avian beta-adrenergic receptor: primary structure and membrane topology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83(18): 6795-9.
[6]
Dixon RA, Kobika BK, Strader DJ, et al. Cloning of the gene and cDNA for mammalian beta-adrenergic receptor homology with rhodopsin. Nature 1986; 321(6065): 75-9.
[7]
Emorine LJ, Marullo S, Briend-Sutren MM, et al. Molecular characterization of the human beta 3-adrenergic receptor. Science 1989; 245(4922): 1118-21.
[8]
Goldstein DS, Eisenhofer G, Kopin IJ. Sources and significance of plasma levels of catechols and their metabolites in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305(3): 800-11.
[9]
Galougahi KK, Liu CC, Bundgaard H, Rasmussen HH. Beta-adrenergic regulation of the cardiac Na+-K+ ATPase mediated by oxidative signaling. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2012; 22(4): 83-7.
[10]
Audigane L, Kerfant BG, El Harchi A, et al. Rabbit, a relevant model for the study of cardiac beta 3-adrenoceptors. Exp Physiol 2009; 94: 400-11.
[11]
Massion PB, Balligand JL. Modulation of cardiac contraction, relaxation and rate by the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS): Lessons from genetically modified mice. J Physiol 2003; 546: 63-75.
[12]
Cannavo A, Liccardo D, Koch WJ. Targeting cardiac beta-adrenergic signaling via GRK2 inhibition for heart failure therapy. Front Physiol 2013; 4: 264.
[13]
Najafi A, Sequeira V, Kuster DWD, Van der Velden J. Beta-adrenergic receptor signalling and its functional consequences in the diseased heart. Eur J Clin Invest 2016; 46(4): 362-74.
[14]
Post SR, Hammond HK, Insel PA. Beta-adrenergic receptors and receptor signaling in heart failure. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1999; 39: 343-60.
[15]
Kamp TJ, Hell JW. Regulation of cardiac L-type calcium channels by protein kinase A and protein kinase C. Circ Res 2000; 87: 1095-102.
[16]
Kushnir A, Marks AR. The ryanodine receptor in cardiac physiology and disease. Adv Pharmacol 2010; 59: 1-30.
[17]
Walker JS, Walker LA, Margulies K, Buttrick P, de Tombe P. Protein kinase A changes calcium sensitivity but not crossbridge kinetics in human cardiac myofibrils. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301(1): H138-46.
[18]
Koss KL, Kranias EG. Phospholamban: A prominent regulator of myocardial contractility. Circ Res 1996; 79(6): 1059-63.
[19]
Xiao RP, Cheng H, Zhou YY, Kuschel M, Lakatta EG. Recent advances in cardiac beta 2-adrenergic signal transduction. Circ Res 1999; 85: 1092-100.
[20]
Montezano AC, Nguyen Dinh Cat A, Rios FJ, Touyz RM. Angiotensin II and vascular injury. Curr Hypertens Rep 2014; 16(6): 431.
[21]
Johnson JA, Davis JO, Gotshall RW, et al. Evidence for an intrarenal beta receptor in control of renin release. Am J Physiol 1976; 230(2): 410-8.
[22]
Kaumann AJ, Hall JA, Murray KJ, Wells FC, Brown MJ. A comparison of the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline on human heart: the role of β1- and β2-adrenoceptors in the stimulation of adenylate cyclase and contractile force. Eur Heart J 1989; 10(Suppl. B): 29-37.
[23]
Berg T. Beta1-blockers lower norepinephrine release by inhibiting presynaptic, facilitating β1-adrenoceptors in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Front Neurol 2014; 5: 51.
[24]
Liggett SB. Molecular and genetic basis of beta 2-adrenergic receptor function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 104(2 Pt 2): S42-6.
[25]
Roberts SJ, Papaioannou M, Evans BA, Summers RJ. Characterization of beta-adrenoreceptor mediated smooth muscle relaxation and the detection of mRNA for beta 1-, beta 2- and beta 3-adrenoceptors in rat ileum. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 127(4): 949-61.
[26]
Peterson L, Ismond KP, Chapman E, Flood P. Potential benefits of therapeutic use of β2-adrenergic receptor agonists in neuroprotection and Parkinson’s disease. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014: 1037-80.
[27]
Skeberdis VA. Structure and function of beta 3-adrenergic receptors. Medicina (Kaunas) 2004; 40(5): 407-13.
[28]
Reiter MJ. Cardiovascular drug class: Beta-blockers. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2004; 47(1): 11-33.
[29]
Black JW, Stephenson JS. Pharmacology of a new adrenergic beta-receptor-blocking compound (Nethalide). Lancet 1962; 2(7251): 311-4.
[30]
Black JW, Crowther AF, Shanks RG, Smith LH, Dornhorst AC. A new adrenergic betareceptor antagonist. Lancet 1964; 1(7342): 1080-1.
[31]
Siebert CD, Hänsicke A, Nagel T. Stereochemical comparison of nebivolol with other beta-blockers. Chirality 2008; 20(2): 103-9.
[32]
Hansson L, Zweifer AJ. The effect of propranolol on plasma renin activity and blood pressure in mild essential hypertension. Acta Med Scand 1974; 195: 397-401.
[33]
MacLleod SM, Hamet P, Kapian H, et al. Antihypertensive efficacy of propranolol given twice daily. Can Med Assoc J 1979; 121(6): 737-40.
[34]
Chadda K, Goldstein S, Byington R, Curb JD. Effect of propranolol after acute myocardial infarction in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 1986; 73(3): 503-10.
[35]
Pine M, Favrot L, Smith S, McDonald K, Chidsey CA. Correlation of plasma propranolol concentration with therapeutic response in patients with angina pectoris. Circulation 1975; 52(5): 886-93.
[36]
Boskabady MH, Snashall PD. Bronchial responsiveness to beta-adrenergic stimulation and enhanced beta-blockade in asthma. Respirology 2000; 5: 111-8.
[37]
Lager I, Blohmé G, Smith U. Effect of cardioselective and non-selective beta-blockade on the hypoglycaemic response in insulin-dependent diabetics. Lancet 1979; 1(8114): 458-62.
[38]
Marsden CD, Foley TH, Owen DA, McAllister RG. Peripheral beta-adrenergic receptors concerned with tremor. Clin Sci 1967; 33(1): 53-65.
[39]
Kerr D, MacDonald IA, Heller SR, Tattersall RB. Beta-adrenoceptor blockade and hypoglycaemia. A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled comparison of metoprolol CR, atenolol and propranolol LA in normal subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 29(6): 685-93.
[40]
Dunlop D, Shanks RG. Selective blockade of adrenoceptive beta-receptors in the heart. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 1968; 32(1): 201-18.
[41]
Barrett AM, Carter J, Fitzgerald JD, Hull R, Le Count D. A new type of cardioselective adrenoceptive blocking drug. Br J Pharmacol 1973; 48(2): 340P.
[42]
Nobre F, da Silva CA, Coelho EB, Salgado HC, Fazan RJ. Antihypertensive agents have different ability to modulate arterial pressure and heart rate variability in 2K1C rats. Am J Hypertens 2006; 19(10): 1079-83.
[43]
Agarwal R, Sinha AD, Pappas MK, Abraham TN, Tegegne GG. Hypertension in hemodialysis patients treated with atenolol or lisinopril: A randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29(3): 672-81.
[44]
Tardif JC, Ford I, Tendera M, Bourassa MG, Fox K. INITIATIVE Investigators. Efficacy of ivabradine, a new selective l(f) inhibitor, compared with atenolol in patients with chronic stable angina. Eur Heart J 2005; 26(23): 2529-36.
[45]
Ablad B, Carlsson E, Ek L. Pharmacological studies of two new cardioselective adrenergic beta-receptor antagonists. Life Sci I 1973; 12(3): 107-19.
[46]
Ljung B, Ablad B, Drews L, Fellenius E, Kjellstedt A, Wallborg M. Anti-hypertensive effect of metoprolol in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Sci Mol Med Suppl 1976; 3: 443S-5S.
[47]
Sumbria M, Negi PC, Sahai AK, Kaundal PK. To compare the effect of Telmisartan with Metoprolol on arterial stiffness in hypertension: Prospective randomized parallel group trial. Indian Heart J 2014; 66(4): 415-21.
[48]
Cocco G, Chu D. The anti-ischemic effect of metoprolol in patients with chronic angina pectoris is gender-specific. Cardiology 2006; 106(3): 147-53.
[49]
No authors listed Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999; 353(9169): 2001-7.
[50]
Farmer JB, Kennedy I, Levy GP, Marshall RJ. Pharmacology of AH 5158; a drug which blocks both - and -adrenoceptors. Br J Pharmacol 1972; 45(4): 660-75.
[51]
Kennedy I, Levy GP. Combined alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug AH 5158: further studies on alpha adrenoceptor blockade in anaesthetized animals. Br J Pharmacol 1975; 53(4): 585-92.
[52]
Bartsch W, Sponer G, Strein K, Muller-Beckmann B. Von Mollendorff, Abshagen U. Pharmakologie und klinische Pharmakologie des neuen vasodilatierenden B-Rezeptoren-Blockers BM 14.190. Therapiewoche 1982; 32: 46.
[53]
Eggertsen R, Sivertsson R, Andren L, Hansson L. Hemodynamic effects of combined beta-adrenoceptor blockade and precapillary vasodilation in hypertension. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1985; 693: 115-20.
[54]
Sabellek WM, Schulte KL, Streitberg B, Gotzen R. Two-year follow-up of 24-hour indirect blood pressure monitoring: An open study. Drugs 1988; 36: 66-112.
[55]
Chen J, Huang C, Zhang B, Huang O, Chen J, Xu L. The effects of carvedilol on cardiac structural remodeling: The role of endogenous nitric oxide in the activity of carvedilol. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7(4): 1155-8.
[56]
Kaksi JC, Rodriguez-Plaza L, Brown J, Maseri A. Efficacy of carvedilol (BM 14.190), a new beta-blocking drug with vasodilating properties, in exercise-induced ischemia. Am J Cardiol 1985; 56(1): 35-40.
[57]
Kowalski J, Banach M, Barylski M, Irzmanski R, Pawlicki L. Carvedilol modifies antioxidant status of patients with stable angina. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2008; 13(2): 230-9.
[58]
Van der Does R, Hauf-Zachariou U, Pfarr E, et al. Comparison of safety and efficacy of carvedilol and metoprolol in stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83(5): 643-9.
[59]
Zepeda RJ, Castilo R, Rodrigo R, et al. Effect of carvedilol and nebivolol on oxidative stress-related parameters and endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 111(5): 309-16.
[60]
Le DE, Pascotto M, Leong-Poi H, Sari I, Micari A, Kaul S. Anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects of beta-blockers in a canine model of chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy: Comparison between carvedilol and metoprolol. Basic Res Cardiol 2013; 108(6): 384.
[61]
Jonsson G, Abdelnoor M, Seljeflot I, et al. The antioxidative effects of long-term treatment are more pronounced for carvedilol than for atenolol in post-myocardial infarction patients. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 49(1): 27-32.
[62]
Van de Water A, Janssens W, Van Neuten J, et al. Pharmacological and hemodynamic profile of nebivolol, a chemically novel, potent, and selective beta 1-adrenergic antagonist. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1988; 11(5): 552-63.
[63]
Fongemie J, Felix-Getzik E. A review of nebivolol pharmacology and clinical evidence. Drugs 2015; 75: 1349-71.
[64]
Weiss R, Weber M, Carr A, Sullivan W. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group study to assess the efficacy and safety of nebivolol, a novel beta-blocker, in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. J Clin Hypertens 2007; 9(9): 667-76.
[65]
Saunders E, Smith W, DeSalvo K, Sullivan W. The efficacy and tolerability of nebivolol in hypertensive African-American patients. J Clin Hypertens 2007; 9(11): 866-75.
[66]
Greathouse M. Nebivolol efficacy and safety in patients with stage I–II hypertension. Clin Cardiol 2010; 33(4): E20-7.
[67]
Zhang Z, Ding L, Jin Z, et al. Nebivolol protects against myocardial infarction injury via stimulation of beta 3-adrenergic receptors and nitric oxide signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9(5): e98179.
[68]
Ceron CS, Rizzi E, Guimarães DA, Martins-Oliveira A, Gerlach RF, Tanus-Santos JE. Nebivolol attenuates prooxidant and profibrotic mechanisms involving TGF-β and MMPs, and decreases vascular remodeling in renovascular hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65: 47-56.
[69]
Rizzi E, Guimarães DA, Ceron CS, et al. Beta1-Adrenergic blockers exert antioxidant effects, reduce matrix metalloproteinase activity, and improve renovascular hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73: 308-17.
[70]
Zhou X, Ma L, Habibi J, et al. Nebivolol improves diastolic dysfunction and myocardial remodeling through reductions in oxidative stress in the zucker obese rat. Hypertension 2010; 55(4): 880-8.
[71]
Vanhoutte PM, Gao Y. Beta blockers, nitric oxide, and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13: 265-73.
[72]
Doumas M, Tsakiris A, Douma S, et al. Beneficial effects of switching from betablockers to nebivolol on the erectile function of hypertensive patients. Asian J Androl 2006; 8(2): 177-82.
[73]
Brixius K, Middeke M, Lichtenthal A, Jahn E, Schwinger RH. Nitric oxide, erectile dysfunction and beta-blocker treatment (MR NOED study): Benefit of nebivolol versus metoprolol in hypertensive men. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 34(4): 327-31.
[74]
Weber MA, Schiffrin EL, White WB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community. A statement by the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens (Greenwich) 2014; 16(1): 14-26.
[75]
James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: Report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA 2014; 311(5): 507-20.
[76]
Lacourcière Y, Lefebvre J, Poirier L, Archambault F, Arnott W. A double-blind crossover comparison of nebivolol and lisinopril in the treatment of ambulatory hypertension. Am J Ther 1994; 1(1): 74-80.
[77]
Van Nueten L, Lacourcière Y, Vyssoulis G, et al. Nebivolol versus nifedipine in the treatment of essential hypertension: A double-blind, randomized, comparative trial. Am J Ther 1998; 5(4): 237-43.
[78]
Van Bortel L, Bulpitt C, Fici F. Quality of life and antihypertensive effect with nebivolol and losartan. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18(8): 1060-6.