In vivo Phenotyping Methods: Cytochrome P450 Probes with Emphasis on the Cocktail Approach

Title:In vivo Phenotyping Methods: Cytochrome P450 Probes with Emphasis on the Cocktail Approach

Volume: 23 Issue: 14

Author(s): Guillermo Alberto Keller*, María Laura Ferreirós Gago, Roberto Alejandro Diez and Guillermo Di Girolamo

Affiliation:

• Segunda Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 – Piso 16, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires,Argentina

Keywords: Pharmacogenomics, phenotype, cytochrome P450, genotype, probe, cocktail, polymorphism.

Abstract: Background: Differences in drug response among patients are common. Most major drugs are effective in only 25 to 60 percent of the patients, in part due to the CYP enzymes, whose activity vary up to 50-fold between individuals for some index metabolic reactions. Several factors affect CYP activity, among which genetic polymorphisms have been studied as the major cause for long time. Age, gender, disease states, and environmental influences such as smoking, concomitant drug treatment or exposure to environmental chemicals are also important.

Methods: This article reviews the available literature on multiple phenotypes assessment as an important tool to predict possible therapeutic failures or toxic reactions to conventional drug doses during patient evaluation.

Results: Probe drugs can be used in various combinations allowing for the in vivo assessment of multiple pathways of drug metabolism in a single experiment, configuring a new tool known as phenotyping "cocktails". There are several drug cocktails with different advantages and disadvantages. Most of them have sufficient clinical evidence and data validation to support their use in clinical setting as a surrogate for the risk of adverse reaction in the course of therapy, leading to a better balance between efficacy and safety.

Conclusion: Probes characteristics and metabolic ratio measurements are important in the evaluation of phenotyping cocktails as near-future applications.

Cite this article as:

Keller Alberto Guillermo*, Gago Laura Ferreirós María, Diez Alejandro Roberto and Di Girolamo Guillermo, In vivo Phenotyping Methods: Cytochrome P450 Probes with Emphasis on the Cocktail Approach, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2017; 23 (14) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170207100724

DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170207100724	Print ISSN 1381-6128
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 1873-4286