Abstract
The choice of layered phosphates and phosphonates of tetravalent metals, mainly Zr(IV), plays a key role in the success of liquid phase heterogeneous catalysis for the preparation of useful intermediates in organic synthesis. The preparation, the chemical and thermal stability, and the structural aspects of this emerging class of inorganic and inorgano-organic materials will be reviewed with the aim to clarify their potential in heterogeneous liquid phase catalysis. The possibility of modifying their surface area and porosity and the nature of active catalytic centres by means of ion exchange, intercalation and exfoliation reactions will be also presented. Furthermore, this review will discuss the numerous efforts dedicated to the development of new synthetic methods using acidic or basic Zr(IV) phosphates and phosphonates as valuable alternative solid catalysts compared to other classes of heterogeneous catalysts. The reported methods clearly demonstrated the importance of this type of catalysis, especially for the following features: easy handling, mild reaction conditions, solvent free conditions (in many cases), simple work-up and the recyclable nature of the catalysts. Herein, we present a review of these various types of solid catalysts and their characteristics and applications in organic synthesis.
Keywords: heterogeneous catalysis, liquid phase organic synthesis, zirconium phosphates, phosphonates
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Catalytic C-H bond activation as a tool for functionalization of heterocycles
The major topic is the functionalization of heterocycles through catalyzed C-H bond activation. The strategies based on C-H activation not only provide straightforward formation of C-C or C-X bonds but, more importantly, allow for the avoidance of pre-functionalization of one or two of the cross-coupling partners. The beneficial impact of ...read more
Related Books
Advances in Organic Synthesis
The Synthetic Methods, Structures, and Properties of the Ca-C σ Bond Organocalcium Containing Compounds
Advances in Organic Synthesis
Chemistry of Bipyrazoles: Synthesis and Applications
Advances in Organic Synthesis
Advanced Nanocatalysis for Organic Synthesis and Electroanalysis
Advances in Organic Synthesis
Advances in Organic Synthesis
6