摘要
这个综述主要侧重于人类金属中毒的一般机理。对其可能的及大体确定的作用机制进行讨论。金属按毒性效果分成四类,第一类由具芬顿反应(Fenton reaction)催化作用的金属元素组成,主要是铁和铜,这一类金属离子参与活性氧化剂的形成。第二类镍,镉和铬被认为是致癌剂。第三类是与神经毒性相关的铝,铅和锡。第四类的代表是具备普遍毒性的金属汞。芬顿反应是一个自然发生的反应,产生最具氧化活性的羟自由基,Fe2+ + He2O2 ↔ Fe3+ + OH- + OH• ,它能氧化大多数的生物分子,包括DNA、蛋白、脂质等。它的毒性存在于损伤分子,如破坏羟自由基的产生位点。铬的毒性主要依赖于其氧化态,最危险的是六价铬离子Cr6+,这是最强的无机致癌剂之一,Cr6+ 类化合物也是一种氧化剂,能损害其他核酸。无氧化还原活性的Al3+、 Cd2+或Hg2+能够干扰其它离子的生物活性,如占据生物分子的金属结合位点。所有这些方面将在本综述中讨论。
关键词: 金属毒性,芬顿反应,重金属
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title:General Aspects of Metal Toxicity
Volume: 21 Issue: 33
Author(s): H. Kozlowski, P. Kolkowska, J. Watly, K. Krzywoszynska and S. Potocki
Affiliation:
关键词: 金属毒性,芬顿反应,重金属
摘要: This review is focused on the general mechanisms of metal toxicity in humans. The possible and mainly confirmed mechanisms of their action are discussed. The metals are divided into four groups due to their toxic effects. First group comprises of metal ions acting as Fenton reaction catalyst mainly iron and copper. These types of metal ions participate in generation of the reactive oxygen species. Metals such as nickel, cadmium and chromium are considered as carcinogenic agents. Aluminum, lead and tin are involved in neurotoxicity. The representative of the last group is mercury, which may be considered as a generally toxic metal. Fenton reaction is a naturally occurring process producing most active oxygen species, hydroxyl radical:
Fe2+ + He2O2 ↔ Fe3+ + OH- + OH•
It is able to oxidize most of the biomolecules including DNA, proteins, lipids etc. The effect of toxicity depends on the damage of molecules i.e. production site of the hydroxyl radical. Chromium toxicity depends critically on its oxidation state. The most hazardous seems to be Cr6+ (chromates) which are one of the strongest inorganic carcinogenic agents. Cr6+ species act also as oxidative agents damaging among other nucleic acids. Redox inactive Al3+, Cd2+ or Hg2+ may interfere with biology of other metal ions e.g. by occupying metal binding sites in biomolecules. All these aspects will be discussed in the review.
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Cite this article as:
Kozlowski H., Kolkowska P., Watly J., Krzywoszynska K. and Potocki S., General Aspects of Metal Toxicity, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2014; 21 (33) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867321666140716093838
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867321666140716093838 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
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