Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2405-5204
ISSN (Online): 2405-5212

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Photoesterification of Waste Cooking Oil using ZnO Doped Empty Fruit Bunches Ash Heterogeneous Catalyst

Author(s): Norshahidatul Akmar Mohd Shohaimi*, Norshahiera Khairul Adnan and Siti Fadhilah Ibrahim

Volume 17, Issue 2, 2024

Published on: 04 March, 2024

Page: [119 - 133] Pages: 15

DOI: 10.2174/0124055204293369240221044511

Price: $65

Abstract

Introduction: Waste from the palm oil industry, such as empty fruit bunch ash (EFBA) and palm oil mill effluents (POME), is a type of biomass created during the production of palm oil and produced in vast quantities. Due to the massive amounts of empty fruit bunch ash produced because of the exponential rise in worldwide palm oil production, major plantations are having trouble disposing of them.

Aim: The purpose of this research is to study the effectiveness of the ZnO-EFBA catalyst under visible light irradiation for the photoesterification reaction and its physicochemical properties of the photocatalyst that will be determined using TGA, SEMEDX, XRD and BET.

Method: The biodiesel will be produced by using two steps which are photoesterification to reduce the FFA value in WCO and followed by transesterification to produce FAMEs. The photoesterification reactions were conducted using WCO under visible light irradiation. Various parameters were examined, including different reaction times of 1 to 4 hours, different methanol to oil molar ratios of 12:1, 14:1, 16:1, and 18:1, and different ZnO-EFBA catalyst loadings ranging from 0 wt.% to 8 wt.%. The obtained results demonstrated that each WCO sample has a different optimum condition in the photoesterification reaction. Moreover, it was observed that lower FFA values correlated with higher biodiesel conversion rates in the transesterification reaction with 79.06%, 77.72% and 73.33% for samples 1, 2 and 3, respectively.

Result: By using EFBA as a heterogeneous catalyst doped with ZnO in the manufacturing of biodiesel, it helps to reduce the waste that the palm oil industry creates, limiting the adverse effects on human health and environmental harm. Furthermore, biodiesel is a renewable, clean-burning alternative to petroleum fuel, which is domestically manufactured.

Conclusion: The use of biodiesel as a vehicle fuel boosts energy security, enhances the environment and air quality, and offers safety advantages.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Khan M, Farah H, Iqbal N, Noor T, Amjad MZB, Ejaz Bukhari SSA. TiO2 composite with graphitic carbon nitride as a photocatalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. RSC Advances 2021; 11(59): 37575-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D1RA07796A] [PMID: 35496397]
[2]
Bahadoran A, Ramakrishna S, Oryani B, Ahmed Al-Keridis L, Rashidi Nodeh H, Rezania S. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using heterogeneous nanocatalyst-based magnetic polyaniline decorated with cobalt oxide. Fuel 2022; 319: 123858.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123858]
[3]
Oloruntoba O, Hamza A. Photochemical and photocatalytic esterification of waste cooking oil under visible light irradiation using mechanochemically synthesized zno/silica. J facul food Eng 2019; XVIII(2): 89-96.
[4]
Corro G, Sánchez N, Pal U, Cebada S, Fierro JLG. Solar-irradiation driven biodiesel production using Cr/SiO2 photocatalyst exploiting cooperative interaction between Cr6+ and Cr3+ moieties. Appl Catal B 2017; 203: 43-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.10.005]
[5]
Elgharbawy AS, Sadik WA, Sadek OM, Kasaby MA. A review on biodiesel feedstocks and production technologies. J Chil Chem Soc 2021; 66(1): 5098-109.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072021000105098]
[6]
Widiyandari H, Ketut Umiati NA, Dwi Herdianti R. Synthesis and photocatalytic property of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) fine particle using flame spray pyrolysis method. J Phys Conf Ser 2018; 1025(1): 012004.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1025/1/012004]
[7]
Redjeki AS, Sukirno S, Slamet S. Simultaneous photocatalytic esterification and addition reaction of fatty acids in kemiri sunan (reutealis trisperma sp.) oil over CuO/TiO2 catalyst: A novel approach. Bull Chem React Eng Catal 2021; 16(4): 816-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.16.4.11690.816-830]
[8]
Guo M, Jiang W, Ding J, Lu J. Highly active and recyclable CuO/ZnO as photocatalyst for transesterification of waste cooking oil to biodiesel and the kinetics. Fuel 2022; 315: 123254.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123254]
[9]
Eldiehy KSH, Daimary N, Borah D, et al. Towards biodiesel sustainability: Waste sweet potato leaves as a green heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production using microalgal oil and waste cooking oil. Ind Crops Prod 2022; 187: 115467.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115467]
[10]
Bhansali KJ, Balinge KR, Raut SU, et al. Visible light assisted sulfonic acid-functionalized porphyrin comprising benzimidazolium moiety for photocatalytic transesterification of castor oil. Fuel 2021; 304: 121490.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121490]
[11]
Okechukwu OD, Joseph E, Nonso UC, Kenechi NO. Improving heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel production process. Cleaner Chemical Engineering 2022; 3: 100038.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clce.2022.100038]
[12]
Visa M, Duta A. TiO2/fly ash novel substrate for simultaneous removal of heavy metals and surfactants. Chem Eng J 2013; 223: 860-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.03.062]
[13]
Moharram AH, Mansour SA, Hussein MA, Rashad M. Direct precipitation and characterization of ZNO nanoparticles. J Nanomater 2014; 2014: 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/716210]
[14]
Okoye PU, Wang S, Xu L, Li S, Wang J, Zhang L. Promotional effect of calcination temperature on structural evolution, basicity, and activity of oil palm empty fruit bunch derived catalyst for glycerol carbonate synthesis. Energy Convers Manage 2019; 179: 192-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.10.013]
[15]
Ibrahim NA, Rashid U, Hazmi B, et al. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using magnetic bifunctional calcium and iron oxide nanocatalysts derived from empty fruit bunch. Fuel 2022; 317: 123525.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123525]
[16]
Li X, Xiong J, Tang Z, et al. Recent progress in metal oxide-based photocatalysts for co2 reduction to solar fuels: A review. Molecules 2023; 28(4): 1653.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041653] [PMID: 36838641]
[17]
Brahma S, Nath B, Basumatary B, et al. Biodiesel production from mixed oils: A sustainable approach towards industrial biofuel production. Chem Eng J Advan 2022; 10: 100284.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100284]
[18]
Seffati K, Honarvar B, Esmaeili H, Esfandiari N. Enhanced biodiesel production from chicken fat using CaO/CuFe2O4 nanocatalyst and its combination with diesel to improve fuel properties. Fuel 2019; 235: 1238-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.08.118]
[19]
Al-Sakkari EG, Abdeldayem OM, El-Sheltawy ST, et al. Esterification of high FFA content waste cooking oil through different techniques including the utilization of cement kiln dust as a heterogeneous catalyst: A comparative study. Fuel 2020; 279: 118519.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118519]
[20]
Pecha J, Šánek L, Fürst T, Kolomazník K. A kinetics study of the simultaneous methanolysis and hydrolysis of triglycerides. Chem Eng J 2016; 288: 680-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.12.033]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy