Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Drug Targets

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1389-4501
ISSN (Online): 1873-5592

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Current Insights into Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Clinical Strategies for Prevention and Treatment

Author(s): Rishabh Chaudhary, Janvi Khanna, Seema Bansal* and Nitin Bansal

Volume 25, Issue 4, 2024

Published on: 21 February, 2024

Page: [221 - 240] Pages: 20

DOI: 10.2174/0113894501280331240213063333

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a condition that is caused by medial nerve compression, resulting in symptoms such as numbness, tightness, or weakness in the hand.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to find out the genetic modulation, mechanism, available treatment, and recommendation for carpal tunnel syndrome at its specific stage.

Methods: Almost 200 papers were searched for this review article, and 145 articles were selected. The literature was collected from different sources like Google scholar, PubMed, a directory of open-access journals, and science.gov by using keywords, such as treatment, risk factors, recommendation, and clinical features of carpal tunnel syndrome.

Results: The most efficient non-surgical treatment is methylprednisolone acetate, which reduces inflammation by acting on the glucocorticoid receptor in conjunction with immunofilling. It has also been used successfully as a second-line drug for the treatment of patients with mild or moderate conditions in order to provide relief. New non-pharmacological options include laser therapy in acupuncture, transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS), and sham therapy. Modern treatments like TENS, laser therapy, splints, and injections of methylprednisolone acetate have been demonstrated to be helpful in sporadic situations. For patients with mild and moderate problems, more research should be conducted that includes the combination of these surgical and non-surgical treatments.

Conclusion: We propose a multifunctional panel construct and define standard data items for future research into carpal tunnel syndrome. A discussion on idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome, risk factors, combination of therapies, using guidelines-based recommendations and treatment should be initiated.

Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Skuladottir AT, Bjornsdottir G, Ferkingstad E, et al. A genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 50 genetic loci associated with carpal tunnel syndrome. Nat Commun 2022; 13(1): 1598.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29133-7] [PMID: 35332129]
[2]
Hung CY, Lam KHS, Wu YT. Dynamic ultrasound for carpal tunnel syndrome caused by squeezed median nerve between the flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum tendons. Pain Med 2022; 23(7): 1343-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnab316] [PMID: 34677615]
[3]
Pelosi L, Arányi Z, Beekman R, et al. Expert consensus on the combined investigation of carpal tunnel syndrome with electrodiagnostic tests and neuromuscular ultrasound. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 135: 107-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2021.12.012] [PMID: 35074720]
[4]
De Krom MCTFM, Knipschild PG, Kester ADM, Thijs CT, Boekkooi PF, Spaans F. Carpal tunnel syndrome: Prevalence in the general population. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45(4): 373-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(92)90038-O] [PMID: 1569433]
[5]
Sung JH, Kwon YJ, Baek SH, Son MH, Lee JH, Kim BJ. Utility of shear wave elastography and high-definition color for diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 135: 179-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2021.10.020] [PMID: 34963555]
[6]
Ratasvuori M, Sormaala M, Kinnunen A, Lindfors N. Ultrasonography for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: Correlation of clinical symptoms, cross-sectional areas and electroneuromyography. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2022; 47(4): 369-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17531934211059808] [PMID: 34812067]
[7]
Lai CY, Li TY, Lam KHS, et al. The long-term analgesic effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma injection for carpal tunnel syndrome: A cross-sectional cohort study. Pain Med 2022; 23(7): 1249-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnac011] [PMID: 35043941]
[8]
Wiberg A, Smillie RW, Dupré S, Schmid AB, Bennett DL, Furniss D. Replication of epidemiological associations of carpal tunnel syndrome in a UK population-based cohort of over 400,000 people. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2022; 75(3): 1034-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2021.11.025] [PMID: 34916160]
[9]
Stonsaovapak C, Nimithpornchai S, Kimura J, Piravej K. Physiological localization by sensory and motor inching studies and structural abnormalities detected by ultrasonographic changes in carpal tunnel syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 103(3): 494-504. e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2021.08.001] [PMID: 34391731]
[10]
Daliri B O M, Azhari A, Khaki S, Khaniki HS, Moradi A. Which psychological and electrodiagnostic factors are associated with limb disability in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2022; 480(5): 960-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CORR.0000000000002057] [PMID: 34855692]
[11]
Cooke R, Lawson I, Gillibrand S, Cooke A. Carpal tunnel syndrome and Raynaud’s phenomenon: A narrative review. Occup Med 2022; 72(3): 170-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqab158] [PMID: 35064670]
[12]
Matsuki H, Nakatsuchi Y, Momose T. Opponensplasty using the extensor indicis proprius tendon for severe carpal tunnel syndrome in 40 patients. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2022; 47(4): 353-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17531934211045957] [PMID: 34670436]
[13]
Tang HC, Cheng YY, Guo HR. Association between hormone replacement therapy and carpal tunnel syndrome: A nationwide population-based study. BMJ Open 2022; 12(1): e055139.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055139] [PMID: 34983770]
[14]
Öten E, Uğur L. 3D volumetric evaluation of the diagnosis and severity of carpal tunnel syndrome using MRI. J Clin Neurosci 2022; 97: 82-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2022.01.007] [PMID: 35066363]
[15]
Yang C, Chen HH, Lee MC, et al. Risk factors of carpal tunnel syndrome in Taiwan: A population-based cohort study. Ann Plast Surg 2022; 88(1): 74-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000002950] [PMID: 34270471]
[16]
Núñez de Arenas-Arroyo S, Cavero-Redondo I, Torres-Costoso A, Reina-Gutiérrez S, Guzmán-Pavón MJ, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. Accuracy of the most common provocation tests for diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome: A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2022; 52(8): 522-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2022.10828] [PMID: 35722757]
[17]
Vihlborg P, Pettersson H, Makdoumi K, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome and hand-arm vibration. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64(3): 197-201.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000002451] [PMID: 34873137]
[18]
Kluge S, Langer M, Schelle T. Sonographic diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Hand Clin 2022; 38(1): 35-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hcl.2021.08.003] [PMID: 34802607]
[19]
Billig JI, Sears ED. Utilization of diagnostic testing for carpal tunnel syndrome: A survey of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand. J Hand Surg Am 2022; 47(1): 11-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.09.037] [PMID: 34991798]
[20]
Lin TY, Chang KV, Wu WT, Özçakar L. Ultrasonography for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: An umbrella review. J Neurol 2022; 269(9): 4663-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-022-11201-z] [PMID: 35639198]
[21]
Zimmerman M, Gottsäter A, Dahlin LB. Carpal tunnel syndrome and diabetes—a comprehensive review. J Clin Med 2022; 11(6): 1674.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11061674] [PMID: 35329999]
[22]
Xie Y, Zhang C, Liang B, et al. Effects of shock wave therapy in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Disabil Rehabil 2022; 44(2): 177-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2020.1762769] [PMID: 32419508]
[23]
Oguntona DAS, Jose DRMC, Hussein DM. Clinical and neurophysiological characteristics of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome presenting at the tertiary rheumatology out-patient clinic. Saudi Med J 2022; 7(3): 135-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjm.2022.v07i03.003]
[24]
Grandizio LC, Barreto Rocha DF, Foster BK, Udoeyo IF. Evaluation of a comprehensive telemedicine pathway for carpal tunnel syndrome: A comparison of virtual and in-person assessments. J Hand Surg Am 2022; 47(2): 111-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.08.024] [PMID: 34756618]
[25]
Lam KHS, Lai WW, Ngai HY, Wu WKR, Wu Y-T. Comment on the safety of the ultrasound-guided hydrodissection technique for carpal tunnel syndrome. J Ultrasound 2023; 26(1): 285-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40477-022-00664-5] [PMID: 35171496]
[26]
Neo EJR, Shan NT, Tay SS. Hydrodissection for carpal tunnel syndrome: A systematic review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 101(6): 530-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000001846] [PMID: 34261895]
[27]
Lei L, Yin S, Meng F, et al. The top 50 most cited articles in carpal tunnel syndrome research. Medicine 2022; 101(1): e28012.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000028012] [PMID: 35029871]
[28]
Ijaz M J, Karimi H, Ahmad A, Gillani S A, Anwar N, Chaudhary M A. Comparative efficacy of routine physical therapy with and without neuromobilization in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome. Biomed Res Int 2022; 2022: 2155765.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2155765]
[29]
Chao TC, Reeves KD, Lam KHS, Li TY, Wu YT. The effectiveness of hydrodissection with 5% dextrose for persistent and recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome: A retrospective study. J Clin Med 2022; 11(13): 3705.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11133705] [PMID: 35806998]
[30]
Tonga F, Bahadir S. The factors associated with carpal tunnel syndrome severity. Turk Neurosurg 2022; 32(3): 392-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.34519-21.2] [PMID: 34859834]
[31]
Nora DB, Becker J, Ehlers JA, Gomes I. Clinical features of 1039 patients with neurophysiological diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2004; 107(1): 64-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2004.08.003] [PMID: 15567555]
[32]
Meyers A, Annunziata MJ, Rampazzo A, Gharb BB. A systematic review of the outcomes of carpal ligament release in severe carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg Am 2023; 48(4): 408.e1-408.e18.
[PMID: 35058091]
[33]
Zhang X, Liu H. Letter to the Editor concerning “The effectiveness of manual therapy on pain, physical function, and nerve conduction studies in carpal tunnel syndrome patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. Int Orthop 2022; 46(6): 1433-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00264-022-05386-1] [PMID: 35347373]
[34]
Bernstein DN, Kurucan E, Fear K, Hammert WC. Evaluating the impact of patient social deprivation on the level of symptom severity at carpal tunnel syndrome presentation. Hand 2022; 17(2): 339-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558944720928487] [PMID: 32511021]
[35]
Smerilli G, Di Matteo A, Cipolletta E, et al. Ultrasound assessment of carpal tunnel in rheumatoid arthritis and idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 40(3): 1085-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-020-05293-z] [PMID: 32696282]
[36]
Geminiani G, Bottini G. Mental representation and temporary recovery from unilateral neglect after vestibular stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55(4): 332-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.55.4.332-a] [PMID: 1583527]
[37]
Fagenholz PJ, Gutman JA, Murray AF, Noble VE, Thomas SH, Harris NS. Chest ultrasonography for the diagnosis and monitoring of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Chest 2007; 131(4): 1013-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.06-1864] [PMID: 17426204]
[38]
Bin-Jaliah IM, Shariff MEA, Nayar PS, Chandramoorthy HC. Elevated basal cytosolic calcium of endothelial cells influences the post-surgical outcome in diabetic CTS. Physiol Int 2016; 103(4): 469-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2060.103.2016.4.1] [PMID: 28229630]
[39]
Han SE, Lin CSY, Boland RA, Kiernan MC. Nerve compression, membrane excitability, and symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve 2011; 44(3): 402-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.22078] [PMID: 21996801]
[40]
Atroshi I, Gummesson C, Johnsson R, Sprinchorn A. Symptoms, disability, and quality of life in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg Am 1999; 24(2): 398-404.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0363-5023(99)70014-6] [PMID: 10194028]
[41]
Giannini F. Quantitative assessment of historical and objective findings: A New clinical severity scale of CTS.Carpal tunnel syndrome. Springer 2007; pp. 82-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49008-1_11]
[42]
Kaplan Y, Kurt SG, Karaer H. Carpal tunnel syndrome in postmenopausal women. J Neurol Sci 2008; 270(1-2): 77-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2008.02.003] [PMID: 18325536]
[43]
Nakamichi KI, Tachibana S. Ultrasonographic measurement of median nerve cross-sectional area in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome: Diagnostic accuracy. Muscle Nerve 2002; 26(6): 798-803.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.10276] [PMID: 12451604]
[44]
Klauser AS, Halpern EJ, De Zordo T, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome assessment with US: Value of additional cross-sectional area measurements of the median nerve in patients versus healthy volunteers. Radiology 2009; 250(1): 171-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2501080397] [PMID: 19037017]
[45]
Cannon LJ, Bernacki EJ, Walter SD. Personal and occupational factors associated with carpal tunnel syndrome. J Occup Med 1981; 23(4): 255-8.
[PMID: 7218063]
[46]
Silverstein BA, Fine LJ, Armstrong TJ. Occupational factors and carpal tunnel syndrome. Am J Ind Med 1987; 11(3): 343-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.4700110310] [PMID: 3578290]
[47]
Palmer KT. Carpal tunnel syndrome: The role of occupational factors. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2011; 25(1): 15-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2011.01.014] [PMID: 21663847]
[48]
Bongers FJ, Schellevis FG, van den Bosch WJ, van der Zee J. Carpal tunnel syndrome in general practice (1987 and 2001): Incidence and the role of occupational and non-occupational factors. Br J Gen Pract 2007; 57(534): 36-9.
[PMID: 17244422]
[49]
Saint-Lary O, Rébois A, Mediouni Z, Descatha A. Carpal tunnel syndrome: Primary care and occupational factors. Front Med 2015; 2: 28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2015.00028] [PMID: 26000277]
[50]
Fan ZJ, Harris-Adamson C, Gerr F, et al. Associations between workplace factors and carpal tunnel syndrome: A multi-site cross sectional study. Am J Ind Med 2015; 58(5): 509-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22443] [PMID: 25778111]
[51]
Andréu JL, Otón T, Silva-Fernández L, Sanz J. Hand pain other than carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS): The role of occupational factors. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2011; 25(1): 31-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2010.12.001] [PMID: 21663848]
[52]
Maghsoudipour M, Moghimi S, Dehghaan F, Rahimpanah A. Association of occupational and non-occupational risk factors with the prevalence of work related carpal tunnel syndrome. J Occup Rehabil 2008; 18(2): 152-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10926-008-9125-4] [PMID: 18418702]
[53]
Geoghegan JM, Clark DI, Bainbridge LC, Smith C, Hubbard R. Risk factors in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg 2004; 29(4): 315-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JHSB.2004.02.009] [PMID: 15234492]
[54]
Spahn G, Wollny J, Hartmann B, Schiele R, Hofmann GO. [Metaanalysis for the evaluation of risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) Part II. Occupational risk factors]. Z Orthop Unfall 2012; 150(5): 516-24.
[PMID: 23076750]
[55]
Nordstrom DL, Vierkant RA, DeStefano F, Layde PM. Risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome in a general population. Occup Environ Med 1997; 54(10): 734-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.54.10.734] [PMID: 9404321]
[56]
Solomon DH, Katz JN, Bohn R, Mogun H, Avorn J. Nonoccupational risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome. J Gen Intern Med 1999; 14(5): 310-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.1999.00340.x] [PMID: 10337041]
[57]
Spahn G, Wollny J, Hartmann B, Schiele R, Hofmann GO. [Metaanalysis for the evaluation of risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) Part I. General factors]. Z Orthop Unfall 2012; 150(5): 503-15.
[PMID: 23076749]
[58]
Raman SR, Al-Halabi B, Hamdan E, Landry MD. Prevalence and risk factors associated with self-reported carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) among office workers in Kuwait. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5(1): 289.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-289] [PMID: 22695029]
[59]
Aboonq M S. Pathophysiology of carpal tunnel syndrome. J Neurosci 2015; 20(1): 04-9.
[60]
Maghsoudipour M, Hosseini F, Coh P, Garib S. Evaluation of occupational and non-occupational risk factors associated with carpal tunnel syndrome in dentists. Work 2021; 69(1): 181-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/WOR-213467] [PMID: 33998581]
[61]
Rhee SY, Cho HE, Kim JH, Kim HS. Incidence and reappraisal of known risk factors associated with carpal tunnel syndrome: A nationwide, 11-year, population-based study in South Korea. J Clin Neurol 2021; 17(4): 524-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2021.17.4.524] [PMID: 34595860]
[62]
Ferry S, Hannaford P, Warskyj M, Lewis M, Croft P. Carpal tunnel syndrome: A nested case-control study of risk factors in women. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151(6): 566-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010244] [PMID: 10733038]
[63]
Lalumandier JA, McPhee SD. Prevalence and risk factors of hand problems and carpal tunnel syndrome among dental hygienists. J Dent Hyg 2001; 75(2): 130-4.
[PMID: 11475758]
[64]
Nakamichi K, Tachibana S. Restricted motion of the median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg 1995; 20(4): 460-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0266-7681(05)80153-6] [PMID: 7594983]
[65]
Kim PT, Lee HJ, Kim TG, Jeon IH. Current approaches for carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Orthop Surg 2014; 6(3): 253-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4055/cios.2014.6.3.253] [PMID: 25177448]
[66]
Werthel JD, Zhao C, An KN, Amadio P. Carpal tunnel syndrome pathophysiology: Role of subsynovial connective tissue. J Wrist Surg 2014; 3(4): 220-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1394133] [PMID: 25364632]
[67]
Uchiyama S, Itsubo T, Nakamura K, Kato H, Yasutomi T, Momose T. Current concepts of carpal tunnel syndrome: Pathophysiology, treatment, and evaluation. J Orthop Sci 2010; 15(1): 1-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00776-009-1416-x] [PMID: 20151245]
[68]
Freilich AM, Chhabra AB. Diagnosis and pathophysiology of carpal tunnel syndrome. Curr Opin Orthop 2007; 18(4): 347-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BCO.0b013e3281fbd418]
[69]
Keese GR, Wongworawat MD, Frykman G. The clinical significance of the palmaris longus tendon in the pathophysiology of carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg [Br] 2006; 31(6): 657-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JHSB.2006.07.015] [PMID: 16979803]
[70]
Weiss ND, Gordon L, Bloom T, So Y, Rempel DM. Position of the wrist associated with the lowest carpal-tunnel pressure. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995; 77(11): 1695-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199511000-00008] [PMID: 7593079]
[71]
Sud V, Freeland AE. Biochemistry of carpal tunnel syndrome. Microsurgery 2005; 25(1): 44-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/micr.20071] [PMID: 15481038]
[72]
Szabo RM, Gelberman RH. The pathophysiology of nerve entrapment syndromes. J Hand Surg Am 1987; 12(5): 880-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0363-5023(87)80254-X] [PMID: 3655264]
[73]
Nakamichi K, Tachibana S. Histology of the transverse carpal ligament and flexor tenosynovium in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg Am 1998; 23(6): 1015-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0363-5023(98)80009-9] [PMID: 9848552]
[74]
Cappelen-Smith C, Lin CSY, Burke D. Activity-dependent hyperpolarization and impulse conduction in motor axons in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Brain 2003; 126(4): 1001-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awg087] [PMID: 12615655]
[75]
Leit ME, Weiser RW, Tomaino MM. Patient-reported outcome after carpal tunnel release for advanced disease: A prospective and longitudinal assessment in patients older than age 70. J Hand Surg Am 2004; 29(3): 379-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2004.02.003] [PMID: 15140475]
[76]
Oh YM, Ma TZ, Kwak YG, Eun JP. Proteomic evaluation to identify biomarkers for carpal tunnel syndrome: A comparative serum analysis. Connect Tissue Res 2013; 54(1): 76-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03008207.2012.746320] [PMID: 23186247]
[77]
Kumar P, Chakrabarti I. Idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome and trigger finger: Is there an association? J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2009; 34(1): 58-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193408096015] [PMID: 18936127]
[78]
Slater RR Jr. Carpal tunnel syndrome: Current concepts. J South Orthop Assoc 1999; 8(3): 203-13.
[PMID: 12132866]
[79]
Wahab KW, Sanya EO, Adebayo PB, Babalola MO, Ibraheem HG. Carpal tunnel syndrome and other entrapment neuropathies. Oman Med J 2017; 32(6): 449-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5001/omj.2017.87] [PMID: 29218119]
[80]
Graham RG, Hudson DA, Solomons M, Singer M. A prospective study to assess the outcome of steroid injections and wrist splinting for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004; 113(2): 550-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.PRS.0000101055.76543.C7] [PMID: 14758217]
[81]
Piazzini DB, Aprile I, Ferrara PE, et al. A systematic review of conservative treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Rehabil 2007; 21(4): 299-314.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215507077294] [PMID: 17613571]
[82]
Viera AJ. Management of carpal tunnel syndrome. Am Fam Physician 2003; 68(2): 265-72.
[PMID: 12892346]
[83]
Wang PH, Tsai CL, Lee JS, Wu KC, Cheng KI, Jou IM. Effects of topical corticosteroids on the sciatic nerve: an experimental study to adduce the safety in treating carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2011; 36(3): 236-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193410390760] [PMID: 21282223]
[84]
Keith MW, Masear V, Amadio PC, et al. Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2009; 17(6): 397-405.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5435/00124635-200906000-00008] [PMID: 19474449]
[85]
Gerritsen AAM, de Krom MCTFM, Struijs MA, Scholten RJPM, de Vet HCW, Bouter LM. Conservative treatment options for carpal tunnel syndrome: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. J Neurol 2002; 249(3): 272-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150200004] [PMID: 11993525]
[86]
Bland JDP. Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve 2007; 36(2): 167-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.20802] [PMID: 17534984]
[87]
Beredjiklian PK, Bozentka DJ, Steinberg DR, Bernstein J. Evaluating the source and content of orthopaedic information on the Internet. The case of carpal tunnel syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2000; 82(11): 1540-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200011000-00004] [PMID: 11097441]
[88]
Burke FD, Ellis J, McKenna H, Bradley MJ. Primary care management of carpal tunnel syndrome. Postgrad Med J 2003; 79(934): 433-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pmj.79.934.433] [PMID: 12954952]
[89]
Ono S, Clapham PJ, Chung KC. Optimal management of carpal tunnel syndrome. Int J Gen Med 2010; 3: 255-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ijgm.s7682] [PMID: 20830201]
[90]
Yunoki M, Kanda T, Suzuki K, Uneda A, Hirashita K, Yoshino K. Importance of recognizing carpal tunnel syndrome for neurosurgeons: A review. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2017; 57(4): 172-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2176/nmc.ra.2016-0225] [PMID: 28154344]
[91]
Scholten RJ, van der Molen AM, Uitdehaag BM, Bouter LM, de Vet HC. Surgical treatment options for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 2007(4): CD003905.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003905.pub3] [PMID: 17943805]
[92]
Gerritsen AAM, de Vet HCW, Scholten RJPM, Bertelsmann FW, de Krom MCTFM, Bouter LM. Splinting vs surgery in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288(10): 1245-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.10.1245] [PMID: 12215131]
[93]
Shi Q, MacDermid JC. Is surgical intervention more effective than non-surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome? a systematic review. J Orthop Surg Res 2011; 6(1): 17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1749-799X-6-17] [PMID: 21477381]
[94]
Lecoq B, Hanouz N, Vielpeau C, Marcelli C. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome: A cadaver study. Joint Bone Spine 2011; 78(5): 516-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2010.12.006] [PMID: 21276741]
[95]
Verdugo RJ, Salinas RA, Castillo JL, Cea G. Surgical versus non-surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 2003(3): CD001552.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001552] [PMID: 12917909]
[96]
Edgell SE, McCabe SJ, Breidenbach WC, LaJoie AS, Abell TD. Predicting the outcome of carpal tunnel release. J Hand Surg Am 2003; 28(2): 255-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jhsu.2003.50031] [PMID: 12671857]
[97]
Bilasy A, Facca S, Gouzou S, Liverneaux PA. Canaletto implant in revision surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome: 21 case series. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2012; 37(7): 682-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193411431051] [PMID: 22178750]
[98]
Jakab E, Ganos D, Cook FW. Transverse carpal ligament reconstruction in surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome: A new technique. J Hand Surg Am 1991; 16(2): 202-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0363-5023(10)80097-8] [PMID: 2022826]
[99]
Porcari A, Pagura L, Longo F, et al. Prognostic significance of unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy in patients undergoing carpal tunnel surgery. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 9(1): 751-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.13606] [PMID: 34755478]
[100]
Liew BXW, de-la-Llave-Rincón AI, Scutari M, et al. Do short-term effects predict long-term improvements in women who receive manual therapy or surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome? a bayesian network analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther 2022; 102(4): pzac015.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzac015] [PMID: 35194646]
[101]
Schäfer L, Maffulli N, Baroncini A, Eschweiler J, Hildebrand F, Migliorini F. Local corticosteroid injections versus surgical carpal tunnel release for carpal tunnel syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Life 2022; 12(4): 533.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12040533] [PMID: 35455023]
[102]
Pripotnev S, Mackinnon SE. Revision of carpal tunnel surgery. J Clin Med 2022; 11(5): 1386.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11051386] [PMID: 35268477]
[103]
Jansen MC, Duraku LS, Hundepool CA, et al. Management of recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hand Surg Am 2022; 47(4): 388.e1-388.e19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.05.007] [PMID: 34353640]
[104]
Billig JI, Sears ED. Nonsurgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: A survey of hand surgeons. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2022; 10(4): e4189.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000004189] [PMID: 35450266]
[105]
Sevim S, Dogu O, Çamdeviren H, et al. Long-term effectiveness of steroid injections and splinting in mild and moderate carpal tunnel syndrome. Neurol Sci 2004; 25(2): 48-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-004-0229-0] [PMID: 15221621]
[106]
Agarwal V, Singh R, Sachdev A, Wiclaff , Shekhar S, Goel D. A prospective study of the long-term efficacy of local methyl prednisolone acetate injection in the management of mild carpal tunnel syndrome. Rheumatology 2005; 44(5): 647-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keh571] [PMID: 15743755]
[107]
Jensen MP, Gammaitoni AR, Olaleye DO, Oleka N, Nalamachu SR, Galer BS. The pain quality assessment scale: Assessment of pain quality in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Pain 2006; 7(11): 823-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2006.04.003] [PMID: 17074624]
[108]
Öztürk Durmaz H, Tuncay F, Durmaz H, Erdem HR. Comparison of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy and local corticosteroid injection effectiveness in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 101(7): 685-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000001891] [PMID: 35706121]
[109]
Hui ACF, Wong S, Leung CH, et al. A randomized controlled trial of surgery vs steroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome. Neurology 2005; 64(12): 2074-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000169017.79374.93] [PMID: 15985575]
[110]
Karadaş Ö, Tok F, Ulaş ÜH, Odabaşi Z. The effectiveness of triamcinolone acetonide vs. procaine hydrochloride injection in the management of carpal tunnel syndrome: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2011; 90(4): 287-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e31820639ec] [PMID: 21273900]
[111]
Stephens MB, Beutler AI, O’Connor FG. Musculoskeletal injections: A review of the evidence. Am Fam Physician 2008; 78(8): 971-6.
[PMID: 18953975]
[112]
Freire V, Bureau NJ. Injectable corticosteroids: Take precautions and use caution. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2016; 20(5): 401-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1594286] [PMID: 28002861]
[113]
Mardani-Kivi M, Karimi Mobarakeh M, Bahrami F, Hashemi-Motlagh K, Saheb-Ekhtiari K, Akhoondzadeh N. Corticosteroid injection with or without thumb spica cast for de Quervain tenosynovitis. J Hand Surg Am 2014; 39(1): 37-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.10.013] [PMID: 24315492]
[114]
Kothari MJ. Carpal tunnel syndrome: Treatment and prognosis. 2018. Available from: https://www. uptodate. com/contents/carpal-tunnel-syndrome-treatment--and-prognosis
[115]
Beck JD, Brothers JG, Maloney PJ, Deegan JH, Tang X, Klena JC. Predicting the outcome of revision carpal tunnel release. J Hand Surg Am 2012; 37(2): 282-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.10.040] [PMID: 22189187]
[116]
Chang KV, Wu WT, Özçakar L. Ultrasound imaging and guidance in peripheral nerve entrapment: hydrodissection highlighted. Pain Manag (Lond) 2020; 10(2): 97-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pmt-2019-0056] [PMID: 32162601]
[117]
Tallia AF, Cardone DA. Diagnostic and therapeutic injection of the ankle and foot. Am Fam Physician 2003; 68(7): 1356-62.
[PMID: 14567490]
[118]
Lafferty L, Gupta S, Koontz A, Onks C. Small joint, tendon, and myofascial injections. Prim Care 2022; 49(1): 131-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2021.10.006] [PMID: 35125153]
[119]
Speed CA. Injection therapies for soft-tissue disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2003; 17(1): 167-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1521-6942(02)00122-5] [PMID: 12659827]
[120]
Hashim NA, Fathy HA, Esawy MM, Shabana MA. Comparison of efficiency between platelet rich plasma and corticosteroid injection therapies in patients with Carpal tunnel syndrome: A prospective randomized controlled study. Egypt J Neurol Psychiat Neurosurg 2020; 56(1): 59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41983-020-00184-1]
[121]
Stahl S, Kaufman T. The efficacy of an injection of steroids for medial epicondylitis. A prospective study of sixty elbows. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997; 79(11): 1648-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199711000-00006] [PMID: 9384424]
[122]
Tagliafico A, Bodner G, Rosenberg I, et al. Peripheral nerves: Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2010; 14(5): 559-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1268066] [PMID: 21072732]
[123]
Hynes JP, Kavanagh EC. Complications in image-guided musculoskeletal injections. Skeletal Radiol 2022; 51(11): 2097-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00256-022-04076-8] [PMID: 35622087]
[124]
Rankin I A, Sargeant H, Rehman H, Gurusamy K S. Low-level laser therapy for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 8(8): CD012765.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012765]
[125]
Evcik D, Kavuncu V, Cakir T, Subasi V, Yaman M. Laser therapy in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Photomed Laser Surg 2007; 25(1): 34-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2006.2032] [PMID: 17352635]
[126]
Park CW, Lim MJ, Lee SW, et al. Electroacupuncture for carpal tunnel syndrome: A review of randomized controlled trials. J Acupunct Res 2022; 39(2): 96-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13045/jar.2021.00297]
[127]
Chen S, Qian Y, Sun Z, et al. Effectiveness of therapeutic ultrasound for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome (the USTINCTS trial): Study protocol for a three-arm, prospective, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12(4): e057541.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057541] [PMID: 35418431]
[128]
Daniell HW, Novak CB. Yoga for carpal tunnel syndrome. JAMA 1999; 281(22): 2087-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.22.2087] [PMID: 10367815]
[129]
Sheereen F J, Sarkar B, Sahay P, et al. Comparison of two manual therapy programs, including tendon gliding exercises as a common adjunct, while managing the participants with chronic carpal tunnel syndrome. Pain Res Manag 2022; 2022: 1975803.
[130]
Russell BS. Carpal tunnel syndrome and the “double crush” hypothesis: A review and implications for chiropractic. Chiropr Osteopat 2008; 16(1): 2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-1340-16-2] [PMID: 18426564]
[131]
Fang Y, Baker NA, Dole J, Roll SC. Quality of carpal tunnel syndrome patient education handouts available on the internet: A systematic analysis of content and design. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 103(2): 297-304.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2021.08.010] [PMID: 34547274]
[132]
Gu Y, Lu F, Cui S, Zhao H, Yuan Z. Clinical value analysis of high-frequency ultrasound combined with carpal dorsiflexion electrophysiological detection in the diagnosis of early carpal tunnel syndrome. Biomed Res Int 2022; 2022: 6443013.
[133]
Segal KR, Debasitis A, Koehler SM. Optimization of carpal tunnel syndrome using WALANT method. J Clin Med 2022; 11(13): 3854.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11133854] [PMID: 35807138]
[134]
Tumpaj T, Potocnik Tumpaj V, Albano D, Snoj Z. Ultrasound-guided carpal tunnel injections. Radiol Oncol 2022; 56(1): 14-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raon-2022-0004] [PMID: 35148471]
[135]
Wise S, Bettleyon J. Neurodynamics is an effective intervention for carpal tunnel syndrome. J Sport Rehabil 2022; 31(4): 501-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2021-0155] [PMID: 34969010]
[136]
Fowler JR, Chung KC, Miller LE. Multicenter pragmatic study of carpal tunnel release with ultrasound guidance. Expert Rev Med Devices 2022; 19(3): 273-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17434440.2022.2048816] [PMID: 35236202]
[137]
Izmalkov SN, Semenkin OM, Bratiichuk AN. Carpal tunnel syndrome: Does preoperative disease severity influence the outcome of mini-open surgery? Hand Surg Rehabil 2022; 41(4): 470-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hansur.2021.12.013] [PMID: 35513243]
[138]
Goru P, Butaliu GC, Verma GG, Haque S, Mustafa A, Paul A. Effectiveness of ultrasound-guided local steroid injection to the wrist for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: Is it worth it? Egypt Rheumatol Rehabil 2022; 49(1): 21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43166-022-00121-5]
[139]
Goodyear-Smith F, Arroll B. What can family physicians offer patients with carpal tunnel syndrome other than surgery? A systematic review of nonsurgical management. Ann Fam Med 2004; 2(3): 267-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1370/afm.21] [PMID: 15209206]
[140]
Song JM, Kim J, Chae DJ, et al. Correlation between electrodiagnostic study and imaging features in patients with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome. J Clin Med 2022; 11(10): 2808.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102808] [PMID: 35628932]
[141]
Hidayati HB, Subadi I, Fidiana F, Puspamaniar VA. Current diagnosis and management of carpal tunnel syndrome: A review. Anaesth Pain Intensive Care 2022; 26(3): 394-404.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.35975/apic.v26i3.1902]
[142]
Arı B, Akçiçek M, Taşcı I, Altunkılıç T, Deniz S. Correlations between transverse carpal ligament thickness measured on ultrasound and severity of carpal tunnel syndrome on electromyography and disease duration. Hand Surg Rehabil 2022; 41(3): 377-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hansur.2022.02.006] [PMID: 35283339]
[143]
Liao YY, Lee WN, Lee MR, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome: US strain imaging for diagnosis. Radiology 2015; 275(1): 205-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.14140017] [PMID: 25599155]
[144]
McEachan JE. What’s new in carpal tunnel syndrome? Commentary and personal opinions. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2022; 47(4): 430-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17531934221080631] [PMID: 35209750]
[145]
Rankin IA, Sargeant H, Rehman H, Gurusamy KS, Group CN. Low-level laser therapy for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Libr 2017; 2017(8)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012765] [PMID: 35611937]
[146]
Ezzati K, Laakso EL, Saberi A, Chabok YS, Nasiri E, Eghbali BB. A comparative study of the dose-dependent effects of low level and high intensity photobiomodulation (laser) therapy on pain and electrophysiological parameters in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2020; 56(6): 733-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S1973-9087.19.05835-0] [PMID: 31742366]
[147]
Choi GH, Wieland LS, Lee H, Sim H, Lee MS, Shin BC. Acupuncture and related interventions for the treatment of symptoms associated with carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 12(12): CD011215.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011215.pub2]
[148]
Burger M, Kriel R, Damon A, et al. The effectiveness of low-level laser therapy on pain, self-reported hand function, and grip strength compared to placebo or “sham” treatment for adults with carpal tunnel syndrome: A systematic review. Physiother Theory Pract 2017; 33(3): 184-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2017.1282999] [PMID: 28272964]
[149]
Güloğlu BS, Filiz BM, Kılıç KK, Doğan KŞ, Toslak İE, Toraman NF. Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome by low-level laser therapy versus corticosteroid injection: A randomized, prospective clinical study. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37(4): 2227-37.
[150]
Rayegani SM, Moradi-Joo M, Raeissadat SA, Bahrami MH, Seyed-Nezhad M, Heidari S. Effectiveness of low-level laser therapy compared to ultrasound in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Lasers Med Sci 2019; 10(5): S82-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jlms.2019.S15] [PMID: 32021679]
[151]
Du J, Yuan Q, Wang XY, et al. Manual therapy and related interventions for carpal tunnel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JCIM 2022; 28(12): 919-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jicm.2022.0542] [PMID: 35895497]
[152]
Chien TJ, Liu CY, Fang CJ, Kuo CY. The efficacy of acupuncture in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Integr Cancer Ther 2019; 18: 1534735419886662.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534735419886662] [PMID: 31833790]
[153]
Khosrawi S, Moghtaderi A, Haghighat S. Acupuncture in treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: A randomized controlled trial study. J Res Med Sci 2012; 17(1): 1-7.
[PMID: 23248650]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy