Generic placeholder image

Current Genomics

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1389-2029
ISSN (Online): 1875-5488

Review Article

COVID-19: Recent Insight in Genomic Feature, Pathogenesis, Immunological Biomarkers, Treatment Options and Clinical Updates on SARS-CoV-2

Author(s): Rohitas Deshmukh*, Ranjit Kumar Harwansh, Akash Garg, Sakshi Mishra, Rutvi Agrawal and Rajendra Jangde

Volume 25, Issue 2, 2024

Published on: 07 February, 2024

Page: [69 - 87] Pages: 19

DOI: 10.2174/0113892029291098240129113500

Price: $65

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 is a highly contagious and transmissible viral infection that first emerged in 2019 and since then has sparked an epidemic of severe respiratory problems identified as “coronavirus disease 2019” (COVID-19) that causes a hazard to human life and safety. The virus developed mainly from bats. The current epidemic has presented a significant warning to life across the world by showing mutation. There are different tests available for testing Coronavirus, and RTPCR is the best, giving more accurate results, but it is also time-consuming. There are different options available for treating n-CoV-19, which include medications such as Remdesivir, corticosteroids, plasma therapy, Dexamethasone therapy, etc. The development of vaccines such as BNT126b2, ChAdOX1, mRNA-1273 and BBIBP-CorV has provided great relief in dealing with the virus as they decreased the mortality rate. BNT126b2 and ChAdOX1 are two n-CoV vaccines found to be most effective in controlling the spread of infection. In the future, nanotechnology- based vaccines and immune engineering techniques can be helpful for further research on Coronavirus and treatment of this deadly virus. The existing knowledge about the existence of SARS-- CoV-2, along with its variants, is summarized in this review. This review, based on recently published findings, presents the core genetics of COVID-19, including heritable characteristics, pathogenesis, immunological biomarkers, treatment options and clinical updates on the virus, along with patents.

« Previous
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Wu, J.T.; Leung, K.; Leung, G.M. Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: A modelling study. Lancet, 2020, 395(10225), 689-697.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9] [PMID: 32014114]
[2]
Hui, D.S.; I Azhar, E.; Madani, T.A.; Ntoumi, F.; Kock, R.; Dar, O.; Ippolito, G.; Mchugh, T.D.; Memish, Z.A.; Drosten, C.; Zumla, A.; Petersen, E. The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health — The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. Int. J. Infect. Dis., 2020, 91, 264-266.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009] [PMID: 31953166]
[3]
Wang, Y.; Zhang, D.; Du, G.; Du, R.; Zhao, J.; Jin, Y.; Fu, S.; Gao, L.; Cheng, Z.; Lu, Q.; Hu, Y.; Luo, G.; Wang, K.; Lu, Y.; Li, H.; Wang, S.; Ruan, S.; Yang, C.; Mei, C.; Wang, Y.; Ding, D.; Wu, F.; Tang, X.; Ye, X.; Ye, Y.; Liu, B.; Yang, J.; Yin, W.; Wang, A.; Fan, G.; Zhou, F.; Liu, Z.; Gu, X.; Xu, J.; Shang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Cao, L.; Guo, T.; Wan, Y.; Qin, H.; Jiang, Y.; Jaki, T.; Hayden, F.G.; Horby, P.W.; Cao, B.; Wang, C. Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet, 2020, 395(10236), 1569-1578.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31022-9] [PMID: 32423584]
[4]
Gao, Y.; Yan, L.; Huang, Y.; Liu, F.; Zhao, Y.; Cao, L.; Wang, T.; Sun, Q.; Ming, Z.; Zhang, L.; Ge, J.; Zheng, L.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, H.; Zhu, Y.; Zhu, C.; Hu, T.; Hua, T.; Zhang, B.; Yang, X.; Li, J.; Yang, H.; Liu, Z.; Xu, W.; Guddat, L.W.; Wang, Q.; Lou, Z.; Rao, Z. Structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from COVID-19 virus. Science, 2020, 368(6492), 779-782.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb7498] [PMID: 32277040]
[5]
Trougakos, I.P.; Stamatelopoulos, K.; Terpos, E.; Tsitsilonis, O.E.; Aivalioti, E.; Paraskevis, D.; Kastritis, E.; Pavlakis, G.N.; Dimopoulos, M.A. Insights to SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, pathophysiology, and rationalized treatments that target COVID-19 clinical complications. J. Biomed. Sci., 2021, 28(1), 9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12929-020-00703-5] [PMID: 33435929]
[6]
Chen, Y.; Su, C.; Ke, M.; Jin, X.; Xu, L.; Zhang, Z.; Wu, A.; Sun, Y.; Yang, Z.; Tien, P.; Ahola, T.; Liang, Y.; Liu, X.; Guo, D. Biochemical and structural insights into the mechanisms of SARS coronavirus RNA ribose 2′-O-methylation by nsp16/nsp10 protein complex. PLoS Pathog., 2011, 7(10), e1002294.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002294] [PMID: 22022266]
[7]
Cui, J.; Li, F.; Shi, Z.L. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 2019, 17(3), 181-192.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9] [PMID: 30531947]
[8]
Ashour, H.M.; Elkhatib, W.F.; Rahman, M.M.; Elshabrawy, H.A. Insights into the recent 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in light of past human coronavirus outbreaks. Pathogens, 2020, 9(3), 186.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030186] [PMID: 32143502]
[9]
Chen, Y.; Liu, Q.; Guo, D. Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J. Med. Virol., 2020, 92(4), 418-423.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25681] [PMID: 31967327]
[10]
Perlman, S.; Netland, J. Coronaviruses post-SARS: Update on replication and pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 2009, 7(6), 439-450.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2147] [PMID: 19430490]
[11]
Jamison, D.A., Jr; Anand Narayanan, S.; Trovão, N.S.; Guarnieri, J.W.; Topper, M.J.; Moraes-Vieira, P.M.; Zaksas, V.; Singh, K.K.; Wurtele, E.S.; Beheshti, A. A comprehensive SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 review, Part 1: Intracellular overdrive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur. J. Hum. Genet., 2022, 30(8), 889-898.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41431-022-01108-8] [PMID: 35577935]
[12]
Yang, Y; Lu, Q-B; Liu, M-J; Wang, Y-X Epidemiological and clinical features of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China. medRxiv, 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.10.20021675]
[13]
Wu, A.; Peng, Y.; Huang, B.; Ding, X.; Wang, X.; Niu, P.; Meng, J.; Zhu, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, J.; Sheng, J.; Quan, L.; Xia, Z.; Tan, W.; Cheng, G.; Jiang, T. Genome composition and divergence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in China. Cell Host Microbe, 2020, 27(3), 325-328.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.001] [PMID: 32035028]
[14]
Angeletti, S.; Benvenuto, D.; Bianchi, M.; Giovanetti, M.; Pascarella, S.; Ciccozzi, M. COVID-2019: The role of the nsp2 and nsp3 in its pathogenesis. J. Med. Virol., 2020, 92(6), 584-588.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25719] [PMID: 32083328]
[15]
Zhang, H.; Zhou, P.; Wei, Y.; Yue, H.; Wang, Y.; Hu, M.; Zhang, S.; Cao, T.; Yang, C.; Li, M.; Guo, G.; Chen, X.; Chen, Y.; Lei, M.; Liu, H.; Zhao, J.; Peng, P.; Wang, C.Y.; Du, R. Histopathologic changes and SARS-CoV-2 immunostaining in the lung of a patient with COVID-19. Ann. Intern. Med., 2020, 172(9), 629-632.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M20-0533] [PMID: 32163542]
[16]
Bárcena, M.; Oostergetel, G.T.; Bartelink, W.; Faas, F.G.A.; Verkleij, A.; Rottier, P.J.M.; Koster, A.J.; Bosch, B.J. Cryo-electron tomography of mouse hepatitis virus: Insights into the structure of the coronavirion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2009, 106(2), 582-587.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805270106] [PMID: 19124777]
[17]
Fehr, A.R.; Perlman, S. Coronaviruses: An overview of their replication and pathogenesis. Methods Mol. Biol., 2015, 1282, 1-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1] [PMID: 25720466]
[18]
Klausegger, A.; Strobl, B.; Regl, G.; Kaser, A.; Luytjes, W.; Vlasak, R. Identification of a coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase with a substrate specificity different from those of influenza C virus and bovine coronavirus. J. Virol., 1999, 73(5), 3737-3743.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.73.5.3737-3743.1999] [PMID: 10196267]
[19]
Hurst, K.R.; Koetzner, C.A.; Masters, P.S. Identification of in vivo-interacting domains of the murine coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. J. Virol., 2009, 83(14), 7221-7234.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00440-09] [PMID: 19420077]
[20]
Bosch, B.J.; van der Zee, R.; de Haan, C.A.M.; Rottier, P.J.M. The coronavirus spike protein is a class I virus fusion protein: structural and functional characterization of the fusion core complex. J. Virol., 2003, 77(16), 8801-8811.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.77.16.8801-8811.2003] [PMID: 12885899]
[21]
Tian, S.; Hu, W.; Niu, L.; Liu, H.; Xu, H.; Xiao, S.Y. Pulmonary pathology of early-phase 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer. J. Thorac. Oncol., 2020, 15(5), 700-704.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2020.02.010] [PMID: 32114094]
[22]
Fox, S.E.; Akmatbekov, A.; Harbert, J.L.; Li, G.; Quincy Brown, J.; Vander Heide, R.S. Pulmonary and cardiac pathology in African American patients with COVID-19: An autopsy series from New Orleans. Lancet Respir. Med., 2020, 8(7), 681-686.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30243-5] [PMID: 32473124]
[23]
Mason, R.J. Pathogenesis of COVID-19 from a cell biology perspective. Eur. Respir. J., 2020, 55(4), 2000607.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00607-2020] [PMID: 32269085]
[24]
Rastogi, M.; Pandey, N.; Shukla, A.; Singh, S.K. SARS coronavirus 2: From genome to infectome. Respir. Res., 2020, 21(1), 318.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01581-z] [PMID: 33261606]
[25]
Guan, W.; Ni, Z.; Hu, Y.; Liang, W.; Ou, C.; He, J.; Liu, L.; Shan, H.; Lei, C.; Hui, D.S.C.; Du, B.; Li, L.; Zeng, G.; Yuen, K.Y.; Chen, R.; Tang, C.; Wang, T.; Chen, P.; Xiang, J.; Li, S.; Wang, J.; Liang, Z.; Peng, Y.; Wei, L.; Liu, Y.; Hu, Y.; Peng, P.; Wang, J.; Liu, J.; Chen, Z.; Li, G.; Zheng, Z.; Qiu, S.; Luo, J.; Ye, C.; Zhu, S.; Zhong, N. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 382(18), 1708-1720.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032] [PMID: 32109013]
[26]
Li, Q.; Guan, X.; Wu, P.; Wang, X.; Zhou, L.; Tong, Y.; Ren, R.; Leung, K.S.M.; Lau, E.H.Y.; Wong, J.Y.; Xing, X.; Xiang, N.; Wu, Y.; Li, C.; Chen, Q.; Li, D.; Liu, T.; Zhao, J.; Liu, M.; Tu, W.; Chen, C.; Jin, L.; Yang, R.; Wang, Q.; Zhou, S.; Wang, R.; Liu, H.; Luo, Y.; Liu, Y.; Shao, G.; Li, H.; Tao, Z.; Yang, Y.; Deng, Z.; Liu, B.; Ma, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, G.; Lam, T.T.Y.; Wu, J.T.; Gao, G.F.; Cowling, B.J.; Yang, B.; Leung, G.M.; Feng, Z. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 382(13), 1199-1207.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316] [PMID: 31995857]
[27]
Cascella, M.; Rajnik, M.; Aleem, A.; Dulebohn, S.C.; Di Napoli, R. Features, evaluation, and treatment of coronavirus (COVID-19). In: StatPearls; StatPearls Publishing Copyright© 2021, StatPearls Publishing LLC. : Treasure Island (FL), 2021.
[28]
Lau, S.K.P.; Luk, H.K.H.; Wong, A.C.P.; Li, K.S.M.; Zhu, L.; He, Z.; Fung, J.; Chan, T.T.Y.; Fung, K.S.C.; Woo, P.C.Y. Possible bat origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2020, 26(7), 1542-1547.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.200092] [PMID: 32315281]
[29]
Liu, Y.; Gayle, A.A.; Wilder-Smith, A.; Rocklöv, J. The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. J. Travel Med., 2020, 27(2), taaa021.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa021] [PMID: 32052846]
[30]
Peak, C.M.; Childs, L.M.; Grad, Y.H.; Buckee, C.O. Comparing nonpharmaceutical interventions for containing emerging epidemics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2017, 114(15), 4023-4028.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616438114] [PMID: 28351976]
[31]
Samson, R; Navale, GR; Dharne, MS Biosensors: Frontiers in rapid detection of COVID-19. 3 Biotech , 2020, 10(9), 385.
[32]
Munster, V.J.; Koopmans, M.; van Doremalen, N.; van Riel, D.; de Wit, E. A novel coronavirus emerging in China — Key questions for impact assessment. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 382(8), 692-694.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2000929] [PMID: 31978293]
[33]
Boopathi, S.; Poma, A.B.; Kolandaivel, P. Novel 2019 coronavirus structure, mechanism of action, antiviral drug promises and rule out against its treatment. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn., 2021, 39(9), 3409-3418.
[PMID: 32306836]
[34]
Lin, P; Wang, M; Wei, Y; Kim, T; Wei, X. Coronavirus in human diseases: Mechanisms and advances in clinical treatment. MedComm , 2020, 1(3), 270-301.
[35]
Simmons, G.; Gosalia, D.N.; Rennekamp, A.J.; Reeves, J.D.; Diamond, S.L.; Bates, P. Inhibitors of cathepsin L prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2005, 102(33), 11876-11881.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0505577102] [PMID: 16081529]
[36]
Wang, Q.; Li, C.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, T.; Li, J.; Guan, W.; Yu, J.; Liang, M.; Li, D. Interactions of SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein with the host cell proteasome subunit p42. Virol. J., 2010, 7(1), 99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-7-99] [PMID: 20478047]
[37]
Hasan, A.; Paray, B.A.; Hussain, A.; Qadir, F.A.; Attar, F.; Aziz, F.M.; Sharifi, M.; Derakhshankhah, H.; Rasti, B.; Mehrabi, M.; Shahpasand, K.; Saboury, A.A.; Falahati, M. A review on the cleavage priming of the spike protein on coronavirus by angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 and furin. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn., 2021, 39(8), 3025-3033.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1754293] [PMID: 32274964]
[38]
Qin, C.; Zhou, L.; Hu, Z.; Zhang, S.; Yang, S.; Tao, Y.; Xie, C.; Ma, K.; Shang, K.; Wang, W.; Tian, D.S. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2020, 71(15), 762-768.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa248] [PMID: 32161940]
[39]
Prompetchara, E.; Ketloy, C.; Palaga, T. Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol., 2020, 38(1), 1-9.
[PMID: 32105090]
[40]
Li, Z.; Yi, Y.; Luo, X.; Xiong, N.; Liu, Y.; Li, S.; Sun, R.; Wang, Y.; Hu, B.; Chen, W.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, J.; Huang, B.; Lin, Y.; Yang, J.; Cai, W.; Wang, X.; Cheng, J.; Chen, Z.; Sun, K.; Pan, W.; Zhan, Z.; Chen, L.; Ye, F. Development and clinical application of a rapid IgM-IgG combined antibody test for SARS-CoV -2 infection diagnosis. J. Med. Virol., 2020, 92(9), 1518-1524.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25727] [PMID: 32104917]
[41]
Liu, W.J.; Zhao, M.; Liu, K.; Xu, K.; Wong, G.; Tan, W.; Gao, G.F. T-cell immunity of SARS-CoV: Implications for vaccine development against MERS-CoV. Antiviral Res., 2017, 137, 82-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.11.006] [PMID: 27840203]
[42]
Thevarajan, I.; Nguyen, T.H.O.; Koutsakos, M.; Druce, J.; Caly, L.; van de Sandt, C.E.; Jia, X.; Nicholson, S.; Catton, M.; Cowie, B.; Tong, S.Y.C.; Lewin, S.R.; Kedzierska, K. Breadth of concomitant immune responses prior to patient recovery: A case report of non-severe COVID-19. Nat. Med., 2020, 26(4), 453-455.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0819-2] [PMID: 32284614]
[43]
Petruccioli, E.; Najafi Fard, S.; Navarra, A.; Petrone, L.; Vanini, V.; Cuzzi, G.; Gualano, G.; Pierelli, L.; Bertoletti, A.; Nicastri, E.; Palmieri, F.; Ippolito, G.; Goletti, D. Exploratory analysis to identify the best antigen and the best immune biomarkers to study SARS-CoV-2 infection. J. Transl. Med., 2021, 19(1), 272.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12967-021-02938-8] [PMID: 34174875]
[44]
Martín-Sánchez, E.; Garcés, J.J.; Maia, C.; Inogés, S.; López-Díaz de Cerio, A.; Carmona-Torre, F.; Marin-Oto, M.; Alegre, F.; Molano, E.; Fernandez-Alonso, M.; Perez, C.; Botta, C.; Zabaleta, A.; Alcaide, A.B.; Landecho, M.F.; Rua, M.; Pérez-Warnisher, T.; Blanco, L.; Sarvide, S.; Vilas-Zornoza, A.; Alignani, D.; Moreno, C.; Pineda, I.; Sogbe, M.; Argemi, J.; Paiva, B.; Yuste, J.R. Immunological biomarkers of fatal COVID-19: A study of 868 patients. Front. Immunol., 2021, 12, 659018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.659018] [PMID: 34012444]
[45]
Strimbu, K.; Tavel, J.A. What are biomarkers? Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 2010, 5(6), 463-466.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/COH.0b013e32833ed177] [PMID: 20978388]
[46]
Li, X.; To, K.K.W. Biomarkers for severe COVID-19. EBioMedicine, 2021, 68, 103405.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103405] [PMID: 34049243]
[47]
Lei, R.; Mohan, C. Immunological biomarkers of COVID-19. Crit. Rev. Immunol., 2020, 40(6), 497-512.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2020035652] [PMID: 33900694]
[48]
Saghazadeh, A.; Rezaei, N. Immune-epidemiological parameters of the novel coronavirus – A perspective. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol., 2020, 16(5), 465-470.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1744666X.2020.1750954] [PMID: 32237901]
[49]
Zhou, F.; Yu, T.; Du, R.; Fan, G.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Z.; Xiang, J.; Wang, Y.; Song, B.; Gu, X.; Guan, L.; Wei, Y.; Li, H.; Wu, X.; Xu, J.; Tu, S.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, H.; Cao, B. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 2020, 395(10229), 1054-1062.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3] [PMID: 32171076]
[50]
Iwamura, A.P.D.; Tavares da Silva, M.R.; Hümmelgen, A.L.; Soeiro Pereira, P.V.; Falcai, A.; Grumach, A.S.; Goudouris, E.; Neto, A.C.; Prando, C. Immunity and inflammatory biomarkers in COVID-19: A systematic review. Rev. Med. Virol., 2021, 31(4), e2199.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2199] [PMID: 34260778]
[51]
Tavassoly, I.; Goldfarb, J.; Iyengar, R. Systems biology primer: The basic methods and approaches. Essays Biochem., 2018, 62(4), 487-500.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/EBC20180003] [PMID: 30287586]
[52]
Yang, Y.; Shen, C.; Li, J.; Yuan, J.; Wei, J.; Huang, F.; Wang, F.; Li, G.; Li, Y.; Xing, L.; Peng, L.; Yang, M.; Cao, M.; Zheng, H.; Wu, W.; Zou, R.; Li, D.; Xu, Z.; Wang, H.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, Z.; Gao, G.F.; Jiang, C.; Liu, L.; Liu, Y. Plasma IP-10 and MCP-3 levels are highly associated with disease severity and predict the progression of COVID-19. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2020, 146(1), 119-127.e4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.027] [PMID: 32360286]
[53]
Liu, S.; Zeng, M.; Shen, S.; Zhang, Y. Combinatorial assessment of serum inflammation reactants in patients with acute urticaria accompanied by systemic symptoms. Indian J. Dermatol., 2020, 65(1), 67-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijd.IJD_286_18] [PMID: 32029946]
[54]
Konno, Y.; Kimura, I.; Uriu, K.; Fukushi, M.; Irie, T.; Koyanagi, Y.; Sauter, D.; Gifford, R.J.; Nakagawa, S.; Sato, K. SARS-CoV-2 ORF3b is a potent interferon antagonist whose activity is increased by a naturally occurring elongation variant. Cell Rep., 2020, 32(12), 108185.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108185] [PMID: 32941788]
[55]
Grifoni, A.; Weiskopf, D.; Ramirez, S.I.; Mateus, J.; Dan, J.M.; Moderbacher, C.R.; Rawlings, S.A.; Sutherland, A.; Premkumar, L.; Jadi, R.S.; Marrama, D.; de Silva, A.M.; Frazier, A.; Carlin, A.F.; Greenbaum, J.A.; Peters, B.; Krammer, F.; Smith, D.M.; Crotty, S.; Sette, A. Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals. Cell, 2020, 181(7), 1489-1501.e15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.015] [PMID: 32473127]
[56]
Chen, X.; Ling, J.; Mo, P.; Zhang, Y. Restoration of leukomonocyte counts is associated with viral clearance in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. medRxiv, 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.03.20030437]
[57]
Krištić, J.; Vučković, F.; Menni, C.; Klarić, L.; Keser, T.; Beceheli, I.; Pučić-Baković, M.; Novokmet, M.; Mangino, M.; Thaqi, K.; Rudan, P.; Novokmet, N.; Šarac, J.; Missoni, S.; Kolčić, I.; Polašek, O.; Rudan, I.; Campbell, H.; Hayward, C.; Aulchenko, Y.; Valdes, A.; Wilson, J.F.; Gornik, O.; Primorac, D.; Zoldoš, V.; Spector, T.; Lauc, G. Glycans are a novel biomarker of chronological and biological ages. J. Gerontol. A, 2014, 69(7), 779-789.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glt190] [PMID: 24325898]
[58]
Yang, X.; Yu, Y.; Xu, J.; Shu, H.; Xia, J.; Liu, H.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, L.; Yu, Z.; Fang, M.; Yu, T.; Wang, Y.; Pan, S.; Zou, X.; Yuan, S.; Shang, Y. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir. Med., 2020, 8(5), 475-481.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5] [PMID: 32105632]
[59]
Chen, N.; Zhou, M.; Dong, X.; Qu, J.; Gong, F.; Han, Y.; Qiu, Y.; Wang, J.; Liu, Y.; Wei, Y.; Xia, J.; Yu, T.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, L. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. Lancet, 2020, 395(10223), 507-513.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7] [PMID: 32007143]
[60]
Yao, X.; Ye, F.; Zhang, M.; Cui, C.; Huang, B.; Niu, P.; Liu, X.; Zhao, L.; Dong, E.; Song, C.; Zhan, S.; Lu, R.; Li, H.; Tan, W.; Liu, D. In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clin. Infect. Dis., 2020, 71(15), 732-739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa237 PMID: 32150618
[61]
Zhang, X.; Tan, Y.; Ling, Y.; Lu, G.; Liu, F.; Yi, Z.; Jia, X.; Wu, M.; Shi, B.; Xu, S.; Chen, J.; Wang, W.; Chen, B.; Jiang, L.; Yu, S.; Lu, J.; Wang, J.; Xu, M.; Yuan, Z.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, X.; Zhao, G.; Wang, S.; Chen, S.; Lu, H. Viral and host factors related to the clinical outcome of COVID-19. Nature, 2020, 583(7816), 437-440.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2355-0] [PMID: 32434211]
[62]
Zhou, P.; Yang, X.L.; Wang, X.G.; Hu, B.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, W.; Si, H.R.; Zhu, Y.; Li, B.; Huang, C.L.; Chen, H.D.; Chen, J.; Luo, Y.; Guo, H.; Jiang, R.D.; Liu, M.Q.; Chen, Y.; Shen, X.R.; Wang, X.; Zheng, X.S.; Zhao, K.; Chen, Q.J.; Deng, F.; Liu, L.L.; Yan, B.; Zhan, F.X.; Wang, Y.Y.; Xiao, G.F.; Shi, Z.L. Addendum: A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 2020, 588(7836), E6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2951-z] [PMID: 33199918]
[63]
Walzl, G.; Ronacher, K.; Hanekom, W.; Scriba, T.J.; Zumla, A. Immunological biomarkers of tuberculosis. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2011, 11(5), 343-354.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2960] [PMID: 21475309]
[64]
Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Chen, Y.; Qin, Q. Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures. J. Med. Virol., 2020, 92(6), 568-576.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25748] [PMID: 32134116]
[65]
Choi, B.; Choudhary, M.C.; Regan, J.; Sparks, J.A.; Padera, R.F.; Qiu, X.; Solomon, I.H.; Kuo, H.H.; Boucau, J.; Bowman, K.; Adhikari, U.D.; Winkler, M.L.; Mueller, A.A.; Hsu, T.Y.T.; Desjardins, M.; Baden, L.R.; Chan, B.T.; Walker, B.D.; Lichterfeld, M.; Brigl, M.; Kwon, D.S.; Kanjilal, S.; Richardson, E.T.; Jonsson, A.H.; Alter, G.; Barczak, A.K.; Hanage, W.P.; Yu, X.G.; Gaiha, G.D.; Seaman, M.S.; Cernadas, M.; Li, J.Z. Persistence and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an immunocompromised host. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 383(23), 2291-2293.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2031364] [PMID: 33176080]
[66]
Choi, J.Y.; Smith, D.M. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Yonsei Med. J., 2021, 62(11), 961-968.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2021.62.11.961] [PMID: 34672129]
[67]
Ramesh, S.; Govindarajulu, M.; Parise, R.S.; Neel, L.; Shankar, T.; Patel, S.; Lowery, P.; Smith, F.; Dhanasekaran, M.; Moore, T. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants: A review of its mutations, its implications and vaccine efficacy. Vaccines, 2021, 9(10), 1195.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101195] [PMID: 34696303]
[68]
Farhud, D.D.; Mojahed, N. SARS-COV-2 notable mutations and variants: A review article. Iran. J. Public Health, 2022, 51(7), 1494-1501.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v51i7.10083] [PMID: 36248293]
[69]
Kandeel, M.; Mohamed, M.E.M.; Abd El-Lateef, H.M.; Venugopala, K.N.; El-Beltagi, H.S. Omicron variant genome evolution and phylogenetics. J. Med. Virol., 2021.
[PMID: 34888894]
[70]
National center for I, respiratory diseases DoVD. Science brief: Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. CDC COVID-19 science briefs. Atlanta (GA): Centers for disease control and prevention (US) , 2020.
[71]
Ferré, V.M.; Peiffer-Smadja, N.; Visseaux, B.; Descamps, D.; Ghosn, J.; Charpentier, C. Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: What we know and what we don’t. Anaesth. Crit. Care Pain Med., 2022, 41(1), 100998.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.accpm.2021.100998] [PMID: 34902630]
[72]
Rubin, E.J.; Baden, L.R.; Abdool Karim, S.S.; Morrissey, S. Audio interview: The omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. N. Engl. J. Med., 2021, 385(23), e96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2118839] [PMID: 34874638]
[73]
He, X.; Hong, W.; Pan, X.; Lu, G.; Wei, X. SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant: Characteristics and prevention. MedComm, 2020, 2(4), 838-845.
[PMID: 34957469]
[74]
Kumar, S.; Thambiraja, T.S.; Karuppanan, K.; Subramaniam, G. Omicron and delta variant of SARS-CoV-2: A comparative computational study of spike protein. J. Med. Virol., 2021.
[PMID: 34914115]
[75]
Miller, N.L.; Clark, T.; Raman, R.; Sasisekharan, R. Insights on the mutational landscape of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. bioRxiv, 2021.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.06.471499]
[76]
Shanmugaraj, B.; Malla, A.; Khorattanakulchai, N.; Phoolcharoen, W. SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant: Could it be another threat? J. Med. Virol., 2021.
[PMID: 34927270]
[77]
Mallapaty, S. Omicron-variant border bans ignore the evidence, say scientists. Nature, 2021, 600(7888), 199.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-03608-x] [PMID: 34857946]
[78]
Choudhary, O.P.; Dhawan, M.; Priyanka Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of SARS-CoV-2: Threat assessment and plan of action. Int. J. Surg., 2022, 97, 106187.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.106187] [PMID: 34896627]
[79]
Teixeira, C.; Pina, D.; Freitas, M.I. Automated detection of unstable hemoglobin variants by Sysmex XE-Series analyzers. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM), 2017, 55(11), e243-e246.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2017-0231] [PMID: 28426431]
[80]
Urhan, A.; Abeel, T. Emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants in the Netherlands. Sci. Rep., 2021, 11(1), 6625.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85363-7] [PMID: 33758205]
[81]
Aleem, A.; Akbar Samad, A.B.; Slenker, A.K. Emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 and novel therapeutics against coronavirus (COVID-19). In: StatPearls; StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island (FL), 2022.
[82]
Liu, H.; Zhang, Q.; Wei, P.; Chen, Z.; Aviszus, K.; Yang, J.; Downing, W.; Jiang, C.; Liang, B.; Reynoso, L.; Downey, G.P.; Frankel, S.K.; Kappler, J.; Marrack, P.; Zhang, G. The basis of a more contagious 501Y.V1 variant of SARS-CoV-2. Cell Res., 2021, 31(6), 720-722.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41422-021-00496-8] [PMID: 33893398]
[83]
New COVID Strain JN.1 is spreading fast. How worried should we be? Aljazeera, 2023. Available from: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/22/new-jn-1-covid-variant-how-worried-should-we-be
[84]
Gulersen, M.; Blitz, M.J.; Rochelson, B.; Nimaroff, M.; Shan, W.; Bornstein, E. Clinical implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the viable preterm period. Am. J. Perinatol., 2020, 37(11), 1077-1083.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713851] [PMID: 32615621]
[85]
Zhou, H.; Chen, X.; Hu, T.; Li, J.; Song, H.; Liu, Y.; Wang, P.; Liu, D.; Yang, J.; Holmes, E.C.; Hughes, A.C.; Bi, Y.; Shi, W. A novel bat coronavirus closely related to sars-cov-2 contains natural insertions at the S1/S2 cleavage site of the spike protein. Curr. Biol., 2020, 30(19), 3896.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.030] [PMID: 33022232]
[86]
Zhao, Z.; Li, H.; Wu, X.; Zhong, Y.; Zhang, K.; Zhang, Y.P.; Boerwinkle, E.; Fu, Y.X. Moderate mutation rate in the SARS coronavirus genome and its implications. BMC Evol. Biol., 2004, 4(1), 21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-4-21] [PMID: 15222897]
[87]
V’kovski, P.; Kratzel, A.; Steiner, S.; Stalder, H.; Thiel, V. Coronavirus biology and replication: Implications for SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 2021, 19(3), 155-170.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-00468-6] [PMID: 33116300]
[88]
Chang, J. Adenovirus vectors: Excellent tools for vaccine development. Immune Netw., 2021, 21(1), e6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4110/in.2021.21.e6] [PMID: 33728099]
[89]
Tatsis, N.; Ertl, H.C.J. Adenoviruses as vaccine vectors. Mol. Ther., 2004, 10(4), 616-629.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.07.013] [PMID: 15451446]
[90]
Sanders, B.; Koldijk, M.; Schuitemaker, H. Inactivated Viral Vaccines. Vaccine Analysis: Strategies; Principles, and Control, 2014, pp. 45-80.
[91]
Mohamed, Y.; El-Maradny, Y.A.; Saleh, A.K.; Nayl, A.A.; El-Gendi, H.; El-Fakharany, E.M. A comprehensive insight into current control of COVID-19: Immunogenicity, vaccination, and treatment. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2022, 153, 113499.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113499] [PMID: 36076589]
[92]
Wang, M.; Cao, R.; Zhang, L.; Yang, X.; Liu, J.; Xu, M.; Shi, Z.; Hu, Z.; Zhong, W.; Xiao, G. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res., 2020, 30(3), 269-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0 PMID: 32020029
[93]
Beigel, J.H.; Tomashek, K.M.; Dodd, L.E.; Mehta, A.K.; Zingman, B.S.; Kalil, A.C.; Hohmann, E.; Chu, H.Y.; Luetkemeyer, A.; Kline, S.; Lopez de Castilla, D.; Finberg, R.W.; Dierberg, K.; Tapson, V.; Hsieh, L.; Patterson, T.F.; Paredes, R.; Sweeney, D.A.; Short, W.R.; Touloumi, G.; Lye, D.C.; Ohmagari, N.; Oh, M.; Ruiz-Palacios, G.M.; Benfield, T.; Fätkenheuer, G.; Kortepeter, M.G.; Atmar, R.L.; Creech, C.B.; Lundgren, J.; Babiker, A.G.; Pett, S.; Neaton, J.D.; Burgess, T.H.; Bonnett, T.; Green, M.; Makowski, M.; Osinusi, A.; Nayak, S.; Lane, H.C. Remdesivir for the treatment of covid-19 — Final report. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 383(19), 1813-1826.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2007764] [PMID: 32445440]
[94]
Shafiekhani, M.; Shahabinezhad, F.; Niknam, T.; Tara, S.A.; Haem, E.; Mardani, P.; Zare, Z.; Jafarian, S.; Mirzad Jahromi, K.; Arabsheybani, S.; Moeini, Y.S.; Alavi, J.; Jalali, S.S.; Salimi, M.; Shahriarirad, R.; Malekhosseini, S.A. Evaluation of the therapeutic regimen in COVID-19 in transplant patients: Where do immunomodulatory and antivirals stand? Virol. J., 2021, 18(1), 228.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12985-021-01700-2] [PMID: 34809657]
[95]
Devaux, C.A.; Rolain, J.M.; Colson, P.; Raoult, D. New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: What to expect for COVID-19? Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 2020, 55(5), 105938.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938] [PMID: 32171740]
[96]
Bhimraj, A.; Morgan, R.L.; Shumaker, A.H.; Baden, L.; Cheng, V.C.C.; Edwards, K.M.; Gallagher, J.C.; Gandhi, R.T.; Muller, W.J.; Nakamura, M.M.; O’Horo, J.C.; Shafer, R.W.; Shoham, S.; Murad, M.H.; Mustafa, R.A.; Sultan, S.; Falck-Ytter, Y. Infectious diseases society of america guidelines on the treatment and management of patients with COVID-19. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2022, ciac724.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac724] [PMID: 36063397]
[97]
Pau, A.K.; Aberg, J.; Baker, J.; Belperio, P.S.; Coopersmith, C.; Crew, P.; Grund, B.; Gulick, R.M.; Harrison, C.; Kim, A.; Lane, H.C.; Masur, H.; Sheikh, V.; Singh, K.; Yazdany, J.; Tebas, P. Convalescent plasma for the treatment of COVID-19: Perspectives of the national institutes of health covid-19 treatment guidelines panel. Ann. Intern. Med., 2021, 174(1), 93-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M20-6448] [PMID: 32976026]
[98]
Devasenapathy, N.; Ye, Z.; Loeb, M.; Fang, F.; Najafabadi, B.T.; Xiao, Y.; Couban, R.; Bégin, P.; Guyatt, G. Efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma for severe COVID-19 based on evidence in other severe respiratory viral infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ, 2020, 192(27), E745-E755.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200642] [PMID: 32444482]
[99]
Arabi, Y.M.; Mandourah, Y.; Al-Hameed, F.; Sindi, A.A.; Almekhlafi, G.A.; Hussein, M.A.; Jose, J.; Pinto, R.; Al-Omari, A.; Kharaba, A.; Almotairi, A.; Al Khatib, K.; Alraddadi, B.; Shalhoub, S.; Abdulmomen, A.; Qushmaq, I.; Mady, A.; Solaiman, O.; Al-Aithan, A.M.; Al-Raddadi, R.; Ragab, A.; Balkhy, H.H.; Al Harthy, A.; Deeb, A.M.; Al Mutairi, H.; Al-Dawood, A.; Merson, L.; Hayden, F.G.; Fowler, R.A. Corticosteroid therapy for critically ill patients with middle east respiratory syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2018, 197(6), 757-767.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201706-1172OC] [PMID: 29161116]
[100]
Ranjbar K, Moghadami M, Mirahmadizadeh A, Fallahi MJ, Khaloo V, Shahriarirad R, Erfani A, Khodamoradi Z, Gholampoor Saadi MH. Methylprednisolone or dexamethasone, which one is superior corticosteroid in the treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a triple-blinded randomized controlled trial. BMC. Infect. Dis., 2021, 21, 337.
[101]
Toniati, P.; Piva, S.; Cattalini, M.; Garrafa, E.; Regola, F.; Castelli, F.; Franceschini, F.; Airò, P.; Bazzani, C.; Beindorf, E.A.; Berlendis, M.; Bezzi, M.; Bossini, N.; Castellano, M.; Cattaneo, S.; Cavazzana, I.; Contessi, G.B.; Crippa, M.; Delbarba, A.; De Peri, E.; Faletti, A.; Filippini, M.; Filippini, M.; Frassi, M.; Gaggiotti, M.; Gorla, R.; Lanspa, M.; Lorenzotti, S.; Marino, R.; Maroldi, R.; Metra, M.; Matteelli, A.; Modina, D.; Moioli, G.; Montani, G.; Muiesan, M.L.; Odolini, S.; Peli, E.; Pesenti, S.; Pezzoli, M.C.; Pirola, I.; Pozzi, A.; Proto, A.; Rasulo, F.A.; Renisi, G.; Ricci, C.; Rizzoni, D.; Romanelli, G.; Rossi, M.; Salvetti, M.; Scolari, F.; Signorini, L.; Taglietti, M.; Tomasoni, G.; Tomasoni, L.R.; Turla, F.; Valsecchi, A.; Zani, D.; Zuccalà, F.; Zunica, F.; Focà, E.; Andreoli, L.; Latronico, N. Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia with hyperinflammatory syndrome and acute respiratory failure: A single center study of 100 patients in Brescia, Italy. Autoimmun. Rev., 2020, 19(7), 102568.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102568] [PMID: 32376398]
[102]
Ikeda, M.; Nozaki, A.; Sugiyama, K.; Tanaka, T.; Naganuma, A.; Tanaka, K.; Sekihara, H.; Shimotohno, K.; Saito, M.; Kato, N. Characterization of antiviral activity of lactoferrin against hepatitis C virus infection in human cultured cells. Virus Res., 2000, 66(1), 51-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1702(99)00121-5] [PMID: 10653917]
[103]
Wakabayashi, H.; Oda, H.; Yamauchi, K.; Abe, F. Lactoferrin for prevention of common viral infections. J. Infect. Chemother., 2014, 20(11), 666-671.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2014.08.003] [PMID: 25182867]
[104]
Clausen, T.M.; Sandoval, D.R.; Spliid, C.B.; Pihl, J.; Perrett, H.R.; Painter, C.D.; Narayanan, A.; Majowicz, S.A.; Kwong, E.M.; McVicar, R.N.; Thacker, B.E.; Glass, C.A.; Yang, Z.; Torres, J.L.; Golden, G.J.; Bartels, P.L.; Porell, R.N.; Garretson, A.F.; Laubach, L.; Feldman, J.; Yin, X.; Pu, Y.; Hauser, B.M.; Caradonna, T.M.; Kellman, B.P.; Martino, C.; Gordts, P.L.S.M.; Chanda, S.K.; Schmidt, A.G.; Godula, K.; Leibel, S.L.; Jose, J.; Corbett, K.D.; Ward, A.B.; Carlin, A.F.; Esko, J.D. SARS-CoV-2 infection depends on cellular heparan sulfate and ACE2. Cell, 2020, 183(4), 1043-1057.e15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.033] [PMID: 32970989]
[105]
Siqueiros-Cendón, T.; Arévalo-Gallegos, S.; Iglesias-Figueroa, B.F.; García-Montoya, I.A.; Salazar-Martínez, J.; Rascón-Cruz, Q. Immunomodulatory effects of lactoferrin. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 2014, 35(5), 557-566.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/aps.2013.200] [PMID: 24786230]
[106]
Miesbach, W.; Makris, M. COVID-19: Coagulopathy, risk of thrombosis, and the rationale for anticoagulation. Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost., 2020, 26
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076029620938149] [PMID: 32677459]
[107]
Arachchillage, D.R.J.; Laffan, M. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2020, 18(5), 1233-1234.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14820] [PMID: 32291954]
[108]
Godino, C.; Scotti, A.; Maugeri, N.; Mancini, N.; Fominskiy, E.; Margonato, A.; Landoni, G. Antithrombotic therapy in patients with COVID-19? -Rationale and evidence-. Int. J. Cardiol., 2021, 324, 261-266.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.09.064] [PMID: 33002521]
[109]
Negri, E.M.; Piloto, B.M.; Morinaga, L.K.; Jardim, C.V.P.; Lamy, S.A.E.D.; Ferreira, M.A.; D’Amico, E.A.; Deheinzelin, D. Heparin therapy improving hypoxia in covid-19 patients – A case series. Front. Physiol., 2020, 11, 573044.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.573044] [PMID: 33192569]
[110]
Murni, IK; Prawirohartono, EP; Triasih, R Potential role of vitamins and zinc on acute respiratory infections including covid-19. Glob Pediatr Health , 2021, 8
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333794X211021739]
[111]
Gammoh, N.; Rink, L. Zinc in infection and inflammation. Nutrients, 2017, 9(6), 624.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu9060624] [PMID: 28629136]
[112]
Chaturvedi, P.; Qayyumi, B.; Sharin, F.; Singh, A.; Tuljapurkar, V. Management of COVID-19: A brief overview of the various treatment strategies. Cancer Research, Statistics, and Treatment, 2020, 3(2), 233.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/CRST.CRST_187_20]
[113]
Harwansh, R.K.; Bahadur, S. Herbal medicines to fight against COVID-19: New battle with an old weapon. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol., 2022, 23(2), 235-260.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201022666210322124348] [PMID: 33749558]
[114]
Lu, S. Timely development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 2020, 9(1), 542-544.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1737580] [PMID: 32148172]
[115]
Callaway, E. The race for coronavirus vaccines: A graphical guide. Nature, 2020, 580(7805), 576-577.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01221-y] [PMID: 32346146]
[116]
Baruah, V.; Bose, S. Immunoinformatics‐aided identification of T cell and B cell epitopes in the surface glycoprotein of 2019‐nCoV. J. Med. Virol., 2020, 92(5), 495-500.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25698] [PMID: 32022276]
[117]
Ahmed, S.F.; Quadeer, A.A.; McKay, M.R. Preliminary identification of potential vaccine targets for the COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on SARS-CoV immunological studies. Viruses, 2020, 12(3), 254.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12030254] [PMID: 32106567]
[118]
Kaur, S.P.; Gupta, V. COVID-19 vaccine: A comprehensive status report. Virus Res., 2020, 288, 198114.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198114] [PMID: 32800805]
[119]
Thanh Le, T.; Andreadakis, Z.; Kumar, A.; Gómez Román, R.; Tollefsen, S.; Saville, M.; Mayhew, S. The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2020, 19(5), 305-306.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5] [PMID: 32273591]
[120]
Zhou, P.; Yang, X.L.; Wang, X.G.; Hu, B.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, W.; Si, H.R.; Zhu, Y.; Li, B.; Huang, C.L.; Chen, H.D.; Chen, J.; Luo, Y.; Guo, H.; Jiang, R.D.; Liu, M.Q.; Chen, Y.; Shen, X.R.; Wang, X.; Zheng, X.S.; Zhao, K.; Chen, Q.J.; Deng, F.; Liu, L.L.; Yan, B.; Zhan, F.X.; Wang, Y.Y.; Xiao, G.F.; Shi, Z.L. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 2020, 579(7798), 270-273.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7] [PMID: 32015507]
[121]
Rick, A.M.; Laurens, M.B.; Huang, Y.; Yu, C.; Martin, T.C.S.; Rodriguez, C.A.; Rostad, C.A.; Maboa, R.M.; Baden, L.R.; El Sahly, H.M.; Grinsztejn, B.; Gray, G.E.; Gay, C.L.; Gilbert, P.B.; Janes, H.E.; Kublin, J.G.; Huang, Y.; Leav, B.; Hirsch, I.; Struyf, F.; Dunkle, L.M.; Neuzil, K.M.; Corey, L.; Goepfert, P.A.; Walsh, S.R.; Follmann, D.; Kotloff, K.L.; Adams, A.; Miller, E.; Rankin, B.G.; Shinn, S.; Nash, M.; Green, S.L.; Jacobsen, C.; Krishnankutty, J.; Phungwayo, S.; Glover, R.M., II; Slechta, S.; Holdeman, T.; Hartvickson, R.; Grant, A.; Poling, T.L.; Klein, T.D.; Klein, T.C.; Klein, T.R.; Smith, W.B.; Gibson, R.L.; Winbigler, J.; Parker, E.; Wijewardane, P.N.; Bravo, E.; Thessing, J.; Maxwell, M.; Horn, A.; Healy, C.M.; Akamine, C.; Chu, L.; Chouteau, R.M.; Cotugno, M.J.; Bauer, G.H., Jr; Hachigian, G.; Oshita, M.; Cancilla, M.; Kiersey, K.; Seger, W.; Antwi, M.; Green, A.; Kim, A.; Desjardins, M.; Johnson, J.A.; Sherman, A.; Walsh, S.R.; Borger, J.; Saleem, N.; Solis, J.; Medina, M.C.; Keating, W.; Garcia, E.; Bueno, C.; Segall, N.; Denham, D.S.; Weiss, T.; Avworo, A.; Hedges, P.; Strout, C.B.; Santiago, R.; Davis, Y.; Howenstine, P.; Bondell, A.; Marks, K.; Wang, T.; Wilkin, T.; Vogler, M.; Johnston, C.; Andrasik, M.P.; Andriesen, J.G.; Broder, G.; Eaton, N.; Gelderblom, H.G.; McClennen, R.; Michael, N.; Robb, M.; Sopher, C.; Miller, V.E.; Santiago, F.; Gomez, B.; Valika, I.; Starr, A.; Cantos, V.D.; Kandiah, S.; Rio, C.; Rouphael, N.; Edupuganti, S.; Anderson, E.J.; Camacho-Gonzalez, A.; Kamidani, S.; Teherani, M.; Diemert, D.J.; Malkin, E.; Siegel, M.; Roberts, A.; Simon, G.; Balani, B.; Stephenson, C.; Sperber, S.; Cicogna, C.; Zervos, M.J.; Kilgore, P.; Ramesh, M.; Herc, E.; Zenlea, K.; Burgher, A.; Milliken, A.M.; Davis, J.D.; Levy, B.; Kelman, S.; Doust, M.W.; Sample, D.; Erickson, S.; Christensen, S.G.; Matich, C.; Longe, J.; Witbeck, J.; Peterson, J.T.; Clark, A.; Kelty, G.; Pena-Renteria, I.; Koren, M.J.; Bartilucci, D.; Patel, A.; Tran, C.; Kennelly, C.; Brownlee, R.; Coleman, J.; Webster, H.; Fierro, C.A.; Leistner, N.; Thompson, A.; Gonzalez, C.; Jackson, L.A.; Suyehira, J.; Haber, M.; Regalado, M.M.; Procasky, V.; Lutat, A.; Griffin, C.P.; Hollister, R.R.; Brown, J.; Ronk, M.; Harper, W.L.; Cohen, L.; Eckert, L.; Hong, M.; Rouhbakhsh, R.; Danford, E.; Johnson, J.; Calderone, R.; Khetan, S.K.; Olanrewaju, O.; Zhai, N.; Nieves, K.; O’Brien, A.; Bradley, P.S.; Lilienthal, A.; Callis, J.; Brosz, A.B.; Clement, A.; West, W.; Friesen, L.; Cramer, P.; Eder, F.S.; Little, R.; Engler, V.; Rattenbury-Shaw, H.; Ensz, D.J.; Oplinger, A.; Essink, B.J.; Meyer, J.; Raiser, F., III; Mueller, K.; Vrbicky, K.W.; Harper, C.; Nutsch, C.; Lewis, W., III; Laflan, C.; Whatley, J.L.; Harrell, N.; Shannon, A.; Rowell, C.; Dedon, C.; Makhene, M.; Gottschlich, G.M.; Harden, K.; Gottschlich, M.; Smith, M.; Powell, R.; Kimmel, M.A.; Pinto, S.; Vachris, T.P.; Hutchens, M.; Daniels, S.; Wells, M.; Van Der Leden, M.; Jackson-Booth, P-G.; Baron, M.; Kane, P.; Seversen, S.; Kryvicky, M.; Lord, J.; Saleh, J.; Miles, M.; Lupercio, R.; McGettigan, J.W., Jr; Patton, W.; Brakema, R.; Choquette, K.; McGettigan, J.; Kirstein, J.L.; Bernard, M.; Manning, M.B.; Rothenberg, J.; Briskin, T.; Roadman, D.; Tedder-Edwards, S.; Schwartz, H.I.; Mederos, S.; Swaminathan, S.; Nyaku, A.; Varughese, T.; DallaPiazza, M.; Frey, S.E.; Graham, I.; Abate, G.; Hoft, D.; Allen, L.N., III; Edwards, L.A.; Davis, W.S., Jr; Mena, J.M.; Kutner, M.E.; Caso, J.; Moran, M.H.; Carvajal, M.; Mendez, J.; Wadsworth, L.T., III; Adams, M.R.; Iverson, L.; Newberg, J.L.; Pearlman, L.; Nugent, P.J.; Reynolds, M.D.; Bashour, J.; Schmidt, R.; Sheth, N.P.; Steil, K.; Toma, R.J.; Kirby, W.; Folmar, P.; Williams, S.; Pickrell, P.; Mott, S.; Linebarger, C.A.; Malbari, H.; Pampe, D.; Fragoso, V.G.; Holloway, L.; McKeown-Bragas, C.; Becker, T.; Williams, B.G.; Jones, W.H.; Clark, J.L.; Shoptaw, S.; Vertucci, M.; Hernandez, W.; Spector, S.A.; Moodley, A.; Blumenthal, J.; Stangl, L.; Deutsch, K.; Mullane, K.M.; Pitrak, D.; Nuss, C.; Pi, J.; Fichtenbaum, C.; Powers-Fletcher, M.; Saemann, M.; Kohrs, S.; Campbell, T.B.; Lauria, A.; Mancilla, J.C.; Dunlevy, H.; Novak, R.M.; Wendrow, A.; Borgetti, S.; Ladner, B.; Chrisley, L.; Young, C.; Doblecki-Lewis, S.; Alcaide, M.L.; Gonzales-Zamora, J.; Morris, S.; Wohl, D.; Eron, J., Jr; Frank, I.; Dunbar, D.; Metzger, D.; Momplaisir, F.; Martin, J.; Hoberman, A.; Shope, T.; Muniz, G.; Rupp, R.; Stanford, A.; Berman, M.; Porterfield, L.; Lewis, M.; Ghadishah, E.; Yusin, J.; Pham, M.; Creech, C.B., II; Walker, S.; Rolsma, S.; Samuels, R.; Thomsen, I.; Kalams, S.A.; Wilson, G.; Lucksinger, G.H.; Parks, K.; Israelsen, R.; Ostovar, J.; Kelly, K.; Overcash, J.S.; Chu, H.; Lee, K.; De La Cruz, L.I.; Clemons, S.; Everette, E.; Studdard, S.; Mohan, G.; Tyson, S.; Peay, A-K.; Johnson, D.; Feldman, G.J.; Suen, M-Y.; Muenzner, J.; Boscia, J.; Siddiqui, F.; Sanders, J.; Peacock, J.; Nasim, J.; Levin, M.L.; Hussey, J.; Kulic, M.; McKenzie, M.M.; Deese, T.; Osmundsen, E.; Sweet, C.; Ebuh, V.M.; Elnagar, E.; Ebuh, G.; Iwuala, G.; Han-Conrad, L.J.; Simmons, T.; Tarakjian, D.; Ackermann, J.; Adams, M.S.; Alemán, J.O.; Al-Ibrahim, M.S.; Andes, D.R.; Andrews, J.; Arduino, R.C.; Bäcker, M.; Badillo, D.; Bainbridge, E.; Batteiger, T.A.; Bazan, J.A.; Bedimo, R.J.; Benitez, J.A.; Bennett, A.R.; Bernstein, D.I.; Bialobok, K.; Boas, R.; Brady, J.; Brown, C.; Bunce, C.A.; Call, R.S.; Campbell, W.; Carmody, E.; Carpenter, C.; Carsons, S.E.; Castellon, M.; Castro, M.; Catan, H.; Chang, J.; Chebib, M.G.; Chen, C.M.; Cheng, M.; Chow, B.D.W.; Ciambruschini, A.; Connor, J.P.; Conway, J.H.; Cooney, M.; Curlin, M.; De La Matta Rodriguez, C.; Dedon, J.F.; Degan, E.; Dickey, M.; Dietz, C.; Dong, J.L.; Dorcely, B.; Dube, M.P.; Dyer, C.B.; Eckhardt, B.; Ellerbeck, E.; Ewers, E.C.; Falk, A.; Feijoo, B.; Felsen, U.R.; Fiel, T.; Fitz-Patrick, D.; Fogarty, C.M.; Ford, S.; Forero, L.M.; Formentini, E.; Franco-Vitteri, D.; Frenck, R.W., Jr; Gharib, E.; Gharib, S.; Rucker, R.G.; Goldenberg, J.N.; González, L.H.; Gray, B.; Greene, R.; Grossberg, R.M.; Guanira-Carranza, J.V.; Guerreros Benavides, A.G.; Guillory, C.C.; Gunaratne, S.H.; Halpert, D.; Hamilton, H.; Hartman, W.R.; Henderson, S.L.; Herati, R.; Guarin, L.H.; Hilder, R.; Ho, K.; Hojat, L.; Hosek, S.G.; Jacobson, J.M.; Jay, M.; Johnson, D.H.; Jones, K.S.; Jones-López, E.C.; Justman, J.E.; Kahney, S.; Katz, L.; Katz, M.; Kaul, D.; Keefer, M.C.; Kennedy, A.; Knishinsky, J.; Kogelman, L.; Koletar, S.L.; Kottkamp, A.; Laguio-Vila, M.; Landovitz, R.J.; Lee, J.L.; Liu, A.; Llerena Zegarra, E.G.; Lok, A.S.; Lovell, J.; Lubelchek, R.; Lucaj, J.; Luckasen, G.; Luetkemeyer, A.; Lugogo, N.L.; Maenza, J.; Malvestutto, C.; Mauri, M.; Maves, R.C.; Mayer, K.H.; McCartney, M.J.; McCort, M.E.; McElrath, M.J.; McNairy, M.; Merino, F.L.; Meyerowitz, E.A.; Mitchell, C.L.; Monaco, C.L.; Muhammad, S.; Muñoz-Gómez, S.; Munsiff, S.; Nee, P.; Nollen, N.L.; Noor, A.; Lagos, C.N.; Okulicz, J.F.; Oliver, P.A.; Ortega, J.; Palmer, S.; Parameswaran, L.; Parikh, P.; Parker, S.; Parungao, R.; Pavie, J.R.; Madan, R.P.; Peralta, H.; Petts, J.; Pierce, K.K.; Pretell Alva, E.J.; Purpura, L.J.; Raabe, V.; Recuenco, S.E.; Richards, T.; Riddler, S.A.; Rizzardi, B.; Rokser, R.; Rolle, C-P.; Rosen, A.; Rosen, J.; Freese, L.R.; Santolaya, M.E.; Schipani, L.M.; Schwartz, A.; Schwasinger-Schmidt, T.; Scott, H.; Sha, B.E.; Shankaran, S.; Shapiro, A.E.; Sharp, S.C.; Shopsin, B.; Sims, M.D.; Skipper, S.; Smith, D.M.; Smith, M.J.; Sobhanie, M.M.; Sovic, B.; Sterling, S.; Striker, R.; Tafur Bances, K.B.; Talaat, K.R.; Tavel, E.M., Jr; Tieu, H.V.; Tomaszewski, C.; Tomlinson, R.; Torres, J.P.; Torres, J.A.; Treanor, J.J.; Tukuru, S.; Ulrich, R.J.; Utz, G.C.; Viar, V.; Viau Colindres, R.A.; Walsh, E.E.; Walsh, M.C.; Walter, E.B.; Weidler, J.L.; Wu, Y.H.; Yang, K.S.; Yrivarren Giorza, J.L.; Zemanek, A.L.; Zhang, K.; Zingman, B.S.; Gorman, R.; Paez, C.A.; Swann, E.; Takuva, S.G.; Greninger, A.; Roychoudhury, P.; Coombs, R.W.; Jerome, K.R.; Castellino, F.; Tong, X.; Pavetto, C.; Gipson, T.; Tong, T.; Lee, M.; Zhou, J.; Fay, M.; McQuarrie, K.; Nnadi, C.; Sogbetun, O.; Ahmad, N.; De Proost, I.; Hoseyni, C.; Coplan, P.; Khan, N.; Ronco, P.; Furey, D.; Meck, J.; Vingerhoets, J.; Brandenburg, B.; Custers, J.; Hendriks, J.; Juraszek, J.; Marit de Groot, A.; Van Roey, G.; Heerwegh, D.; Van Dromme, I.; Méndez Galván, J.F.; Carrascal, M.B.; Duran, A.S.; Sanchez Guerrero, L.R.; Gómora Madrid, M.C.; Barrat Hernández, A.Q.; Guizar, S.M.; González Estrada, D.A.; Martínez Pérez, S.O.; Zárate Hinojosa, Z.Y.; Ruiz-Palacios, G.M.; Cruz-Valdez, A.; Pacheco-Flores, J.; Lara, A.; Díaz-Miralrio, S.; Reyes Fentanes, M.J.; Olmos Vega, J.Z.; Méndez, D.P.; Martínez, K.C.; Alvarez León, W.S.; Ruiz Herrera, V.V.; Vázquez Saldaña, E.G.; Camacho Choza, L.J.; Vega Orozco, K.S.; Ortega Domínguez, S.J.; Chacón, J.A.; Rivera, J.J.; Cutz, E.A.; Ortegón, M.E.; Rivera, M.I.; Browder, D.; Burch, C.; Moye, T.; Bondy, P.; Browder, L.; Manning, R.D.; Hurst, J.W.; Sturgeon, R.E.; Wakefield, P.H.; Kirby, J.A.; Andersen, J.; Fearon, S.; Negron, R.; Medina, A.; Hill, J.M.; Rajasekhar, V.; Williams, H.; Cade, L.S.; Fouts, R.; Moya, C.; Anderson, C.G.; Devine, N.; Ramsey, J.; Perez, A.; Tatelbaum, D.; Jacobs, M.; Menasche, K.; Mirkil, V.; Winkle, P.J.; Haggag, A.Z.; Haynes, M.; Villegas, M.; Raja, S.; Riesenberg, R.; Plavin, S.; Lerman, M.; Woodside, L.; Johnson, M.; Healy, C.M.; Whitaker, J.A.; Keitel, W.A.; Atmar, R.L.; Horwith, G.; Mason, R.; Johnson, L.; Dora, T.; Murray, D.; Cancilla, M.; Ledbetter, L.; Ewing, B.; Stephenson, K.E.; Tan, C.S.; Zash, R.; Ansel, J.L.; Jaegle, K.; Guiney, C.J.; Henderson, J.A.; O’Leary, M.; Enright, K.; Kessler, J.; Ducheneaux, P.; Inniss, A.; Brandon, D.M.; Davis, W.B.; Lawler, D.T.; Oppong, Y.D.; Starr, R.P.; Syndergaard, S.N.; Shelly, R.; Majumder, M.I.; Sugimoto, D.; Dugas, J., Sr; Rijos, D.; Shelton, S.; Hong, S.; Schwartz, H.; Sanchez-Crespo, N.; Schwartz, J.; Piedra, T.; Corral, B.; Medina, C.; Dever, M.E.; Shah, M.; Delgado, M.; Scott, T.; Usdan, L.S.; McGill, L.J.; Arnold, V.K.; Scatamacchia, C.; Anthony, C.M.; Merchant, R.; Yoon, A.C.; Hill, J.; Ng-Price, L.; Thompson-Seim, T.; Ackerman, R.; Ackerman, J.; Aristy, F.; Ketter, N.; Finley, J.; Stull, M.; Murray, M.; Rizvi, Z.; Guerrero, S.; Paliwal, Y.K.; Paliwal, A.; Gordon, S.; Gordon, B.; Montano-Pereira, C.; Galloway, C.; Montros, C.; Aleman, L.; Shairi, S.; Van Ever, W.; Freeman, G.H.; Harmon, E.L.; Cross, M.A.; Sales, K.; Gular, C.Q.; Hepburn, M.; Alderson, N.; Harshell, S.; Mahgoub, S.; Maxwell, C.; Mellman, T.; Thompson, K.M.; Wortman, G.; Kingsley, J.; Pixler, A.; Curry, L.K.; Afework, S.; Swanson, A.; Jacqmein, J.; Bowers, M.; Robison, D.; Mosteller, V.; Garvey, J.; Easley, M.; Kurnat, R.J.; Cornelison, R.; Gower, S.; Schnitz, W.; Heinzig-Cartwright, D.S.; Lewis, D.; Newton, F.E.; Duhart, A.; Watkins, B.; Ball, B.; York, J.; Pickle, S.; Musante, D.B.; Silver, W.P.; Belhorn, L.R.; Viens, N.A.; Dellaero, D.; Hong, M.; Patel, P.; Lisec, K.; Safirstein, B.; Zapata, L.; Gonzalez, L.; Quevedo, E.; Irani, F.; Grillo, J.; Potts, A.; White, J.; Flume, P.; Headden, G.; Taylor, B.; Warden, A.; Chamberlain, A.; Jeanfreau, R.; Jeanfreau, S.; Matherne, P.G.; Caldwell, A.; Stahl, J.; Vowell, M.; Newhouse, L.; Berthaud, V.; Takizala, Z-M.; Beninati, G.; Snell, K.; Baker, S.; Walker, J.; Harrison, T.; Miller, M.; Otto, J.; Gray, R.; Wilson, C.; Nemecek, T.; Harrington, H.; Nutsch, C.; Eppenbach, S.; Lewis, W.; Bourgeois, T.; Folsom, L.; Holt, G.; Mirsaeidi, M.; Calderon, R.; Lichtenberger, P.; Quintero, J.; Martinez, B.; Immergluck, L.; Johnson, E.; Chan, A.; Fas, N.; Thomas-Seaton, L.T.; Khizer, S.; Staben, J.; Beresnev, T.; Jahromi, M.; Marovich, M.A.; Hutter, J.; Nason, M.; Ledgerwood, J.; Mascola, J.; Leibowitz, M.; Morales, F.; Delgado, M.; Sanchez, R.; Vega, N.; Áñez, G.; Albert, G.; Coston, E.; Desai, C.; Dunbar, H.; Eickhoff, M.; Garcia, J.; Kautz, M.; Lee, A.; Lewis, M.; McGarry, A.; McKnight, I.; Nelson, J.; Newingham, P.; Price-Abbott, P.; Reed, P.; Vegas, D.; Wilkinson, B.; Smith, K.; Woo, W.; Cho, I.; Glenn, G.M.; Dubovsky, F.; Fried, D.L.; Haughey, L.A.; Stanton, A.C.; Rameaka, L.S.; Rosenberg, D.; Tomatsu, L.; Gonzalez, V.; Manalo, M.; Grunstra, B.; Quinn, D.; Claybrook, P.; Olds, S.; Dye, A.; Cannon, K.D.; Chadwick, M.M.; Jordan, B.; Hussey, M.; Nevarez, H.; Kelley, C.F.; Chung, M.; Moran, C.; Rebolledo, P.; Bacher, C.; Barranco-Santana, E.; Rodriguez, J.; Mendoza, R.; Ruperto, K.; Olivieri, O.; Ocaña, E.; Wylie, P.E.; Henderson, R.; Jenson, N.; Yang, F.; Kelley, A.; Finkelstein, K.; Beckmann, D.; Hutchins, T.; Escallon, S.G.; Johnson, K.; Sligh, T.S.; Desai, P.; Huynh, V.; Lopez, C.; Mendoza, E.; Adelglass, J.; Naifeh, J.G.; Kucera, K.J.; Chughtai, W.; Jaffer, S.H.; Davis, M.G.; Foley, J.; Burgett, M.L.; Shlotzhauer, T.L.; Ingalsbe-Geno, S.M.; Duncanson, D.; Kush, K.; Nesbitt, L.; Sonnier, C.; McCarter, J.; Butcher, M.B.; Fry, J.; Percy, D.; Freudemann, K.; Gebhardt, B.C.; Mangu, P.N.; Schroeck, D.B.; Davit, R.K.; Hennekes, G.D.; Luft, B.J.; Carr, M.; Nachman, S.; Pellecchia, A.; Smith, C.; Valenti, B.; Bermudez, M.I.; Peraita, N.; Delgado, E.; Arrazcaeta, A.; Ramirez, N.; Amador, C.; Marafioti, H.; Dang, L.; Clement, L.; Berry, J.; Allaw, M.; Geuss, G.; Miles, C.; Bittner, Z.; Werne, M.; Calinescu, C.; Rodman, S.; Rindt, J.; Cooksey, E.; Harrison, K.; Cooper, D.; Horton, M.; Philyaw, A.; Jennings, W.; Alvarado, H.; Baka, M.; Regalado, M.; Murray, L.; Naguib, S.; Singletary, J.; Richmond, S-W.; Omodele, S.; Oppenheim, E.; Pearlman, L.; Martinez, R.; Andriulis, V.; Singer, L.; Blevins, J.; Thomas, M.; Hull, C.; Pereira, I.; Rivero, G.; Okonya, T.; Downing, F.; Miller, P.; Rhee, M.; Stapleton, K.; Klein, J.; Hong, R.; Swan, S.; Wahlin, T.; Bennett, E.; Salzl, A.; Phan, S.; White, J.J.; Occhino, A.; Paiano, R.; McLaughlin, M.; Swieboda, E.; Garcia-Fragoso, V.; Becerra, M.G.; White, T.; Turley, C.B.; McWilliams, A.; Esinhart, T.; Montoya, N.; Huskey, S.; Paul, L.; Tashima, K.; Johnson, J.; Neill, M.; Sanchez, M.; Rybak, N.; Mileno, M.; Cohen, S.H.; Ruiz, M.; Boswell, D.M.; Robison, E.E.; Reynolds, T.L.; Neumeister, S.; Zorrilla, C.D.; Rivera, J.; Ibarra, J.; García, I.; Sierra, D.; Ramon, W.; Fiorillo, S.; Pitotti, R.; Anderson, V.R.; Mancilla, J.C.; Le, N.; Winokur, P.L.; Ince, D.; Hegmann, T.; Meier, J.; Stapleton, J.; Stulken, L.; McArthur, M.; Berry, A.; Tapia, M.; Hammershaimb, E.; Robinson, T.; MacBryde, R.; Kline, S.; Billings, J.L.; Cavert, W.; Forgosh, L.B.; Schacker, T.W.; Bold, T.D.; Dandachi, D.; Nelson, T.; Bran, A.; Geiger, G.; Naqvi, S.H.; Florescu, D.F.; Starlin, R.; Kline, D.; Zimmer, A.; Abbas, A.; Wilson, N.; Eron, J.J.; Sciaudone, M.; Rosengren, A.L.; Kizer, J.S.; Rutstein, S.E.; Bruce, E.; Espinosa, C.; Sanders, L.J.; Kim, K.; Casey, D.; Taylor, B.S.; Patterson, T.; Pinilla, R.S.; Bullock, D.; Ponce, P.; Patterson, J.; McClelland, R.S.; Lane, D.C.; Wald, A.; James, F.; Duke, E.; Hauge, K.; Heimonen, J.; Goecker, E.A.; Huang, Y.; Fong, Y.; Kauffman, C.; Linder, K.; Nofz, K.; McConnell, A.; Buynak, R.J.; Webb, A.; Petty, T.; Andree, S.; Sanchez, E.; Mackey, N.; Baudelaire, C.; Ostovar, J.; Dzigiel, S.; Marquez, A.; Chu, H.; Lee, K.; Quillin, K.; Rizzardi, B.; King, M.; Abad, V.; Knowles, J.; Waters, M.; Zepeda, K.; Coslet, J.; Tovar, D.; Shaw, M.E.; Turner, M.A.; Huffine, C.J.; Huffine, E.S.; Ake, J.A.; Secord, E.; McGrath, E.; Levy, P.; Stewart, B.; Cromer, C.; Walters, A.; Ellsworth, G.; Greene, C.; Galloway, S.; Kapadia, S.; DeHaan, E.; Wilson, C.; Milligan, J.; Raley, D.; Bocchini, J.; McClenathan, B.; Hussain, M.; Lomasney, E.; Hall, E.; Lamberth, S.; Schmeck, C.; Leathers, V.; Theodore, D.A.; Branche, A.R.; Graciaa, D.S.; Hatlen, T.J.; Miller, J.; Sadoff, J.; Falsey, A.R.; Sobieszczyk, M.E. Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccination. EBioMedicine, 2023, 96, 104799.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104799] [PMID: 37738833]
[122]
Shoham, S.; Batista, C.; Ben Amor, Y.; Ergonul, O.; Hassanain, M.; Hotez, P.; Kang, G.; Kim, J.H.; Lall, B.; Larson, H.J.; Naniche, D.; Sheahan, T.; Strub-Wourgaft, N.; Sow, S.O.; Wilder-Smith, A.; Yadav, P.; Bottazzi, M.E. Vaccines and therapeutics for immunocompromised patients with COVID-19. EClinicalMedicine, 2023, 59, 101965.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101965] [PMID: 37070102]
[123]
Suleiman, A.S.; Islam, M.A.; Akter, M.S.; Amin, M.R.; Werkneh, A.A.; Bhattacharya, P. A meta-meta-analysis of co-infection, secondary infections, and antimicrobial resistance in COVID-19 patients. J. Infect. Public Health, 2023, 16(10), 1562-1590.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2023.07.005] [PMID: 37572572]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy