Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a syndrome in which kidney function reduces suddenly. This syndrome which includes both structural changes and loss of function may lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney regeneration capacity depends on the cell type and severity of the injury. However, novel studies indicated that regeneration mostly relies on endogenous tubular cells that survive after AKI. Regenerative pharmacology requires a great knowledge of fundamental processes involved in the development and endogenous regeneration, leading to a necessity for investigating related signaling molecules in this process. Regulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are currently known as critical regulators of gene expression in various cellular processes, and this regulatory function is also observed in nephrotic tissue, following damaging insults, which may promote or inhibit the progression of damage. Thus, studying signaling molecules and pathways involved in renal injury and repair results in a comprehensive prospect of these processes. Moreover, these studies can lead to new opportunities for discovering and enhancing therapeutic approaches to renal diseases. Herein, we review studies dealing with the role of different signaling pathways involved in renal injury. Besides, we discuss how some signaling pathways are useful for the repair process following AKI.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-2712(18)30456-6] [PMID: 8462252]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41581-018-0052-0] [PMID: 30135570]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_1] [PMID: 31399958]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.23876/j.krcp.19.051] [PMID: 31189218]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2011.13] [PMID: 21343898]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.055] [PMID: 27375079]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000360661] [PMID: 24854640]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/org.3.1.3961] [PMID: 19279698]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/595493] [PMID: 24895592]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/pr.112.007393] [PMID: 23818131]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2014.05.006] [PMID: 24986063]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.23876/j.krcp.2018.37.3.197] [PMID: 30254844]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2017.04.020] [PMID: 28487070]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9040187] [PMID: 29596364]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2018.06.033] [PMID: 30348304]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41581-018-0103-6] [PMID: 30651611]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1214243] [PMID: 24988558]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41581-019-0248-y] [PMID: 32060481]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri3743] [PMID: 25324125]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20201016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00438.x] [PMID: 14717921]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm3823] [PMID: 24954210]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00770] [PMID: 31354486]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12079-017-0434-2] [PMID: 29260442]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/org.4.2.5851] [PMID: 19279717]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0057] [PMID: 26306903]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.146589] [PMID: 29884654]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.2550] [PMID: 22138751]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sctm.17-0158] [PMID: 29431914]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2009010019] [PMID: 19628668]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000060577.94532.06] [PMID: 12707392]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912228107] [PMID: 20160075]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2012.173] [PMID: 22622501]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1139-4_1] [PMID: 25053477]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.01.010] [PMID: 22306179]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.2967] [PMID: 21952830]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.143503] [PMID: 27633993]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.02.036] [PMID: 22414874]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2010.172] [PMID: 20531454]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M116.745208] [PMID: 27909050]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13046-017-0507-3] [PMID: 28279221]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.041] [PMID: 29198839]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00451.2009] [PMID: 19828677]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000442463] [PMID: 26939110]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc2780] [PMID: 20094046]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2016.10.003] [PMID: 27992319]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-010-1747-z] [PMID: 21222001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.06.011] [PMID: 31220433]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4773(01)00592-5] [PMID: 11731227]
[PMID: 7503231]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036485] [PMID: 22606265]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00023.2006] [PMID: 16873559]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.90352.2008] [PMID: 19279131]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.13203] [PMID: 28544332]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-011-2001-z] [PMID: 21959768]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00556] [PMID: 30532765]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.10.005] [PMID: 30606408]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-2276] [PMID: 23825123]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2014.12.004] [PMID: 25592806]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.01.009] [PMID: 15871923]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-013-2671-9] [PMID: 24217785]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5001653] [PMID: 16807538]
[PMID: 26415312]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000362250] [PMID: 24818804]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm888] [PMID: 12808448]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.09.011] [PMID: 28923783]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2015.01.005] [PMID: 25701396]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-475X.2008.00430.x] [PMID: 19128247]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1693608] [PMID: 18794343]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2002906] [PMID: 23074268]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.201900651RR] [PMID: 31461626]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2011060614] [PMID: 22302193]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2013080893] [PMID: 24744439]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.12.039] [PMID: 22342522]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI74929] [PMID: 26193634]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2546] [PMID: 27035418]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-2329] [PMID: 20484021]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2007.05.007] [PMID: 17560169]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092227] [PMID: 24637920]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00275.x] [PMID: 15840024]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfq311] [PMID: 20519232]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SHK.0000000000000694] [PMID: 27454381]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.167502] [PMID: 31273085]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.08.002] [PMID: 21855651]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.V1181479] [PMID: 10906161]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2014111108] [PMID: 26109319]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1711.2004.01287.x] [PMID: 15550114]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2010.470] [PMID: 21150871]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2006070727] [PMID: 17182884]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2022.5087] [PMID: 35059728]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.640700] [PMID: 33679454]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00048.2019] [PMID: 30969781]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.008] [PMID: 24679528]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.27203] [PMID: 30146769]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2009070718] [PMID: 20360310]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2012050438] [PMID: 23160513]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119657] [PMID: 34048808]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2019.12.009] [PMID: 31874343]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00037.2012] [PMID: 23899564]
[PMID: 30009232]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00493.2016] [PMID: 28515178]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2014050463] [PMID: 25587068]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2013121329] [PMID: 24854275]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2015080870] [PMID: 26975439]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2016.07.017] [PMID: 27622990]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2016010045] [PMID: 27444565]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2012.241] [PMID: 22785173]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI121859] [PMID: 30325740]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2013060640] [PMID: 24610930]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-022-03071-z] [PMID: 35902972]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2119/molmed.2010.00002] [PMID: 20386864]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2014.117] [PMID: 24759152]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfu143] [PMID: 25015656]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.897187] [PMID: 26968221]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2017040381] [PMID: 29042455]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.013] [PMID: 28063928]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11638] [PMID: 36277153]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108899] [PMID: 37240246]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/aging.204692] [PMID: 37142295]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jomb0-40379] [PMID: 36987413]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000002377] [PMID: 36449688]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1825490] [PMID: 35991122]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2439509] [PMID: 35860182]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.72456] [PMID: 35832084]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2022.5172] [PMID: 35795997]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.864984] [PMID: 35585990]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2022.2062195] [PMID: 35510354]
[PMID: 29115409]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118505] [PMID: 32998017]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10753-020-01293-y] [PMID: 32656611]
[PMID: 29364484]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aat2039] [PMID: 30305452]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.28999] [PMID: 31104327]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbt.22453] [PMID: 32048402]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.663216] [PMID: 34012408]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nep.12851] [PMID: 27414253]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1676152] [PMID: 34512861]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.10.016] [PMID: 30555030]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12094-020-02451-2] [PMID: 32705492]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.27590] [PMID: 30317629]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db07-0675] [PMID: 17881614]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db06-1072] [PMID: 17395743]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018671] [PMID: 21526116]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077468] [PMID: 24204837]
[PMID: 28861164]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000488739] [PMID: 29627834]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iid3.811] [PMID: 37102641]
[PMID: 36722214]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11243986] [PMID: 36552750]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v13.i4.358] [PMID: 35582664]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8679548] [PMID: 35493610]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/aging.204036] [PMID: 35482482]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6853939] [PMID: 35096206]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155155] [PMID: 35093327]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.721524] [PMID: 34858199]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2021.2005987] [PMID: 34783627]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10020-021-00403-2] [PMID: 34736391]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41419-021-03953-9] [PMID: 34719669]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.58910] [PMID: 34671212]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2023.2173950] [PMID: 36794657]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41419-023-05658-7] [PMID: 36792603]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109247] [PMID: 36155281]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-022-02986-x] [PMID: 35841017]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.895360] [PMID: 35813614]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41419-022-05018-x] [PMID: 35732633]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13521-6] [PMID: 35688937]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2021.1974037] [PMID: 34503385]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12882-021-02473-0] [PMID: 34429073]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03000605211037495] [PMID: 34407684]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcla.23881] [PMID: 34240756]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2020_5483] [PMID: 34648253]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.719980] [PMID: 34646842]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.16924] [PMID: 34547172]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00394.2020] [PMID: 34010066]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.632398] [PMID: 33716779]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13098-021-00625-8] [PMID: 33468219]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10863-021-09925-0] [PMID: 34731384]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2022.2032974] [PMID: 35148669]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08916934.2021.1995861] [PMID: 34730059]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10753-021-01432-z] [PMID: 33830389]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2021.660269] [PMID: 34250012]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.15986] [PMID: 33942982]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.16072] [PMID: 33200535]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000515279] [PMID: 33975327]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/epi-2021-0370] [PMID: 35172608]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.15513] [PMID: 32597022]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.26959] [PMID: 30054916]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db200203] [PMID: 33203695]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2018.07.029] [PMID: 30172209]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2012080849] [PMID: 23723424]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2017.12.006] [PMID: 29499937]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-5052-8] [PMID: 30200873]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1318817] [PMID: 36846202]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2022.2061293] [PMID: 35510365]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2022.5156] [PMID: 35674159]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2018.05.012] [PMID: 30197981]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.15142] [PMID: 32160412]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.14863] [PMID: 31782248]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.75994] [PMID: 36263181]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2112.12038] [PMID: 35722711]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2021.2001912] [PMID: 34753398]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.15741] [PMID: 32827242]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2022.2044720] [PMID: 35212606]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/kjm2.12644] [PMID: 36655871]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2769487] [PMID: 36267809]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2022.2032746] [PMID: 35416113]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12902-022-00968-x] [PMID: 35291991]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-21-5060] [PMID: 34790777]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/ceji.2021.108772] [PMID: 34764803]