Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Adolescent Psychiatry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2210-6766
ISSN (Online): 2210-6774

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

ADHD Symptoms Among Adolescents: Factor Structure Based on Mother and Adolescent Self-Ratings

Author(s): Rapson Gomez, Shaun Watson and Taylor Brown*

Volume 14, Issue 1, 2024

Published on: 06 November, 2023

Page: [42 - 62] Pages: 21

DOI: 10.2174/0122106766260667231024043828

Price: $65

conference banner
Abstract

Background: At present, there is little data on the factor structure of ADHD symptoms in adolescents, especially as they are organized in the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) or the recently proposed ADHD S-1 bifactor model. This study aimed to analyze how mother and adolescent self-ratings of ADHD symptoms align with these models.

Methods: This study utilized confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on a group of 300 adolescents (ages ranging from 11 to 17 years) to examine the factor structure in terms of mother ratings and adolescent self-ratings of ADHD symptoms (inattention [IA], hyperactivity [HY], and impulsivity [IM]) presented in the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale (DBRS). Based on existing theory, the study examined five structural ADHD models: (1) DSM-5/ICD-10 one-factor model (with all symptoms loading on a single factor); (2) DSM-5 two-factor model (with IA and HY/IM factors); (3) ICD- 10 three-factor model (with IA, HY, and IM factors); (4) DSM-5 bifactor S – 1 model (with HY/IM as the reference indicators for the general factor); and (5) ICD-10 bifactor S – 1 model (with IM as the reference indicators for the general factor). Additionally, mothers and adolescents completed the five-item hyperactivity scale in the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).

Results: The results showed the most support for the ICD-10 three-factor model, with all three factors in this model showing adequate discriminant validity, good omega coefficient reliability values, and significant and positive association with SDQ hyperactivity. Furthermore, it is speculated that the ADHD structure in adolescents might involve a general ADHD factor alongside an IA-specific factor, omitting an HY component. Since the general factor was marked by the IM symptoms, this suggests that ADHD at a latent level could be typified by IA and IM symptoms, excluding HY symptoms.

Conclusion: The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.

« Previous Next »
Alhossein, A., Abaoud, A.A., Becker, D., Aldabas, R., Bakhiet, S.F., Al Jaffal, M., Alsufyani, M., Abdu Elrahim, N.M., Alzrayer, N. (2022). Psychometric properties of ADHD Rating Scale-5 for children and adolescents in Sudan-School version. Front. Psychol., 13, 883578.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.883578] [PMID: 35832925]
American Psychiatric Association. (1968). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc..
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc..

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890420249.dsm-iv-tr]
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc..

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596]
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc..

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787]
Arias, V.B., Ponce, F.P., Martínez-Molina, A., Arias, B., Núñez, D. (2016). General and specific attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder factors of children 4 to 6 years of age: An exploratory structural equation modeling approach to assessing symptom multidimensionality. J. Abnorm. Psychol., 125(1), 125-137.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/abn0000115] [PMID: 26726819]
Arias, V.B., Ponce, F.P., Núñez, D.E. (2018). Bifactor models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): An evaluation of three necessary but underused psychometric indexes. Assessment, 25(7), 885-897.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191116679260] [PMID: 27872349]
Asparouhov, T., Muthén, B. (2009). Exploratory structural equationodellingg. Struct. Equ. Modeling, 16(3), 397-438.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705510903008204]
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1997). ASCO Australian Standard Classification of Occupations.. Australian Bureau of Statistics.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2007). Ancestry by country of birth of parents—Time series statistics (2001, 2006 census years).. Australia: Australian Bureau of Statistics.
Barkley, R.A., Murphy, K.R. (1998). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A clinical workbook.. Guilford Press.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0998-66]
Beauchaine, T.P., Hinshaw, S.P., Pang, K.L. (2010). Comorbidity of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and early‐onset conduct disorder: Biological, environmental, and developmental mechanisms. Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract., 17(4), 327-336.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01224.x]
Biederman, J., Mick, E., Faraone, S.V. (2000). Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Impact of remission definition and symptom type. Am. J. Psychiatry, 157(5), 816-818.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.816] [PMID: 10784477]
Brown, T.A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research.. Guilford Press.
Burns, G.L., Geiser, C., Servera, M., Becker, S.P., Beauchaine, T.P. (2020). Application of the bifactor S-1 model to multisource ratings of ADHD/ODD symptoms: An appropriate bifactor model for symptom ratings. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol., 48(7), 881-894.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-019-00608-4] [PMID: 31834589]
Chen, F.F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Struct. Equ. Modeling, 14(3), 464-504.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834]
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. (2nd ed.). Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Dobrean, A., Păsărelu, C.R., Balazsi, R., Predescu, E. (2021). Measurement invariance of the ADHD Rating Scale–IV Home and School Versions across age, gender, clinical status, and informant. Assessment, 28(1), 86-99.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191119858421] [PMID: 31253044]
Eid, M., Geiser, C., Koch, T., Heene, M. (2017). Anomalous results in G-factor models: Explanations and alternatives. Psychol. Methods, 22(3), 541-562.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/met0000083] [PMID: 27732052]
Faraone, S., Biederman, J., Mick, E. (2006). The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol. Med., 36(2), 159-165.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S003329170500471X] [PMID: 16420712]
Gershon, J. (2002). A meta-analytic review of gender differences in ADHD. J. Atten. Disord., 5(3), 143-154.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108705470200500302] [PMID: 11911007]
Gibbins, C., Toplak, M.E., Flora, D.B., Weiss, M.D., Tannock, R. (2012). Evidence for a general factor model of ADHD in adults. J. Atten. Disord., 16(8), 635-644.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054711416310] [PMID: 22076604]
Gomez, R. (2012). Item response theory analyses of adolescent self-ratings of the ADHD symptoms in the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale. Pers. Individ. Dif., 53(8), 963-968.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.07.012]
Gomez, R. (2013). DSM-IV ADHD symptoms self-ratings by adolescents: Test of invariance across gender. J. Atten. Disord., 17(1), 3-10.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054711403715] [PMID: 22134674]
Gomez, R., Burns, G.L., Walsh, J.A., De Moura, M.A. (2003). Multitrait-multisource confirmatory factor analytic approach to the construct validity of ADHD rating scales. Psychol. Assess., 15(1), 3-16.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.15.1.3] [PMID: 12674720]
Gomez, R., Gomez, A. (2015). Agreement of adolescent ratings with mother ratings and teacher ratings of ADHD symptom groups: A correlated trait-correlated method minus one analysis. Pers. Individ. Dif., 82, 131-135.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.015]
Gomez, R., Harvey, J., Quick, C., Scharer, I., Harris, G. (1999). DSM-IV AD/HD: confirmatory factor models, prevalence, and gender and age differences based on parent and teacher ratings of Australian primary school children. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 40(2), 265-274.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00440] [PMID: 10188709]
Gomez, R., Liu, L., Krueger, R., Stavropoulos, V., Downs, J., Preece, D., Houghton, S., Chen, W. (2021). Unraveling the optimum latent structure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Evidence supporting ICD and HiTOP frameworks. Front. Psychiatry, 12, 666326.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.666326] [PMID: 34054620]
Gomez, R., Stavropoulos, V. (2021). Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling of the structure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adults. Assessment, 28(6), 1570-1582.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191120905892] [PMID: 32062977]
Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 38(5), 581-586.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x] [PMID: 9255702]
Hart, E.L., Lahey, B.B., Loeber, R., Applegate, B., Frick, P.J. (1995). Developmental change in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys: A four-year longitudinal study. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol., 23(6), 729-749.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01447474] [PMID: 8609310]
Hu, L., Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct. Equ. Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118]
Joseph, H.M., Lorenzo, N.E., Fisher, N., Novick, D.R., Gibson, C., Rothenberger, S.D., Foust, J.E., Chronis-Tuscano, A. (2023). Research Review: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of infant and toddler temperament as predictors of childhood attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 64(5), 715-735.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13753] [PMID: 36599815]
Junghänel, M., Rodenacker, K., Dose, C., Döpfner, M. (2020). Applying the bifactor S-1 model to ratings of ADHD/ODD symptoms: A commentary on Burns et al. (2019) and a re-Analysis. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol., 48(7), 905-910.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00637-4] [PMID: 32236849]
Kooij, J.J., Buitelaar, J.K., van den Oord, E.J., Furer, J.W., Rijnders, C.A., Hodiamont, P.P. (2005). Internal and external validity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in a population-based sample of adults. Psychol. Med., 35(6), 817-827.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S003329170400337X] [PMID: 15997602]
Lahey, B.B., Applegate, B., McBurnett, K., Biederman, J., Greenhill, L., Hynd, G.W., Barkley, R.A., Newcorn, J., Jensen, P., Richters, J., Garfinkel, B., Kerdyk, L., Frick, P.J., Ollendick, T., Perez, D., Hart, E.L., Waidman, I., Shaffer, D. (1994). DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Am. J. Psychiatry, 151(11), 1673-1685.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.151.11.1673] [PMID: 7943460]
Lahey, B.B., Pelham, W., Schaughency, E.A., Atkins, M.S., Murphy, H.A., Hynd, G., Russo, M., Hartdagen, S., Lorys-Vernon, A. (1988). Dimensions and types of attention deficit disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 27(3), 330-335.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-198805000-00011] [PMID: 3379015]
Martel, M.M., Gremillion, M., Roberts, B., von Eye, A., Nigg, J.T. (2010). The structure of childhood disruptive behaviors. Psychol. Assess., 22(4), 816-826.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020975] [PMID: 21133546]
May, T., Birch, E., Chaves, K., Cranswick, N., Culnane, E., Delaney, J., Derrick, M., Eapen, V., Edlington, C., Efron, D., Ewais, T., Garner, I., Gathercole, M., Jagadheesan, K., Jobson, L., Kramer, J., Mack, M., Misso, M., Murrup-Stewart, C., Savage, E., Sciberras, E., Singh, B., Testa, R., Vale, L., Weirman, A., Petch, E., Williams, K., Bellgrove, M. (2023). The Australian evidence-based clinical practice guideline for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry, 57(8), 1101-1116.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00048674231166329] [PMID: 37254562]
McDonald, R.P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Mick, E., Faraone, S.V., Biederman, J. (2004). Age-dependent expression of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am., 27(2), 215-224.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2004.01.003] [PMID: 15063994]
Molina, B.S.G., Smith, B.H., Pelham, W.E. (2001). Factor structure and criterion validity of secondary school teacher ratings of ADHD and ODD. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol., 29(1), 71-82.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005203629968] [PMID: 11316336]
Morin, A.J.S., Tran, A., Caci, H. (2016). Factorial validity of the ADHD adult symptom rating scale in a French community sample: Results from the ChiP-ARD study. J. Atten. Disord., 20(6), 530-541.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054713488825] [PMID: 23729493]
Morrison, J. (2014). DSM-5® made easy: The clinician’s guide to diagnosis.. Guilford Publications.
Muthén, L.K., Muthén, B.O. (2012). Mplus User’s Guide.. Muthén & Muthén.
Newcorn, J.H., Halperin, J.M., Jensen, P.S., Abikoff, H.B., Arnold, L.E., Cantwell, D.P., Conners, C.K., Elliott, G.R., Epstein, J.N., Greenhill, L.L., Hechtman, L., Hinshaw, S.P., Hoza, B., Kraemer, H.C., Pelham, W., Severe, J.B., Swanson, J.M., Wells, K.C., Wigal, T., Vitiello, B. (2001). Symptom profiles in children with ADHD: Effects of comorbidity and gender. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 40(2), 137-146.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200102000-00008] [PMID: 11214601]
Nichols, J.Q.V.A., Shoulberg, E.K., Garner, A.A., Hoza, B., Burt, K.B., Murray-Close, D., Arnold, L.E. (2017). Exploration of the factor structure of ADHD in adolescence through self, parent, and teacher reports of symptomatology. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol., 45(3), 625-641.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0183-3] [PMID: 27422282]
Reise, S.P., Bonifay, W.E., Haviland, M.G. (2013). Scoring and modeling psychological measures in the presence of multidimensionality. J. Pers. Assess., 95(2), 129-140.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.725437] [PMID: 23030794]
Rohde, L.A., Szobot, C., Polanczyk, G., Schmitz, M., Martins, S., Tramontina, S. (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a diverse culture: Do research and clinical findings support the notion of a cultural construct for the disorder? Biol. Psychiatry, 57(11), 1436-1441.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.042] [PMID: 15950018]
Smith, L.C., Tamm, L., Hughes, C.W., Bernstein, I.H. (2013). Separate and overlapping relationships of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Atten. Defic. Hyperact. Disord., 5(1), 9-20.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12402-012-0091-5] [PMID: 22996914]
Smits, I.A.M., Timmerman, M.E., Barelds, D.P.H., Meijer, R.R. (2015). The Dutch symptom checklist-90-revised: Is the use of the subscales justified? Eur. J. Psychol. Assess., 31(4), 263-271.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000233]
Soper, D.S. (2022). A-priori sample size calculator for structural equation models. [Software] Available from: https://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc
Stanton, K., Forbes, M.K., Zimmerman, M. (2018). Distinct dimensions defining the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale: Implications for assessing inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms. Psychol. Assess., 30(12), 1549-1559.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000604] [PMID: 29878817]
Toplak, M.E., Pitch, A., Flora, D.B., Iwenofu, L., Ghelani, K., Jain, U., Tannock, R. (2009). The unity and diversity of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity in ADHD: Evidence for a general factor with separable dimensions. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol., 37(8), 1137-1150.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-009-9336-y] [PMID: 19562477]
Toplak, M.E., Sorge, G.B., Flora, D.B., Chen, W., Banaschewski, T., Buitelaar, J., Ebstein, R., Eisenberg, J., Franke, B., Gill, M., Miranda, A., Oades, R.D., Roeyers, H., Rothenberger, A., Sergeant, J., Sonuga-Barke, E., Steinhausen, H.C., Thompson, M., Tannock, R., Asherson, P., Faraone, S.V. (2012). The hierarchical factor model of ADHD: Invariant across age and national groupings? J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 53(3), 292-303.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02500.x] [PMID: 22084976]
Willcutt, E.G., Nigg, J.T., Pennington, B.F., Solanto, M.V., Rohde, L.A., Tannock, R., Loo, S.K., Carlson, C.L., McBurnett, K., Lahey, B.B. (2012). Validity of DSM-IV attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom dimensions and subtypes. J. Abnorm. Psychol., 121(4), 991-1010.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027347] [PMID: 22612200]
World Health Organization. (2016). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. Available from: https://icd.who.int/browse10/2016/en
World Health Organization. (2022). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). Available from: https://icd.who.int/en

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy