Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Adolescent Psychiatry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2210-6766
ISSN (Online): 2210-6774

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Social Media and Fear of Missing Out: An Exploration of the Role of Mindfulness, Cognitive Biases and Need to Belong in Chinese College Students

Author(s): Jing Li* and Sijia Liu

Volume 13, Issue 2, 2023

Published on: 03 November, 2023

Page: [104 - 122] Pages: 19

DOI: 10.2174/0122106766264988231024052215

Price: $65

conference banner
Abstract

Background: Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) on social media has emerged as a significant concern, particularly among college students, with implications for mental well-being and internet use. While previous studies have explored various aspects of mindfulness about digital behaviors, the specific link between mindfulness and FoMO, as well as the potential mechanisms involved, remains underexplored.

Objective: Guided by the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory and the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model, this study investigates the relationship between mindfulness and FoMO among Chinese college students. Additionally, it explores the mediating roles of cognitive bias and the need to belong in understanding how mindfulness influences FoMO.

Methods: Data was collected from 748 university students from two universities in China. Participants completed questionnaires assessing mindfulness, cognitive bias, the need to belong, and FoMO. Statistical analyses, including mediation models and bootstrapping, were conducted using SPSS 25.0 and the PROCESS macro version 3.3.

Results: The SPSS PROCESS macro Model 4 analysis revealed that the relationships between mindfulness and FoMO (β=-.011, p=.738) and between Attention to Positive Information (API) and FoMO (β=.029, p=.383) were nonsignificant. Mindfulness exhibited negative associations with Attention to Negative Information (ANI) (β=- .250, p<.001) and the need to belong (β=-.254, p<.001) and positive associations with API (β=.268, p<.001). Furthermore, ANI positively correlated with FoMO (β=.182, p<.001), and the need to belong had a significant positive impact on FoMO (β=.503, p<.001). The mediation analysis indicated that the effect of mindfulness on FoMO was fully mediated by ANI and the need to belong, with no direct effect through API.

Conclusion: Recognizing mindfulness as a valuable psychological resource, this research offers insights for developing targeted interventions aimed at reducing FoMO and promoting healthier social media engagement among this population. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of the interplay between mindfulness, cognitive processes, motivation, and FoMO, offering guidance for future research and practical interventions.

Next »
Adair, K.C., Fredrickson, B.L., Castro-Schilo, L., Kim, S., Sidberry, S. (2018). Present with you: Does cultivated mindfulness predict greater social connection through gains in decentering and reductions in negative emotions? Mindfulness, 9(3), 737-749.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0811-1]
Adams, S.K., Williford, D.N., Vaccaro, A., Kisler, T.S., Francis, A., Newman, B. (2017). The young and the restless: Socializing trumps sleep, fear of missing out, and technological distractions in first-year college students. Int. J. Adolesc. Youth, 22(3), 337-348.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2016.1181557]
Alblwi, A., McAlaney, J., Altuwairiqi, M., Stefanidis, A., Phalp, K., Ali, R. (2020). Procrastination on social networks: Triggers and countermeasures. Psihologija (Beogr.), 53(4), 393-410.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/PSI190902016A]
Al-Furaih, S.A.A., Al-Awidi, H.M. (2020). Fear of missing out (FoMO) among undergraduate students in relation to attention distraction and learning disengagement in lectures. Educ. Inf. Technol.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10361-7]
Alt, D. (2018). Students’ wellbeing, fear of missing out, and social media engagement for leisure in higher education learning environments. Curr. Psychol., 37(1), 128-138.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9496-1]
Apaolaza, V., Hartmann, P., D’Souza, C., Gilsanz, A. (2019). Mindfulness, ccompulsive mobile social media use, and derived stress: The mediating roles of self-esteem and social anxiety. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw., 22(6), 388-396.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0681] [PMID: 31070455]
Arpaci, I. (2021). Relationships between early maladaptive schemas and smartphone addiction: The moderating role of mindfulness. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict., 19(3), 778-792.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00186-y]
Arpaci, I. Baloğlu, M., Özteke Kozan, H.İ., Kesici, Ş.(2017). Individual differences in the relationship between attachment and nomophobia among college students: The mediating role of mindfulness. J. Med. Internet Res., 19(12), e404.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8847] [PMID: 29242179]
Arslan, G. , Coşkun, M.(2021). Social exclusion, self-forgiveness, mindfulness, and internet addiction in college students: A moderated mediation approach. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict., 1-15.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00506-1] [PMID: 33716585]
Baer, R.A., Smith, G.T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27-45.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504] [PMID: 16443717]
Baer, R.A., Smith, G.T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., Walsh, E., Duggan, D., Williams, J.M.G. (2008). Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15(3), 329-342.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191107313003] [PMID: 18310597]
Baker, Z.G., Krieger, H., LeRoy, A.S. (2016). Fear of missing out: Relationships with depression, mindfulness, and physical symptoms. Transl. Issues Psychol. Sci., 2(3), 275-282.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tps0000075]
Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., van IJzendoorn, M.H. (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psychol. Bull., 133(1), 1-24.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1] [PMID: 17201568]
Baumeister, R.F., Leary, M.R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychol. Bull., 117(3), 497-529.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497] [PMID: 7777651]
Brand, M., Wegmann, E., Stark, R., Müller, A., Wölfling, K., Robbins, T.W., Potenza, M.N. (2019). The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 104, 1-10.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032] [PMID: 31247240]
Brand, M., Young, K.S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K., Potenza, M.N. (2016). Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 71, 252-266.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033] [PMID: 27590829]
Brown, K.W., Ryan, R.M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 84(4), 822-848.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822] [PMID: 12703651]
Chambers, R., Gullone, E., Allen, N.B. (2009). Mindful emotion regulation: An integrative review. Clin. Psychol. Rev., 29(6), 560-572.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.005] [PMID: 19632752]
Chan, S.S., Van Solt, M., Cruz, R.E., Philp, M., Bahl, S., Serin, N., Amaral, N.B., Schindler, R., Bartosiak, A., Kumar, S., Canbulut, M. (2022). Social media and mindfulness: From the fear of missing out (FOMO) to the joy of missing out (JOMO). J. Consum. Aff., 56(3), 1312-1331.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joca.12476]
Chang, D.F., Donald, J., Whitney, J., Miao, I.Y., Sahdra, B.K. (2022). http://doi.org/https://osf.io/w9yxu/?view_only=8122f5fb70de4f87927a80edec60b631
Chang, J., Hodgins, H.S., Lin, Y., Huang, C. (2014). On the flexibility of the automatic us-them divide. Springer.(pp. 97-119). Berlin, Heidelberg:.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8542-6_5]
Chang, J.H., Huang, C.L., Lin, Y.C. (2015). Mindfulness, basic ssychological needs fulfillment, and well-being. J Happiness Stud., 16(5), 1149-1162.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9551-2]
Cheever, N.A., Rosen, L.D., Carrier, L.M., Chavez, A. (2014). Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users. Comput. Human Behav., 37, 290-297.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.002]
Chu, S.T.W., Mak, W.W.S. (2020). How mindfulness enhances meaning in life: A meta-analysis of correlational studies and randomized controlled trials. Mindfulness, 11(1), 177-193.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01258-9]
Clear, S.J., Zimmer-Gembeck, M.J., Duffy, A.L., Barber, B.L. (2020). Internalizing symptoms and loneliness: Direct effects of mindfulness and protection against the negative effects of peer victimization and exclusion. Int. J. Behav. Dev., 44(1), 51-61.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025419876358]
Collins, K.R.L., Best, I., Stritzke, W.G.K., Page, A.C. (2016). Mindfulness and zest for life buffer the negative effects of experimentally-induced perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness: Implications for theories of suicide. J. Abnorm. Psychol., 125(5), 704-714.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/abn0000167] [PMID: 27175987]
Creswell, J.D., Irwin, M.R., Burklund, L.J., Lieberman, M.D., Arevalo, J.M.G., Ma, J., Breen, E.C., Cole, S.W. (2012). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction training reduces loneliness and pro-inflammatory gene expression in older adults: A small randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav. Immun., 26(7), 1095-1101.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.006] [PMID: 22820409]
Cristea, I.A., Kok, R.N., Cuijpers, P. (2015). Efficacy of cognitive bias modification interventions in anxiety and depression: Meta-analysis. Br. J. Psychiatry, 206(1), 7-16.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.146761] [PMID: 25561486]
Dai, Q., Feng, Z., Shuang, X.U., Xie, J., Liu, K., Yongju, Y.U., Wang, X., Zhang, R., Ying, H.E., Jiawen, L.I. (2015). Validity and reliability of the Chinese Attention to Positive and Negative Inventory in college students. Chin. Ment. Health J., (5), 395-400.
De Raedt, R., Baert, S., Demeyer, I., Goeleven, E., Raes, A., Visser, A., Wysmans, M., Jansen, E., Schacht, R., Van Aalderen, J.R., Speckens, A. (2012). Changes in attentional processing of emotional information following mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in people with a history of depression: Towards an open attention for all emotional experiences. Cognit. Ther. Res., 36(6), 612-620.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9411-x]
Deen, H., Notebaert, L., Van Bockstaele, B., Clarke, P.J.F., Todd, J. (2022). For there is nothing either good or bad: A study of the mediating effect of interpretation bias on the association between mindfulness and reduced post-traumatic stress vulnerability. BMC Psychiatry, 22(1), 329.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03950-y] [PMID: 35550057]
Dempsey, A.E., O’Brien, K.D., Tiamiyu, M.F., Elhai, J.D. (2019). Fear of missing out (FoMO) and rumination mediate relations between social anxiety and problematic Facebook use. Addict. Behav. Rep., 9, 100150.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.100150] [PMID: 31193746]
Dhir, A., Yossatorn, Y., Kaur, P., Chen, S. (2018). Online social media fatigue and psychological wellbeing—A study of compulsive use, fear of missing out, fatigue, anxiety and depression. Int. J. Inf. Manage., 40, 141-152.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.01.012]
Dogan, V. (2019). Why do people experience the fear of missing out (FoMO)? Exposing the link between the self and the FoMO through self-construal. J. Cross Cult. Psychol., 50(4), 524-538.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022119839145]
Elhai, J.D., Levine, J.C., Alghraibeh, A.M., Alafnan, A.A., Aldraiweesh, A.A., Hall, B.J. (2018). Fear of missing out: Testing relationships with negative affectivity, online social engagement, and problematic smartphone use. Comput. Human Behav., 89, 289-298.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.020]
Fabris, M.A., Marengo, D., Longobardi, C., Settanni, M. (2020). Investigating the links between fear of missing out, social media addiction, and emotional symptoms in adolescence: The role of stress associated with neglect and negative reactions on social media. Addict. Behav., 106, 106364.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106364] [PMID: 32145495]
Feitosa, C. (2022). Understanding the relationship between mindfulness, problematic smartphone usage, and psychological well-being in young adults.. Dublin: National College of Ireland.
Ford, C.G., Kiken, L.G., Haliwa, I., Shook, N.J. (2021). Negatively biased cognition as a mechanism of mindfulness: A review of the literature. Curr. Psychol., •••, 1-17.
Ford, C.G., Shook, N.J. (2019). Negative cognitive bias and perceived stress: Independent mediators of the relation between mindfulness and emotional distress. Mindfulness, 10(1), 100-110.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0955-7]
Frewen, P.A., Evans, E.M., Maraj, N., Dozois, D.J.A., Partridge, K. (2008). Letting go: Mindfulness and negative automatic thinking. Cognit. Ther. Res., 32(6), 758-774.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-007-9142-1]
Fuster, H., Chamarro, A., Oberst, U. (2017). Fear of Missing Out, online social networking and mobile phone addiction: A latent profile approach. Aloma Revista de Psicologia Ciències de l Educació i de l Esport, 35(23), 30.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.51698/aloma.2017.35.1.22-30]
Garland, E.L., Baker, A.K., Howard, M.O. (2017). Mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement reduces opioid attentional bias among prescription opioid-treated chronic pain patients. J. Soc. Social Work Res., 8(4), 493-509.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/694324]
Garland, E.L., Boettiger, C.A., Gaylord, S., Chanon, V.W., Howard, M.O. (2012). Mindfulness is inversely associated with alcohol attentional bias among recovering alcohol-dependent adults. Cognit. Ther. Res., 36(5), 441-450.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9378-7] [PMID: 23280000]
Garland, E.L., Gaylord, S.A., Fredrickson, B.L. (2011). Positive reappraisal mediates the stress-reductive effects of mindfulness: An upward spiral process. Mindfulness, 2(1), 59-67.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0043-8]
Garland, E.L., Howard, M.O. (2013). Mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement reduces pain attentional bias in chronic pain patients. Psychother. Psychosom., 82(5), 311-318.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000348868] [PMID: 23942276]
Garland, E., Gaylord, S., Park, J. (2009). The role of mindfulness in positive reappraisal. Explore (NY), 5(1), 37-44.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2008.10.001] [PMID: 19114262]
Gibb, A., Wilson, J.M., Ford, C., Shook, N.J. (2022). Does mindfulness reduce negative interpretation bias? Cogn. Emotion, 36(2), 284-299.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2021.2008322] [PMID: 34854352]
Goodman, R.J., Trapp, S.K., Park, E.S., Davis, J.L. (2021). Opening minds by supporting needs: Do autonomy and competence support facilitate mindfulness and academic performance? Soc. Psychol. Educ., 24(1), 119-142.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11218-020-09577-9]
Goyer, M.S., McKee, L.G., Parent, J. (2022). Positive and negative interpretation biases in the relationship between trait mindfulness and depressive symptoms in primarily white emerging adults. Mindfulness, 13(5), 1258-1270.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01873-z]
Goyer, M. (2020). Exploring the relationships among mindfulness, attention and interpretation bias, and depressive symptoms in emerging adults. Thesis, Georgia State University.
Gupta, R.S., Kujawa, A., Fresco, D.M., Kang, H., Vago, D.R. (2022). Mindfulnessbased dognitive therapy: A preliminary examination of the (event-related) potential for modifying threat-related attentional bias in anxiety. Mindfulness, 13(7), 1719-1732.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01910-x] [PMID: 35668874]
Hallauer, C.J., Rooney, E.A., Billieux, J., Hall, B.J., Elhai, J. (2022). Mindfulness mediates relations between anxiety with problematic smartphone use severity. Cyberpsychology (Brno), 16(1)

[http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/CP2022-1-4]
Hanley, A., Garland, E.L., Black, D.S. (2014). Use of mindful reappraisal coping among meditation practitioners. J. Clin. Psychol., 70(3), 294-301.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22023] [PMID: 23818289]
Hartgerink, C.H.J., van Beest, I., Wicherts, J.M., Williams, K.D. (2015). The ordinal effects of ostracism: A meta-analysis of 120 Cyberball studies. PLoS One, 10(5), e0127002.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127002] [PMID: 26023925]
Hartung, F.M., Renner, B. (2014). The need to belong and the relationship between loneliness and health. Z. Gesundhpsychol., 22(4), 194-201.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/0943-8149/a000129]
Hassan, Y., Pandey, J. (2021). Demystifying the dark side of social networking sites through mindfulness. AJIS Australas. J. Inf. Syst., 25.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v25i0.2923]
Hayes, A.F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach.. New York: Guilford publications.
Hayran, C., Anik, L. (2021). Well-being and fear of missing out (FOMO) on digital content in the time of COVID-19: A correlational analysis among university students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18(4), 1974.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041974] [PMID: 33670639]
Heeren, A. Mogoașe, C., Philippot, P., McNally, R.J.(2015). Attention bias modification for social anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Psychol. Rev., 40, 76-90.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.001] [PMID: 26080314]
Ho, N.S.P., Sun, D., Ting, K.H., Chan, C.C.H., Lee, T.M.C. (2015). Mindfulness trait predicts neurophysiological reactivity associated with negativity bias: An ERP study. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2015, 1-15.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/212368] [PMID: 26124852]
Hobfoll, S.E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. Am. Psychol., 44(3), 513-524.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513] [PMID: 2648906]
Hobfoll, S.E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J.P., Westman, M. (2018). Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav., 5(1), 103-128.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640]
Hoge, E.A., Reese, H.E., Oliva, I.A., Gabriel, C.D., Guidos, B.M., Bui, E., Simon, N.M., Dutton, M.A. (2020). Investigating the role of interpretation bias in mindfulness-based treatment of adults with generalized anxiety disorder. Front. Psychol., 11, 82.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00082] [PMID: 32116907]
Holas, P., Krejtz, I., Wisiecka, K., Rusanowska, M., Nezlek, J.B. (2020). Modification of attentional bias to emotional faces following mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in people with a current depression. Mindfulness, 11(6), 1413-1423.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01353-2]
Hopthrow, T., Hooper, N., Mahmood, L., Meier, B.P., Weger, U. (2017). Mindfulness reduces the correspondence bias. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. (Hove), 70(3), 351-360.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1149498] [PMID: 27030310]
James, T.L., Lowry, P.B., Wallace, L., Warkentin, M. (2017). The effect of belongingness on obsessive-compulsive disorder in the use of online social networks. J. Manage. Inf. Syst., 34(2), 560-596.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2017.1334496]
Jatmika, D., Agustina, V.F. (2021). Jurnal Ilmu Perilaku, 4(2), 135-153.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jip.4.2.135-153.2020]
Jones, A., Hook, M., Podduturi, P., McKeen, H., Beitzell, E., Liss, M. (2022). Mindfulness as a mediator in the relationship between social media engagement and depression in young adults. Pers. Individ. Dif., 185, 111284.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111284]
Jurkovič, M. (2016). Effect of short-term mindfulness induction on myside bias and miserly processing: A preliminary study. Stud. Psychol. (Bratisl.), 58(3), 231-237.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.21909/sp.2016.03.719]
Kiken, L.G., Shook, N.J. (2011). Looking Up. Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci., 2(4), 425-431.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550610396585]
Kiken, L.G., Shook, N.J. (2012). Mindfulness and emotional distress: The role of negatively biased cognition. Pers. Individ. Dif., 52(3), 329-333.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.031]
Kim, K., Milne, G.R., Bahl, S. (2018). Smart phone addiction and mindfulness: An intergenerational comparison. Int. J. Pharm. Healthc. Mark., 12(1), 25-43.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPHM-08-2016-0044]
Kirschner, H., Kuyken, W., Karl, A. (2022). A biobehavioural approach to understand how mindfulness-based cognitive therapy reduces dispositional negative self-bias in recurrent depression. Mindfulness, 13(4), 928-941.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01845-3]
Klussman, K., Curtin, N., Langer, J., Nichols, A.L. (2020). Examining the effect of mindfulness on well-being: Self-connection as a mediator. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 14, e5.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/prp.2019.29]
Lai, C., Altavilla, D., Ronconi, A., Aceto, P. (2016). Fear of missing out (FOMO) is associated with activation of the right middle temporal gyrus during inclusion social cue. Comput. Human Behav., 61, 516-521.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.072]
Leary, M.R., Kelly, K.M., Cottrell, C.A., Schreindorfer, L.S. (2013). Construct validity of the need to belong scale: Mapping the nomological network. J. Pers. Assess., 95(6), 610-624.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.819511] [PMID: 23905716]
Li, J., Xue, W., Zhao, J., Tan, L. (2022). Cognitive bias and fear of missing out (FoMO) among Chinese college students: The mediating effects of attentional control, need to belong and self-construal. Curr. Psychol., •••, 1-10.
Lin, Y.H. (2022). Compulsive Instagram use: Roles of stickiness, gratifications, and mindfulness. Cyberpsychology (Brno), 16(1)

[http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/CP2022-1-3]
Liu, J., Shen, K., Li, H. (2019). How state anxiety and attentional bias interact with each other: The moderating effect of cognitive appraisal. Atten. Percept. Psychophys., 81(3), 694-706.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-018-01650-y] [PMID: 30610683]
Lueke, A., Gibson, B. (2015). Mindfulness meditation reduces implicit age and race bias. Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci., 6(3), 284-291.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550614559651]
Majeed, M., Irshad, M., Fatima, T., Khan, J., Hassan, M.M. (2020). Relationship between problematic social media usage and employee depression: A moderated mediation model of mindfulness and fear of COVID-19. Front. Psychol., 11, 557987.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.557987] [PMID: 33391075]
Malboeuf-Hurtubise, C., Taylor, G., Mageau, G.A. (2019). Impact of a mindfulness-based intervention on basic psychological need satisfaction and internalized symptoms in elementary school students with severe learning disabilities: Results from a randomized cluster trial. Front. Psychol., 10, 2715.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02715] [PMID: 31920787]
Martelli, A.M., Chester, D.S., Warren Brown, K., Eisenberger, N.I., DeWall, C.N. (2018). When less is more: Mindfulness predicts adaptive affective responding to rejection via reduced prefrontal recruitment. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci., 13(6), 648-655.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsy037] [PMID: 29868921]
Mayer, B., Polak, M.G., Remmerswaal, D. (2019). Mindfulness, interpretation bias, and levels of anxiety and depression: Two mediation studies. Mindfulness, 10(1), 55-65.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0946-8] [PMID: 30662572]
Mogg, K., Bradley, B.P. (2016). Anxiety and attention to threat: Cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification. Behav. Res. Ther., 87, 76-108.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.001] [PMID: 27616718]
Montani, F., Setti, I., Sommovigo, V., Courcy, F., Giorgi, G. (2020). Who responds creatively to role conflict? Evidence for a curvilinear relationship mediated by cognitive adjustment at work and moderated by mindfulness. J. Bus. Psychol., 35(5), 621-641.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10869-019-09644-9]
Naren, V., Sobana, J., Jaiganesh, K. (2016). Prevalence of internet addiction and its impact on the physiological balance of mental health. Natl. J. Physiol. Pharm. Pharmacol., 6, 97-100.
Noguchi, K., Gohm, C.L., Dalsky, D.J. (2006). Cognitive tendencies of focusing on positive and negative information. J. Res. Pers., 40(6), 891-910.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.09.008]
O’Connell, C. (2020). How FOMO (Fear of Missing Out), the smartphone, and social media may be affecting university students in the middle east. N. Am. J. Psychol., 22(1), 83-102.
Oeldorf-Hirsch, A., Chen, Y. (2022). Mobile mindfulness: Predictors of mobile screen time tracking. Comput. Human Behav., 129, 107170.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107170]
Olivier, B. (2019). Mindfulness in an era of acceleration. Alternation (Durb.), SP29(3)

[http://dx.doi.org/10.29086/2519-5476/2019/sp25.3a16]
Oyler, D.L., Price-Blackshear, M.A., Pratscher, S.D., Bettencourt, B.A. (2022). Mindfulness and intergroup bias: A systematic review. Group Process. Intergroup Relat., 25(4), 1107-1138.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430220978694]
Pickert, K. (2014). The art of being mindful. Finding peace in a stressed-out, digitally dependent culture may just be a matter of thinking differently. Time, 183(4), 40-46.
[PMID: 24640415]
Pickett, C.L., Gardner, W.L., Knowles, M. (2004). Getting a cue: The need to belong and enhanced sensitivity to social cues. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull., 30(9), 1095-1107.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167203262085] [PMID: 15359014]
Poon, K.T., Jiang, Y. (2020). Getting less likes on social media: Mindfulness ameliorates the detrimental effects of feeling left out online. Mindfulness, 11(4), 1038-1048.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01313-w]
Preacher, K.J., Hayes, A.F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav. Res. Methods, 40(3), 879-891.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879] [PMID: 18697684]
Priddy, S.E., Hanley, A.W., Riquino, M.R., Platt, K.A., Baker, A.K., Garland, E.L. (2018). Dispositional mindfulness and prescription opioid misuse among chronic pain patients: Craving and attention to positive information as mediating mechanisms. Drug Alcohol Depend., 188, 86-93.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.040] [PMID: 29754031]
Przybylski, A.K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C.R., Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Comput. Human Behav., 29(4), 1841-1848.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014]
Reed, J.A. (2018). Minding the Reflexive Stage of the Temporal Need-Threat Model: State and Trait Mindfulness as Moderators of the Immediate Effects of Social Exclusion.Doctor of Philosophy, University of Toledo. Psychology .
Riva, P., Wirth, J.H., Williams, K.D. (2011). The consequences of pain: The social and physical pain overlap on psychological responses. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol., 41(6), 681-687.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.837]
Roberts-Wolfe, D., Sacchet, M., Hastings, E., Roth, H., Britton, W. (2012). Mindfulness training alters emotional memory recall compared to active controls: Support for an emotional information processing model of mindfulness. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 6, 15.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00015] [PMID: 22347856]
Rozgonjuk, D., Elhai, J.D., Ryan, T., Scott, G.G. (2019). Fear of missing out is associated with disrupted activities from receiving smartphone notifications and surface learning in college students. Comput. Educ., 140, 103590.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.05.016]
Savulich, G., Freeman, D., Shergill, S., Yiend, J. (2015). Interpretation biases in paranoia. Behav. Ther., 46(1), 110-124.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.08.002] [PMID: 25526839]
Schultz, P.P., Ryan, R.M., Niemiec, C.P., Legate, N., Williams, G.C. (2015). Mindfulness, work climate, and psychological need satisfaction in employee well-being. Mindfulness, 6(5), 971-985.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0338-7]
Scott, H., Biello, S.M., Woods, H.C. (2019). Identifying drivers for bedtime social media use despite sleep costs: The adolescent perspective. Sleep Health, 5(6), 539-545.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2019.07.006] [PMID: 31523005]
Shires, A., Sharpe, L., Newton John, T.R.O. (2019). The relative efficacy of mindfulness versus distraction: The moderating role of attentional bias. Eur. J. Pain, 23(4), 727-738.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1340] [PMID: 30421547]
Spithoven, A.W.M., Bijttebier, P., Goossens, L. (2017). It is all in their mind: A review on information processing bias in lonely individuals. Clin. Psychol. Rev., 58, 97-114.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.003] [PMID: 29102150]
Tandon, A., Dhir, A., Almugren, I., AlNemer, G.N., Mäntymäki, M. (2021). Fear of missing out (FoMO) among social media users: A systematic literature review, synthesis and framework for future research. Internet Res., 31(3), 782-821.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/INTR-11-2019-0455]
Tomlinson, E.R., Yousaf, O., Vittersø, A.D., Jones, L. (2018). Dispositional mindfulness and psychological health: A systematic review. Mindfulness, 9(1), 23-43.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0762-6] [PMID: 29387263]
Turkle, S. (2016). Reclaiming conversation: The power of talk in a digital age.. Penguin Press Westminster, London .
Vago, D.R., Nakamura, Y. (2011). Selective attentional bias towards pain-related threat in fibromyalgia: Preliminary evidence for effects of mindfulness meditation training. Cognit. Ther. Res., 35(6), 581-594.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9391-x]
Weaver, J.L., Swank, J.M., Krishnan, J. (2019). Mindful connections: A mindfulness-based intervention for adolescent social media users. J. Child Adolesc. Couns., 5(2), 103-112.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23727810.2019.1586419]
Weaver, J.L., Swank, J.M. (2021). An examination of college students’ social media use, fear of missing out, and mindful attention. J. Coll. Couns., 24(2), 132-145.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jocc.12181]
Wegmann, E., Oberst, U., Stodt, B., Brand, M. (2017). Online-specific fear of missing out and Internet-use expectancies contribute to symptoms of Internet-communication disorder. Addict. Behav. Rep., 5, 33-42.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2017.04.001] [PMID: 29450225]
Wegmann, E., Brand, M. (2019). A narrative overview about psychosocial characteristics as risk factors of a problematic social networks use. Curr. Addict. Rep., 6(4), 402-409.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40429-019-00286-8]
Williams, K.D. (2007). Ostracism. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 58(1), 425-452.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641] [PMID: 16968209]
Wolniewicz, C.A., Rozgonjuk, D., Elhai, J.D. (2020). Boredom proneness and fear of missing out mediate relations between depression and anxiety with problematic smartphone use. Hum. Behav. Emerg. Technol., 2(1), 61-70.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.159]
Wong, J., Gordon, E.A., Heimberg, R.G. (2014). Cognitive behavioral models of social anxiety disorder.The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Social Anxiety Disorder. (pp. 705-728). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118653920.ch1]
Yin, L., Wang, P., Nie, J., Guo, J., Feng, J., Lei, L. (2021). Social networking sites addiction and FoMO: The mediating role of envy and the moderating role of need to belong. Curr. Psychol., 40(8), 3879-3887.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00344-4]
Zhang, N., Fan, F., Huang, S., Rodriguez, M.A. (2018). Mindfulness training for loneliness among Chinese college students: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Int. J. Psychol., 53(5), 373-378.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12394] [PMID: 27704544]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy