Generic placeholder image

Current Genomics

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1389-2029
ISSN (Online): 1875-5488

Research Article

Using Chaos-Game-Representation for Analysing the SARS-CoV-2 Lineages, Newly Emerging Strains and Recombinants

Author(s): Amarinder Singh Thind and Somdatta Sinha*

Volume 24, Issue 3, 2023

Published on: 24 October, 2023

Page: [187 - 195] Pages: 9

DOI: 10.2174/0113892029264990231013112156

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Viruses have high mutation rates, facilitating rapid evolution and the emergence of new species, subspecies, strains and recombinant forms. Accurate classification of these forms is crucial for understanding viral evolution and developing therapeutic applications. Phylogenetic classification is typically performed by analyzing molecular differences at the genomic and sub-genomic levels. This involves aligning homologous proteins or genes. However, there is growing interest in developing alignment-free methods for whole-genome comparisons that are computationally efficient.

Methods: Here we elaborate on the Chaos Game Representation (CGR) method, based on concepts of statistical physics and free of sequence alignment assumptions. We adopt the CGR method for classification of the closely related clades/lineages A and B of the SARS-Corona virus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2), which is one of the fastest evolving viruses.

Results: Our study shows that the CGR approach can easily yield the SARS-CoV-2 phylogeny from the available whole genomes of lineage A and lineage B sequences. It also shows an accurate classification of eight different strains and the newly evolved XBB variant from its parental strains. Compared to alignment-based methods (Neighbour-Joining and Maximum Likelihood), the CGR method requires low computational resources, is fast and accurate for long sequences, and, being a K-mer based approach, allows simultaneous comparison of a large number of closely-related sequences of different sizes. Further, we developed an R pipeline CGRphylo, available on GitHub, which integrates the CGR module with various other R packages to create phylogenetic trees and visualize them.

Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate the efficacy of the CGR method for accurate classification and tracking of rapidly evolving viruses, offering valuable insights into the evolution and emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 strains and recombinants.

« Previous
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Duffy, S. Why are RNA virus mutation rates so damn high? PLoS Biol., 2018, 16(8), e3000003.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000003] [PMID: 30102691]
[2]
Jankowski, R. Viruses and viral epidemics in the metabolic theory of evolution. Eur. Ann. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Dis., 2020, 137(4), 297-301.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anorl.2020.05.014] [PMID: 32773332]
[3]
Xu, B.; Gutierrez, B.; Mekaru, S.; Sewalk, K.; Goodwin, L.; Loskill, A.; Cohn, E.L.; Hswen, Y.; Hill, S.C.; Cobo, M.M.; Zarebski, A.E.; Li, S.; Wu, C.H.; Hulland, E.; Morgan, J.D.; Wang, L.; O’Brien, K.; Scarpino, S.V.; Brownstein, J.S.; Pybus, O.G.; Pigott, D.M.; Kraemer, M.U.G. Epidemiological data from the COVID-19 outbreak, real-time case information. Sci. Data, 2020, 7(1), 106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0448-0] [PMID: 32210236]
[4]
Adepoju, P. Experts hopeful about Ebola control in Uganda. Lancet, 2022, 400(10359), 1184.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01924-9] [PMID: 36215997]
[5]
Whitworth, J. COVID-19: A fast evolving pandemic. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 2020, 114(4), 241-248.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traa025] [PMID: 32198918]
[6]
Zhu, N.; Zhang, D.; Wang, W.; Li, X.; Yang, B.; Song, J.; Zhao, X.; Huang, B.; Shi, W.; Lu, R.; Niu, P.; Zhan, F.; Ma, X.; Wang, D.; Xu, W.; Wu, G.; Gao, G.F.; Tan, W. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 382(8), 727-733.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017] [PMID: 31978945]
[7]
Dong, E.; Du, H.; Gardner, L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2020, 20(5), 533-534.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1] [PMID: 32087114]
[8]
Gorbalenya, A.E.; Krupovic, M.; Mushegian, A.; Kropinski, A.M.; Siddell, S.G.; Varsani, A.; Adams, M.J.; Davison, A.J.; Dutilh, B.E.; Harrach, B.; Harrison, R.L.; Junglen, S.; King, A.M.Q.; Knowles, N.J.; Lefkowitz, E.J.; Nibert, M.L.; Rubino, L.; Sabanadzovic, S.; Sanfaçon, H.; Simmonds, P.; Walker, P.J.; Zerbini, F.M.; Kuhn, J.H. The new scope of virus taxonomy: Partitioning the virosphere into 15 hierarchical ranks. Nat. Microbiol., 2020, 5(5), 668-674.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0709-x] [PMID: 32341570]
[9]
Drews, S.J. The Taxonomy, Classification, and Characterization of Medically Important Viruses; Clinical Virology Manual, 2016, pp. 1-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555819156.ch1]
[10]
Cao, Y.; Jian, F.; Wang, J.; Yu, Y.; Song, W.; Yisimayi, A. Imprinted SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity induces converging Omicron RBD evolution. bioRxiv, 2022.
[11]
Baltimore, D. Expression of animal virus genomes. Bacteriol. Rev., 1971, 35(3), 235-241.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/br.35.3.235-241.1971] [PMID: 4329869]
[12]
Yang, Z.; Rannala, B. Molecular phylogenetics: Principles and practice. Nat. Rev. Genet., 2012, 13(5), 303-314.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3186] [PMID: 22456349]
[13]
Edgar, R.C.; Batzoglou, S. Multiple sequence alignment. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 2006, 16(3), 368-373.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2006.04.004] [PMID: 16679011]
[14]
Katoh, K.; Standley, D.M. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. Mol. Biol. Evol., 2013, 30(4), 772-780.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010] [PMID: 23329690]
[15]
Sievers, F; Higgins, DG Clustal omega. Current protocols in bioinform, 2014, 48(1), 13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471250953.bi0313s48]
[16]
Thompson, JD; Gibson, TJ; Higgins, DG Multiple sequence alignment using ClustalW and ClustalX. Current protocols in bioinform, 2002, 2002(1), 22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471250953.bi0203s00]
[17]
Song, H.; Giorgi, E.E.; Ganusov, V.V.; Cai, F.; Athreya, G.; Yoon, H.; Carja, O.; Hora, B.; Hraber, P.; Romero-Severson, E.; Jiang, C.; Li, X.; Wang, S.; Li, H.; Salazar-Gonzalez, J.F.; Salazar, M.G.; Goonetilleke, N.; Keele, B.F.; Montefiori, D.C.; Cohen, M.S.; Shaw, G.M.; Hahn, B.H.; McMichael, A.J.; Haynes, B.F.; Korber, B.; Bhattacharya, T.; Gao, F. Tracking HIV-1 recombination to resolve its contribution to HIV-1 evolution in natural infection. Nat. Commun., 2018, 9(1), 1928.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04217-5] [PMID: 29765018]
[18]
Sims, G.E.; Jun, S.R.; Wu, G.A.; Kim, S.H. Whole-genome phylogeny of mammals: Evolutionary information in genic and nongenic regions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2009, 106(40), 17077-17082.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909377106] [PMID: 19805074]
[19]
Wu, G.A.; Jun, S.R.; Sims, G.E.; Kim, S.H. Whole-proteome phylogeny of large dsDNA virus families by an alignment-free method. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2009, 106(31), 12826-12831.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905115106] [PMID: 19553209]
[20]
Zielezinski, A.; Vinga, S.; Almeida, J.; Karlowski, W.M. Alignment-free sequence comparison: Benefits, applications, and tools. Genome Biol., 2017, 18(1), 186.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-017-1319-7] [PMID: 28974235]
[21]
Capriotti, E.; Marti-Renom, M.A. Quantifying the relationship between sequence and three-dimensional structure conservation in RNA. BMC Bioinformatics, 2010, 11(1), 322.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-11-322] [PMID: 20550657]
[22]
Gardner, P.P.; Wilm, A.; Washietl, S. A benchmark of multiple sequence alignment programs upon structural RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res., 2005, 33(8), 2433-2439.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gki541] [PMID: 15860779]
[23]
Jeffrey, H.J. Chaos game representation of gene structure. Nucleic Acids Res., 1990, 18(8), 2163-2170.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.8.2163] [PMID: 2336393]
[24]
Goldman, N. Nucleotide, dinucleotide and trinucleotide frequencies explain patterns observed in chaos game representations of DNA sequences. Nucleic Acids Res., 1993, 21(10), 2487-2491.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/21.10.2487] [PMID: 8506142]
[25]
Almeida, J.S.; Carriço, J.A.; Maretzek, A.; Noble, P.A.; Fletcher, M. Analysis of genomic sequences by Chaos Game Representation. Bioinformatics, 2001, 17(5), 429-437.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/17.5.429] [PMID: 11331237]
[26]
Li, N.N.; Shi, F.; Niu, X.H.; Xia, J.B. A novel method to reconstruct phylogeny tree based on thechaos game representation. J. Biomed. Sci. Eng., 2009, 2(8), 582-586.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbise.2009.28084]
[27]
Pandit, A.; Sinha, S. Using genomic signatures for HIV-1 sub-typing. BMC Bioinformatics, 2010, 11(S1)(Suppl. 1), S26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-11-S1-S26] [PMID: 20122198]
[28]
Solis-Reyes, S.; Avino, M.; Poon, A.; Kari, L. An open-source k-mer based machine learning tool for fast and accurate subtyping of HIV-1 genomes. PLoS One, 2018, 13(11), e0206409.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206409] [PMID: 30427878]
[29]
Team, RDC. A language and environment for statistical computing. 2009. Available From: https://www.r-project.org/
[30]
Khare, S.; Gurry, C.; Freitas, L.; Schultz, MB; Bach, G.; Diallo, A GISAID’s Role in Pandemic Response. China CDC Wkly., 2021, 3(490), 1049-1051.
[31]
Shu, Y.; McCauley, J. GISAID: Global initiative on sharing all influenza data – from vision to reality. Euro Surveill., 2017, 22(13), 30494.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.13.30494] [PMID: 28382917]
[32]
Conversano, E.; Lalli, L.T. Sierpinski triangles in stone on medieval floors in Rome. J. Appl. Math., 2011, 4, 114-122.
[33]
Felsenstein, J. PHYLIP (Phylogeny Inference Package)., 1993. Available From: https://csbf.stanford.edu/phylip/
[34]
Hall, B.G. Building phylogenetic trees from molecular data with MEGA. Mol. Biol. Evol., 2013, 30(5), 1229-1235.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst012] [PMID: 23486614]
[35]
Paradis, E.; Schliep, K. ape 5.0: An environment for modern phylogenetics and evolutionary analyses in R. Bioinformatics, 2019, 35(3), 526-528.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty633] [PMID: 30016406]
[36]
Yu, G. Data Integration, Manipulation and Visualization of Phylogenetic Trees; CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida, 2022.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003279242]
[37]
Sievers, F.; Higgins, D.G. Clustal Omega, accurate alignment of very large numbers of sequences. Multiple sequence alignment methods; Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2014, pp. 105-116.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy
Request history8.2.27PHP Version2.16sRequest Duration28MBMemory UsageGET article/{article_id}/{param?}Route
  • warninglog[13:39:12] LOG.warning: Optional parameter $article_id declared before required parameter $request i...
  • warninglog[13:39:14] LOG.warning: Function strftime() is deprecated in /home/alphaeurekaselec/public_html/stor...
  • warninglog[13:39:14] LOG.warning: trim(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated ...
  • warninglog[13:39:14] LOG.warning: Function strftime() is deprecated in /home/alphaeurekaselec/public_html/stor...
  • Booting (134ms)time
  • Application (2.02s)time
  • 1 x Application (93.79%)
    2.02s
    1 x Booting (6.21%)
    134ms
    14 templates were rendered
    • articlearticle.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.article_top_bannerarticle_top_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.article_referencearticle_reference.blade.php#?blade
    • export_citation_formexport_citation_form.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.article_bottom_bannerarticle_bottom_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_journalsinc_related_journals.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_ebooksinc_related_ebooks.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.journal_rightmenujournal_rightmenu.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.journal_right_bannerjournal_right_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.appapp.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._login_access_login_access.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._header_header.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._main_menu_main_menu.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._footer_menu_footer_menu.blade.php#?blade
    uri
    GET article/{article_id}/{param?}
    middleware
    web, check_user_access
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\ArticleController@GetArticleDetails
    namespace
    App\Http\Controllers
    where
    as
    article
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:1974-2510
    36 statements were executed, 4 of which were duplicates, 32 unique. Show only duplicated103ms
    • Connection Establishedalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 9. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 10. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 11. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address (ip_address,visitor_agent,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('51399716','',1,1739972354,1739972354) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE visitor_count=visitor_count + 1, updated_on=1739972354
      1.12msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address_detail (ip_address,visitor_url,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('51399716','/article/135525',1,1739972354,1739972354)
      150μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#27
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:27
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_trail WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_token WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_trail WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_token WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_trail WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_token WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_disease_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) limit 1
      12.66msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#784
      Bindings
      • 0: 51399716
      • 1: 51399716
      • 2: 51399716
      • 3: 51399716
      • 4: 51399716
      • 5: 51399716
      • 6: 51399716
      • 7: 51399716
      • 8: 51399716
      • 9: 51399716
      • 10: 51399716
      • 11: 51399716
      • 12: 51399716
      • 13: 51399716
      • 14: 51399716
      • 15: 51399716
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
    • SELECT at.type_name, p.copyright, p.publisher_location,m.month,y.year, a.publish_on, a.nid article_nid,a.article_id, a.pmid, a.issue_id, a.title, a.abstract,a.podcast,a.altmetric_score,a.altmetric_url,a.kudos_url, a.page_count, a.first_page, a.elocator, a.last_page, i.publication_date, a.file_name, a.file_path, a.doi, a.is_epub,a.epub_type, a.volume_id, a.is_uploaded, a.editor_choice, a.is_epub, j.image_file_name, a.article_no, a.art_type AS article_type, a.supplementary_filename,a.html_filename,a.prc_filename,a.epub_filename, a.graph_abs_lg_filename, a.graph_abs_sm_filename, a.oa_image_lg_filename, a.oa_image_sm_filename, j.journal_banner,a.animated_abstract,a.erratum_in,a.erratum_for, (CASE WHEN a.issue_id =0 THEN j.epub_price ELSE j.price END) AS sell_price, j.epub_price, j.nid AS jour_nid, j.title AS journal_title, j.issn, j.eissn,j.journal_id, j.subtitle AS jour_subtitle, v.volume_id,v.volume_name AS volume, v.year_id, i.title AS issue, i.month_id ,i.type issue_type, j.subtitle,j.formerly_title, ac.subtitle AS epub_title,a.crossmark_enabled,a.text_mining_urls,a.license_urls,a.created, a.receivedate, a.revisedate, a.acceptdate,js.js_title FROM article a LEFT JOIN article_section ac ON a.is_epub = ac.art_sec_id LEFT JOIN journal_section js ON a.js_id = js.js_id LEFT JOIN article_type at ON a.art_type = at.art_type_id LEFT JOIN issue i ON a.issue_id = i.issue_id LEFT JOIN month m ON m.id = i.month_id LEFT JOIN volume v ON v.volume_id = a.volume_id INNER JOIN year y ON y.id = v.year_id INNER JOIN journal j ON j.journal_id = a.journal_id INNER JOIN publisher p ON p.publisher_id = j.publisher_id WHERE a.article_id=135525
      740μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#408
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Article.php:408
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2515
      • 13. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select * from `journal` where `journal_id` = 24 limit 1
      1.15msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Journal.php#64
      Bindings
      • 0: 24
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Journal.php:64
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2516
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select count(*) as aggregate from (select j.nid as journal_nid,j.flyer_link,j.title ,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword, j.journal_id as journal_id, j.subtitle, j.image_file_name,j.description,j.journal_insight_url,j.doi from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where j.journal_status=1 and subject_id IN (SELECT subject_id FROM subject_journal WHERE journal_id=24) and sj.journal_id!=24 group by `j`.`nid`) as `aggregate_table`
      930μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#200
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:200
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2517
      • 18. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select j.nid as journal_nid,j.flyer_link,j.title ,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword, j.journal_id as journal_id, j.subtitle, j.image_file_name,j.description,j.journal_insight_url,j.doi from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where j.journal_status=1 and subject_id IN (SELECT subject_id FROM subject_journal WHERE journal_id=24) and sj.journal_id!=24 group by `j`.`nid` order by `j`.`journal_id` asc limit 10 offset 0
      830μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#200
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:200
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2517
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select count(*) as aggregate from (select v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `v`.`year_id` where subject_id IN (SELECT subject_id FROM subject_journal WHERE journal_id=24) and v.ebook_status='1' and y.year > 2020 group by `v`.`nid`) as `aggregate_table`
      4.99msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#220
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:220
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2518
      • 18. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `v`.`year_id` where subject_id IN (SELECT subject_id FROM subject_journal WHERE journal_id=24) and v.ebook_status='1' and y.year > 2020 group by `v`.`nid` order by `v`.`ebook_volume_id` desc limit 10 offset 0
      3.42msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#220
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:220
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2518
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select * from `keywords` where `article_id` = '135525'
      210μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Keywords.php#43
      Bindings
      • 0: 135525
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Keywords.php:43
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2519
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select * from `article_citation` where `article_id` = '135525'
      4.2msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1570
      Bindings
      • 0: 135525
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:1570
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2520
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.last_name) as authors, CONCAT(au.last_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), ' ', au.first_name) AS authorsRIS, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.last_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.first_name) as authorsCiteAs, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.last_name), '')) as authorsmodal , `au`.*, `af`.`ror_id`, `af`.`institution`, `af`.`department`, `af`.`country`, `af`.`city`, `af`.`address`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.institution,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.department,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.address,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.city,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.country,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.postal_code,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.phone,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.fax,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `author_affiliation`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.web_view,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `web_view` from `author` as `au` left join `author_affiliation` as `af` on `au`.`author_id` = `af`.`author_id` where `au`.`article_id` = '135525' group by `au`.`author_id` order by `au`.`article_id` asc, `au`.`sequence` asc
      1.38msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Author.php#86
      Bindings
      • 0: 135525
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Author.php:86
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2533
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select `bo`.* from `bundle_offer` as `bo` where `bo`.`bundle_status` = 'A' order by `bo`.`bundle_id` desc
      320μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022BundleOffer.php#57
      Bindings
      • 0: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/BundleOffer.php:57
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2535
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select `subtitle` from `journal` where `continues_publication_journal` = 1
      700μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1960
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:1960
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2062
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • Select j.subtitle, v.volume_id as volume_id,v.year_id,y.year as year,v.volume_name, v.total_no_of_issues, i.issue_id as issue_id,i.title as issue, i.publication_date as issue_pub_date from journal j join volume v on j.journal_id = v.journal_id join issue i on v.volume_id = i.volume_id join article a on a.issue_id = i.issue_id join year y on v.year_id = y.id where j.journal_id = 24 and i.is_uploaded = 1 order by v.volume_name+0 desc, i.title+0 desc limit 1
      40.22msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Issue.php#298
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Issue.php:298
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2068
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select a.nid,a.publish_on, a.pmid,a.article_id,a.doi,j.journal_id,j.subtitle,v.volume_name,a.volume_id as volume_id, a.issue_id,a.title,first_page, last_page, page_count,abstract,ifnull(is_abstract,"y"),asec.title as article_section,at.type_name as article_type_name, a.article_id as ArticleID ,is_epub,epub_price,epub_type,a.created, y.year from `article` as `a` left join `article_section` as `asec` on `asec`.`art_sec_id` = `a`.`is_epub` left join `article_type` as `at` on `at`.`art_type_id` = `a`.`art_type` left join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `a`.`journal_id` inner join `volume` as `v` on `a`.`volume_id` = `v`.`volume_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `v`.`year_id` = `y`.`id` where a.article_status != "W" and a.is_epub = 1 and a.journal_id = 24 and a.is_uploaded = 1 group by `a`.`article_id` order by `a`.`publish_on` desc
      6.63msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#528
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:528
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2070
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select a.nid,a.publish_on, a.pmid,a.article_id,a.doi,j.journal_id,j.subtitle,v.volume_name,a.volume_id as volume_id, a.issue_id,a.title,first_page, last_page, page_count,abstract,ifnull(is_abstract,"y"),asec.title as article_section,at.type_name as article_type_name, a.article_id as ArticleID ,is_epub,epub_price,epub_type,a.created, y.year from `article` as `a` left join `article_section` as `asec` on `asec`.`art_sec_id` = `a`.`is_epub` left join `article_type` as `at` on `at`.`art_type_id` = `a`.`art_type` left join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `a`.`journal_id` inner join `volume` as `v` on `a`.`volume_id` = `v`.`volume_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `v`.`year_id` = `y`.`id` where a.article_status != "W" and a.is_epub = 4 and a.journal_id = 24 and a.is_uploaded = 1 group by `a`.`article_id` order by `a`.`publish_on` desc
      5.83msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#528
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:528
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2071
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select pdf, html, epub, prc from `article_metrics` where `article_id` = 135525 limit 1
      160μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#744
      Bindings
      • 0: 135525
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:744
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2091
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from content_by_diseases where content_id = 135525 and content_type = 'article' order by status desc limit 1
      220μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#751
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Article.php:751
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2094
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `node_meta` where `nid` = 222599 limit 1
      220μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Meta.php#30
      Bindings
      • 0: 222599
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Meta.php:30
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2101
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `bo`.* from `bundle_offer` as `bo` where `bo`.`bundle_status` = 'A' order by `bo`.`bundle_id` desc
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022BundleOffer.php#57
      Bindings
      • 0: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/BundleOffer.php:57
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2108
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `tbl_ht_submission` as `h` where `h`.`subtitle` = 'CG' and (h.proposal_closing_date = 0 OR TO_DAYS(FROM_UNIXTIME(h.proposal_closing_date)) >= TO_DAYS(NOW())) order by `h`.`manuscript` asc
      330μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#2025
      Bindings
      • 0: CG
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:2025
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2112
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '135525' and content_type = 'a' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      390μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2186
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '12913' and content_type = 'i' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      290μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2207
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '3325' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2231
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739972354 and j.to_date >= 1739972354 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 3325) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739972354 and j.to_date >= 1739972354 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 3325) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739972354 and j.to_date >= 1739972354 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 3325)
      8.03msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2272
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739972354 and j.to_date >= 1739972354 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 12913) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739972354 and j.to_date >= 1739972354 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 12913) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739972354 and j.to_date >= 1739972354 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 12913)
      590μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2297
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739972354 and j.to_date >= 1739972354 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 135525) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739972354 and j.to_date >= 1739972354 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 135525) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739972354 and j.to_date >= 1739972354 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 135525)
      570μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2329
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `article` where `first_page` < '187' and is_uploaded = 1 and issue_id = 12913 order by cast(first_page as SIGNED) desc limit 1
      480μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1819
      Bindings
      • 0: 187
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:1819
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2470
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `article` where `last_page` > '195' and is_uploaded = 1 and issue_id = 12913 order by cast(first_page as SIGNED) asc limit 1
      380μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1831
      Bindings
      • 0: 195
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:1831
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2472
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `language_id` from `multilanguage` where `short_code` = 'en'
      180μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ArticleController.php#2497
      Bindings
      • 0: en
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2497
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select `source_lang_label`, `target_lang_label` from `multilanguage_labels` where `target_lang_id` = 1
      180μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022MultiLanguage.php#23
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/MultiLanguage.php:23
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2498
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `id` from `multilanguage_article` where `article_id` = 135525 limit 1
      2.5msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ArticleController.php#2506
      Bindings
      • 0: 135525
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2506
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `bd`.`content_id` where `b`.`banner_journal` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'J' and `bd`.`content_id` = 24 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739972354 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739972354 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.3msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: J
      • 2: 24
      • 3: 1739972354
      • 4: 1739972354
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `bd`.`content_id` where `b`.`banner_journal` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'J' and `bd`.`content_id` = 24 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739972354 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739972354 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.15msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: J
      • 2: 24
      • 3: 1739972354
      • 4: 1739972354
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='96b23fb9e3f7f568e033f10f16dc8614'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\MultiLanguage
    1MultiLanguage.php#?
        _token
        o5HkdG9oOU27lPTwPNiNPBCNR7QmMFx4xHSgSgcO
        uc_cart_id
        96b23fb9e3f7f568e033f10f16dc8614
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/article/135525" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /article/135525
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:9 [ "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjE3YjdjdVFZWUtueVhWbkJwOGZRK1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTU81Y2REUVorZ3dHcFRCNXZTNmRtZnJ5Mmd2ZzF0Q1lSaTNTM2p0NXd6OD0iLCJtYWMiOiJiNTVjZDZlMTdiZWFmNzk2MzE5NWI1ODBjNTM0YmRkOGYzMTlhOTg0ZjE0ZDM3ZjU2N2RhNDA1YmEwMDMyNTU2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjE3YjdjdVFZWUtueVhWbkJwOGZRK1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTU81Y2REUVorZ3dHcFRCNXZTNmRtZnJ5Mmd2ZzF0Q1lSaTNTM2p0NXd6OD0iLCJtYWMiOiJiNTVjZDZlMTdiZWFm" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "keep-alive" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 19 Feb 2025 13:39:14 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkJNOEZyczRvV3ZXMUdxVjQ2b2xISWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibkJIMWtvbzNFSVV6ZDFza1F1K3ZSU25CNXBnek8xcmJRU1RoMEg5dCtPWGJCWkp0NDlvREV2V0VUTUNWckhxSGFEMWZ6K2h1RTM1czRvUzYrNHNZUXdqdWtHMzdHZkNrV1ZJM1RtWkp3R0xQODRaZzZOTkpRZzhDSFVvV2ljbi8iLCJtYWMiOiJhODRiYTdhMGIwODQ5NGMxZDA1YWEyMTExN2M3ZjYyMDg5MmJkODVlY2RkZTMwNWViMmU2NzYyMTY2MjJhZTFjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22 Feb 2025 01:39:14 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkJNOEZyczRvV3ZXMUdxVjQ2b2xISWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibkJIMWtvbzNFSVV6ZDFza1F1K3ZSU25CNXBnek8xcmJRU1RoMEg5dCtPWGJCWkp0NDlvREV2V0VUTUNWckhxSGFEMWZ6K" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Inc2Wk1UZnVhMkJpY3VSNWlkUGxhaWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUnRFUDA1ZFE2d2tGMklnVnEwSTMxWk84MGVpM2JWcmRxb25rTTJ6ZWhTQzF5WnVqL3hzOGo0UitRVzRsTDFSWGJVdkRadVlZa245ZTE5RFFBelhVbk1WaU5hRXA2UjVaNzlMK1diTnFvK2JWMkh3QjhjY0hodm5iUGZrVW5aY3UiLCJtYWMiOiI0ZWQ2MWE0MWYxNjY4MjU2ZGE2Y2NlZDg1ZTI2MTZiYzIyZmY4ZTc0Yjk4NTExZTdlYjc5MmVlY2I3NWQ2YTBkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Inc2Wk1UZnVhMkJpY3VSNWlkUGxhaWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUnRFUDA1ZFE2d2tGMklnVnEwSTMxWk84MGVpM2JWcmRxb25rTTJ6ZWhTQzF5WnVqL3hzOGo0Uit" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkJNOEZyczRvV3ZXMUdxVjQ2b2xISWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibkJIMWtvbzNFSVV6ZDFza1F1K3ZSU25CNXBnek8xcmJRU1RoMEg5dCtPWGJCWkp0NDlvREV2V0VUTUNWckhxSGFEMWZ6K2h1RTM1czRvUzYrNHNZUXdqdWtHMzdHZkNrV1ZJM1RtWkp3R0xQODRaZzZOTkpRZzhDSFVvV2ljbi8iLCJtYWMiOiJhODRiYTdhMGIwODQ5NGMxZDA1YWEyMTExN2M3ZjYyMDg5MmJkODVlY2RkZTMwNWViMmU2NzYyMTY2MjJhZTFjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22-Feb-2025 01:39:14 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkJNOEZyczRvV3ZXMUdxVjQ2b2xISWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibkJIMWtvbzNFSVV6ZDFza1F1K3ZSU25CNXBnek8xcmJRU1RoMEg5dCtPWGJCWkp0NDlvREV2V0VUTUNWckhxSGFEMWZ6K" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Inc2Wk1UZnVhMkJpY3VSNWlkUGxhaWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUnRFUDA1ZFE2d2tGMklnVnEwSTMxWk84MGVpM2JWcmRxb25rTTJ6ZWhTQzF5WnVqL3hzOGo0UitRVzRsTDFSWGJVdkRadVlZa245ZTE5RFFBelhVbk1WaU5hRXA2UjVaNzlMK1diTnFvK2JWMkh3QjhjY0hodm5iUGZrVW5aY3UiLCJtYWMiOiI0ZWQ2MWE0MWYxNjY4MjU2ZGE2Y2NlZDg1ZTI2MTZiYzIyZmY4ZTc0Yjk4NTExZTdlYjc5MmVlY2I3NWQ2YTBkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Inc2Wk1UZnVhMkJpY3VSNWlkUGxhaWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUnRFUDA1ZFE2d2tGMklnVnEwSTMxWk84MGVpM2JWcmRxb25rTTJ6ZWhTQzF5WnVqL3hzOGo0Uit" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "o5HkdG9oOU27lPTwPNiNPBCNR7QmMFx4xHSgSgcO" "uc_cart_id" => "96b23fb9e3f7f568e033f10f16dc8614" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/article/135525" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-19 13:39:14GET/article/135525414361