Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pediatric Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-3963
ISSN (Online): 1875-6336

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Fish Allergy and Related Conditions in Children: A Review

Author(s): Arianna Giannetti, Irene Bettini, Eleonora Alfieri, Amina De Bona, Giuliana Giannì, Giampaolo Ricci* and Carlo Caffarelli

Volume 20, Issue 3, 2024

Published on: 17 October, 2023

Page: [224 - 239] Pages: 16

DOI: 10.2174/0115733963267330230919094037

Price: $65

conference banner
Abstract

Fish allergy is the important food allergies in childhood, often persisting into adulthood. It can cause severe hypersensitivity reactions, including fatal anaphylaxis; furthermore, avoiding-fish diet has negative nutritional and psychological effects. Recent research studies focus on epitope structures and aim to develop sensitive and specific diagnostic tools, which have a better correlation with clinical reactions. Protocols with hypoallergenic parvalbumin or other recombinant antigens are also under study and will likely lead to new immunotherapy protocols.

IgE-mediated fish allergy differs substantially from other forms of immunological adverse reactions to fish, such as Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome and eosinophilic esophagitis. In addition, fish ingestion can cause non-immunological adverse reactions, such as in the case of scombroid poisoning, anisakiasis and toxic poisoning.

This review aims to summarize the characteristics of the main immunological and non-immunological fish reactions, analyzing the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and therapy, with a particular focus on clinical management.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Buyuktiryaki B, Masini M, Mori F, Barni S, Liccioli G, Sarti L. Ige-mediated fish allergy in children. Medicina, Lithuania: MDPI AG 2021; 57: pp. 1-22.
[2]
Sharp MF, Lopata AL. Fish allergy: In review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2014; 46(3): 258-71.
[3]
Tsabouri S, Triga M, Makris M, Kalogeromitros D, Church MK, Priftis KN. Fish and shellfish allergy in children: Review of a persistent food allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2012; 23(7): 608-15.
[4]
Ruethers T, Taki AC, Johnston EB, et al. Seafood allergy: A comprehensive review of fish and shellfish allergens. Mol Immunol 2018; 100: 28-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2018.04.008] [PMID: 29858102]
[5]
Moonesinghe H, Mackenzie H, Venter C, et al. Prevalence of fish and shellfish allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 117(3): 264-272.e4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2016.07.015] [PMID: 27613460]
[6]
Grabenhenrich L, Trendelenburg V, Bellach J, et al. Frequency of food allergy in school-aged children in eight European countries—The EuroPrevall-iFAAM birth cohort. Allergy 2020; 75(9): 2294-308.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.14290] [PMID: 32219884]
[7]
Nwaru BI, Hickstein L, Panesar SS, Roberts G, Muraro A. Prevalence of common food allergies in Europe: A systematic review and meta-analysis on behalf of the EAACI Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Guidelines Group*. Allergy 2014; 69.
[8]
Sicherer SH, Muñoz-Furlong A, Sampson HA. Prevalence of seafood allergy in the United States determined by a random telephone survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114(1): 159-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.04.018] [PMID: 15241360]
[9]
Pyrhönen K, Näyhä S, Kaila M, Hiltunen L, Läärä E. Occurrence of parent-reported food hypersensitivities and food allergies among children aged 1-4 yr. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2009; 20(4): 328-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00792.x] [PMID: 19538354]
[10]
Kajosaari M. Food allergy in finnish children aged 1 to 6 years. Acta Paediatr 1982; 71(5)
[11]
Eggesbø M, Halvorsen R, Tambs K, Botten G. Prevalence of parentally perceived adverse reactions to food in young children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1999; 10(2): 122-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3038.1999.00022.x] [PMID: 10478614]
[12]
Caffarelli C, Coscia A, Ridolo E, et al. Parents’ estimate of food allergy prevalence and management in Italian school-aged children. Pediatr Int 2011; 53(4): 505-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200X.2010.03294.x] [PMID: 21105963]
[13]
von Hertzen LC, Laatikainen T, Mäkelä MJ, et al. Infectious burden as a determinant of atopy-- a comparison between adults in Finnish and Russian Karelia. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 140(2): 89-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000092251] [PMID: 16554659]
[14]
Pénard-Morand C, Raherison C, Kopferschmitt C, Caillaud D, Lavaud F, Charpin D, et al. Prevalence of food allergy and its relationship to asthma and allergic rhinitis in schoolchildren. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 60(9)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00860.x]
[15]
Venter C, Pereira B, Grundy J, Clayton CB, Arshad SH, Dean T. Prevalence of sensitization reported and objectively assessed food hypersensitivity amongst six-year-old children: A population-based study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006; 17(5): 356-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2006.00428.x] [PMID: 16846454]
[16]
Östblom E, Egmar AC, Gardulf A, Lilja G, Wickman M. The impact of food hypersensitivity reported in 9-year-old children by their parents on health-related quality of life. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 63(2)
[17]
Schnabel E, Sausenthaler S, Schaaf B, et al. Prospective association between food sensitization and food allergy: results of the LISA birth cohort study. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40(3): 450-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03400.x] [PMID: 19958366]
[18]
Osterballe M, Hansen TK, Mortz CG, Høst A, Bindslev-Jensen C. The prevalence of food hypersensitivity in an unselected population of children and adults. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2005; 16(7): 567-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2005.00251.x] [PMID: 16238581]
[19]
Dalal I, Binson I, Reifen R, Amitai Z, Shohat T, Rahmani S, et al. Food allergy is a matter of geography after all: Sesame as a major cause of severe IgE-mediated food allergic reactions among infants and young children in Israel. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 57(4): 362-5.
[20]
Al-Hammadi S, Al-Maskari F, Bernsen R. Prevalence of food allergy among children in Al-Ain city, United Arab Emirates. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2010; 151(4): 336-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000250442] [PMID: 19851075]
[21]
Connett GJ, Gerez I, Cabrera-Morales EA, et al. A population-based study of fish allergy in the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 159(4): 384-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000338940] [PMID: 22846665]
[22]
Le TTK, Nguyen DH, Vu ATL, Ruethers T, Taki AC, Lopata AL. A cross-sectional, population-based study on the prevalence of food allergies among children in two different socio-economic regions of Vietnam. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2019; 30(3): 348-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pai.13022] [PMID: 30793379]
[23]
Chen J, Hu Y, Allen KJ, Ho MHK, Li H. The prevalence of food allergy in infants in Chongqing, China. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22(4): 356-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01139.x] [PMID: 21265885]
[24]
Orhan F, Canitez Y, Bakirtas A, et al. Anaphylaxis in Turkish children: A multi-centre, retrospective, case study. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41(12): 1767-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03859.x] [PMID: 22092675]
[25]
Lao-araya M, Trakultivakorn M. Prevalence of food allergy among preschool children in Northern Thailand. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127(2): AB186.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.739]
[26]
Gupta RS, Springston EE, Warrier MR, et al. The prevalence, severity, and distribution of childhood food allergy in the United States. Pediatrics 2011; 128(1): e9-e17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0204] [PMID: 21690110]
[27]
Ben-Shoshan M, Harrington DW, Soller L, et al. A population-based study on peanut, tree nut, fish, shellfish, and sesame allergy prevalence in Canada. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125(6): 1327-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.03.015] [PMID: 20451985]
[28]
Povesi Dascola C, Caffarelli C. Exercise-induced anaphylaxis: A clinical view. Ital J Pediatr 2012; 38(1): 43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1824-7288-38-43]
[29]
Pali-Schöll I, Untersmayr E, Klems M, Jensen-Jarolim E. The effect of digestion and digestibility on allergenicity of food. Vol. 10. Nutrients 2018; 10(9): 1129.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10091129] [PMID: 30134536]
[30]
Untersmayr E, Vestergaard H, Malling HJ, et al. Incomplete digestion of codfish represents a risk factor for anaphylaxis in patients with allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119(3): 711-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.10.039] [PMID: 17215033]
[31]
Crespo JF, Pascual C, Dominguez C, Ojeda I, Muñoz FM, Esteban MM. Allergic reactions associated with airborne fish particles in IgE-mediated fish hypersensitive patients. Allergy 1995; 50(3): 257-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb01143.x] [PMID: 7677242]
[32]
James JM, Crespo JF. Allergic reactions to foods by inhalation. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2007; 7(3): 167-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11882-007-0017-z] [PMID: 17448326]
[33]
Leonardi S, Pecoraro R, Filippelli M, et al. Allergic reactions to foods by inhalation in children. Allergy Asthma Proc 2014; 35(4): 288-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2014.35.3755] [PMID: 24992548]
[34]
Lopata AL, Jeebhay MF. Airborne seafood allergens as a cause of occupational allergy and asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013; 13(3): 288-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11882-013-0347-y] [PMID: 23575656]
[35]
Caffarelli C, Garrubba M, Greco C, Mastrorilli C, Povesi Dascola C. Asthma and food allergy in children: Is there a connection or interaction? Vol. 4. Front Pediatr 2016; 4: 34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fped.2016.00034] [PMID: 27092299]
[36]
Tamura M, Matsui K, Kobayashi Y, et al. A case of eel collagen allergy. Allergol Int 2018; 67(1): 138-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2017.04.012]
[37]
Onesimo R, Giorgio V, Pill S, Monaco S, Sopo SM. Isolated contact urticaria caused by immunoglobulin E-mediated fish allergy. Isr Med Assoc J 2012; 14(1): 11-3.
[PMID: 22624435]
[38]
Shimojo N, Yagami A, Nakamura M, Nagai A, Matsunaga K. Occupational fish allergy caused by percutaneous sensitization with α-actinin-3. Contact Dermat 2017; 76(5): 322-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cod.12753]
[39]
Yagami A, Suzuki K, Nakamura M, et al. Occupational food allergy due to parvalbumin and phaseolin induced by epicutaneous sensitization. Allergol Int 2015; 64(3): 287-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2015.03.005] [PMID: 26117265]
[40]
Linneberg A, Fenger RV, Husemoen LLN, et al. Association between loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene and self-reported food allergy and alcohol sensitivity. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 161(3): 234-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000345949] [PMID: 23548340]
[41]
Boyce JA, Assa’ad A, Burks AW, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy in the United States: summary of the NIAID-Sponsored Expert Panel report. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 64(1): 175-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2010.11.020] [PMID: 21167411]
[42]
Vila L, Beyer K, Järvinen KM, Chatchatee P, Bardina L, Sampson HA. Role of conformational and linear epitopes in the achievement of tolerance in cow’s milk allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31(10): 1599-606.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01218.x] [PMID: 11678861]
[43]
Lin J, Sampson HA. The role of immunoglobulin E-binding epitopes in the characterization of food allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 9(4): 357-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0b013e32832d05ba] [PMID: 19568005]
[44]
Matricardi PM, Kleine-Tebbe J, Hoffmann HJ, Valenta R, Hilger C, Hofmaier S. EAACI molecular allergology user’s guide. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2016; 27(S23): 1-250.
[45]
Griesmeier U, Vázquez-Cortés S, Bublin M, Radauer C, Ma Y, Briza P, et al. Expression levels of parvalbumins determine allergenicity of fish species. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 65(2): 191-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02162.x]
[46]
van der Ventel ML, Nieuwenhuizen NE, Kirstein F, et al. Differential responses to natural and recombinant allergens in a murine model of fish allergy. Mol Immunol 2011; 48(4): 637-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2010.11.001] [PMID: 21112638]
[47]
Van Do T, Hordvik I, Endresen C, Elsayed S. The major allergen (parvalbumin) of codfish is encoded by at least two isotypic genes: cDNA cloning, expression and antibody binding of the recombinant allergens. Mol Immunol 2003; 39(10): 595-602.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0161-5890(02)00200-6] [PMID: 12431393]
[48]
Perez-Gordo M, Cuesta-Herranz J, Maroto AS, et al. Identification of sole parvalbumin as a major allergen: Study of cross-reactivity between parvalbumins in a Spanish fish-allergic population. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41(5): 750-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03721.x] [PMID: 21489000]
[49]
Koyama H, Kakami M, Kawamura M, et al. Grades of 43 fish species in Japan based on IgE-binding activity. Allergol Int 2006; 55(3): 311-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2332/allergolint.55.311] [PMID: 17075273]
[50]
Kobayashi Y, Akiyama H, Huge J, Kubota H, Chikazawa S, Satoh T, et al. Fish collagen is an important panallergen in the Japanese population. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 71(5): 720-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.12836]
[51]
Valverde-Monge M, Pastor-Vargas C, Rodríguez del Rio P, et al. Anaphylaxis by exclusive allergy to swordfish and identification of a new fish allergen. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2018; 29(5): 563-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pai.12916] [PMID: 29698550]
[52]
Dijkema D, Emons JAM, Van de Ven AAJM, Oude Elberink JNG. Fish allergy: Fishing for novel diagnostic and therapeutic options. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2022; 62(1): 64-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12016-020-08806-5] [PMID: 32712803]
[53]
Lim DLC, Neo KH, Goh DLM, Shek LPC, Lee BW. Missing parvalbumin: Implications in diagnostic testing for tuna allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115(4): 874-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.12.1117] [PMID: 15806014]
[54]
Sharp MF, Taki AC, Ruethers T, et al. IgE and IgG4 epitopes revealed on the major fish allergen Lat c 1. Mol Immunol 2021; 131: 155-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.033] [PMID: 33423763]
[55]
Vando T, Elsayed S, Florvaag E, Hordvik I, Endresen C. Allergy to fish parvalbumins: Studies on the cross-reactivity of allergens from 9 commonly consumed fish. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116(6): 1314-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.07.033] [PMID: 16337465]
[56]
Untersmayr E, Szalai K, Riemer AB, et al. Mimotopes identify conformational epitopes on parvalbumin, the major fish allergen. Mol Immunol 2006; 43(9): 1454-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2005.07.038] [PMID: 16150491]
[57]
Perez-Gordo M, Lin J, Bardina L, et al. Epitope mapping of Atlantic salmon major allergen by peptide microarray immunoassay. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 157(1): 31-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000324677] [PMID: 21894026]
[58]
Perez-Gordo M, Pastor-Vargas C, Lin J, et al. Epitope mapping of the major allergen from Atlantic cod in Spanish population reveals different IgE-binding patterns. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57(7): 1283-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201200332] [PMID: 23554100]
[59]
Kuehn A, Scheuermann T, Hilger C, Hentges F. Important variations in parvalbumin content in common fish species: a factor possibly contributing to variable allergenicity. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2010; 153(4): 359-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000316346] [PMID: 20559001]
[60]
Bugajska-Schretter A, Grote M, Vangelista L, et al. Purification, biochemical, and immunological characterisation of a major food allergen: different immunoglobulin E recognition of the apo- and calcium-bound forms of carp parvalbumin. Gut 2000; 46(5): 661-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.46.5.661] [PMID: 10764710]
[61]
Swoboda I, Bugajska-Schretter A, Verdino P, et al. Recombinant carp parvalbumin, the major cross-reactive fish allergen: a tool for diagnosis and therapy of fish allergy. J Immunol 2002; 168(9): 4576-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4576] [PMID: 11971005]
[62]
Bugajska-Schretter A, Elfman L, Fuchs T, et al. Parvalbumin, a cross-reactive fish allergen, contains IgE-binding epitopes sensitive to periodate treatment and Ca2+ depletion. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 101(1): 67-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70195-2] [PMID: 9449503]
[63]
Elsayed S, Apold J. Immunochemical analysis of cod fish allergen M: Locations of the immunoglobulin binding sites as demonstrated by the native and synthetic peptides. Allergy 1983; 38(7): 449-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1983.tb02353.x] [PMID: 6356964]
[64]
Kuehn A, Hilger C, Lehners-Weber C, et al. Identification of enolases and aldolases as important fish allergens in cod, salmon and tuna: Component resolved diagnosis using parvalbumin and the new allergens. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43(7): 811-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cea.12117] [PMID: 23786287]
[65]
Mäkinen-Kiljunen S, Kiistala R, Varjonen E. Severe reactions from roe without concomitant fish allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003; 91(4): 413-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61691-2] [PMID: 14582823]
[66]
Beale JE, Jeebhay MF, Lopata AL. Characterisation of purified parvalbumin from five fish species and nucleotide sequencing of this major allergen from Pacific pilchard, Sardinops sagax. Mol Immunol 2009; 46(15): 2985-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2009.06.018] [PMID: 19616851]
[67]
Kalic T, Radauer C, Lopata AL, Breiteneder H, Hafner C. Fish allergy around the world—precise diagnosis to facilitate patient management. Front Allergy 2021; 2: 732178.
[68]
Liu R, Holck AL, Yang E, Liu C, Xue W. Tropomyosin from tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus ) as an allergen. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43(3): 365-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cea.12056] [PMID: 23414545]
[69]
González-Fernández J, Alguacil-Guillén M, Cuéllar C, Daschner A. Possible allergenic role of tropomyosin in patients with adverse reactions after fish intake. Immunol Invest 2018; 47(4): 416-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08820139.2018.1451882] [PMID: 29578823]
[70]
Hamada Y, Nagashima Y, Shiomi K. Identification of collagen as a new fish allergen. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001; 65(2): 285-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.65.285] [PMID: 11302160]
[71]
Escudero R, Gamboa PM, Antón J, Sanz ML. Food allergy due to trout roe. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2007; 17(5): 346-7.
[PMID: 17982930]
[72]
Perez-Gordo M, Sanchez-Garcia S, Cases B, Pastor C, Vivanco F, Cuesta-Herranz J. Identification of vitellogenin as an allergen in Beluga caviar allergy. Allergy 2008; 63(4): 479-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01614.x]
[73]
Shimizu Y, Nakamura A, Kishimura H, Hara A, Watanabe K, Saeki H. Major allergen and its IgE cross-reactivity among salmonid fish roe allergy. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57(6): 2314-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf8031759] [PMID: 19226142]
[74]
Hansen TK, Poulsen LK, Stahl Skov P, et al. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled oral challenge study to evaluate the allergenicity of commercial, food-grade fish gelatin. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42(12): 2037-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2004.08.008] [PMID: 15500940]
[75]
Sakaguchi M, Toda M, Ebihara T, et al. IgE antibody to fish gelatin (type I collagen) in patients with fish allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106(3): 579-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mai.2000.108499] [PMID: 10984381]
[76]
Caffarelli C, Dondi A, Povesi Dascola C, Ricci G. Skin prick test to foods in childhood atopic eczema: Pros and cons. Ital J Pediatr 2013; 39(1): 48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1824-7288-39-48]
[77]
Lee LA, Burks AW. Food allergies: prevalence, molecular characterization, and treatment/prevention strategies. Annu Rev Nutr 2006; 26(1): 539-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111211] [PMID: 16602930]
[78]
Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food allergy: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133(2): 291-307.e5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.020]
[79]
Sampson HA. Utility of food-specific IgE concentrations in predicting symptomatic food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107(S5): 891-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mai.2001.114708] [PMID: 11344358]
[80]
Bindslev-Jensen C, Ballmer-Welser BK, Bengtsson U, Blanco C, Ebner C, Hourihane J. Standardization of food challenges in patients with immediate reactions to foods--position paper from the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Allergy 2004; 59(7): 690-7.
[81]
Santos AF, Alpan O, Hoffmann HJ. Basophil activation test: Mechanisms and considerations for use in clinical trials and clinical practice. Allergy 2021; 76(8): 2420-32.
[82]
Song Y, Wang J, Leung N, et al. Correlations between basophil activation, allergen-specific IgE with outcome and severity of oral food challenges. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015; 114(4): 319-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2015.01.006] [PMID: 25841330]
[83]
Hemmings O, Kwok M, McKendry R, Santos AF. Basophil activation test: Old and new applications in allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 18(12): 77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11882-018-0831-5] [PMID: 30430289]
[84]
Imakiire R, Fujisawa T, Nagao M, et al. Basophil activation test based on CD203C expression in the diagnosis of fish allergy. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2020; 12(4): 641-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4168/aair.2020.12.4.641] [PMID: 32400130]
[85]
Davis CM, Gupta RS, Aktas ON, Diaz V, Kamath SD, Lopata AL. Clinical management of seafood allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020; 8(1): 37-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.10.019] [PMID: 31950908]
[86]
Peixoto S, Monteiro T, Carvalho M, et al. Vertebrate tropomyosin as an allergen. Vol. 28. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2018; 28(1): 51-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18176/jiaci.0206]
[87]
Hilger C, Thill L, Grigioni F, Lehners C, Falagiani P, Ferrara A. IgE-antibodies of fish allergic patients cross-react with frog parvalbumin. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 59(6)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00436.x]
[88]
Kuehn A, Codreanu-Morel F, Lehners-Weber C, Doyen V, Gomez-André SA, Bienvenu F, et al. . Cross-reactivity to fish and chicken meat – a new clinical syndrome. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 71(12)
[89]
Ruethers T, Nugraha R, Taki AC, et al. The first reptilian allergen and major allergen for fish-allergic patients: Crocodile β-parvalbumin. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33(5): e13781.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pai.13781] [PMID: 35616897]
[90]
Kuehn A, Fischer J, Hilger C, Sparla C, Biedermann T, Hentges F. Correlation of clinical monosensitivity to cod with specific IgE to enolase and aldolase. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 113(6): 670-671.e2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2014.09.005] [PMID: 25304340]
[91]
Kuehn A, Hutt-Kempf E, Hilger C, Hentges F. Clinical monosensitivity to salmonid fish linked to specific IgE-epitopes on salmon and trout beta-parvalbumins. Allergy 2011; 66(2): 299-301.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02463.x]
[92]
Mourad AA, Bahna SL. Fish-allergic patients may be able to eat fish. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11(3): 419-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/1744666X.2015.1009896]
[93]
Ramirez DA Jr, Bahna SL. Food hypersensitivity by inhalation. Clin Mol Allergy 2009; 7(1): 4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-7961-7-4] [PMID: 19232116]
[94]
Prester L. Seafood allergy, toxicity, and intolerance: A review. J Am Coll Nutr 2016; 35(3): 271-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2015.1014120] [PMID: 26252073]
[95]
Polloni L, DunnGalvin A, Ferruzza E, Bonaguro R, Lazzarotto F, Toniolo A. Coping strategies, alexithymia and anxiety in young patients with food allergy. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 72(7)
[96]
Herbert L, Shemesh E, Bender B. Clinical management of psychosocial concerns related to food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2016; 4(2): 205-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2015.10.016] [PMID: 26968959]
[97]
Agostoni C, Nobile M, Ciappolino V, et al. The role of omega-3 fatty acids in developmental psychopathology: A systematic review on early psychosis, autism, and ADHD. Vol. 18. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18(12): 2608.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122608] [PMID: 29207548]
[98]
Mozaffarian D, Wu JHY. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: Effects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events. Vol. 58. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58(20): 2047-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.063]
[99]
Papamichael MM, Shrestha SK, Itsiopoulos C, Erbas B. The role of fish intake on asthma in children: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2018; 29(4): 350-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pai.12889] [PMID: 29524247]
[100]
Pecoraro L, Dalle Carbonare L, Castagnoli R, Marseglia GL, Piacentini G, Pietrobelli A. IgE-mediated fish allergy in children: Is omega-3 supplementation useful? Int J Food Sci Nutr 2022; 73(2): 154-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2021.1957782] [PMID: 34311650]
[101]
Patriarca G, Nucera E, Pollastrini E, et al. Oral specific desensitization in food-allergic children. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52(7): 1662-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-006-9245-7] [PMID: 17245630]
[102]
D’Amelio C, Gastaminza G, Vega O, et al. Induction of tolerance to different types of fish through desensitization with hake. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28(1): 96-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pai.12662] [PMID: 27671208]
[103]
Martorell-Calatayud C, Carnés J, Michavila Gómez A, et al. Oral immunotherapy to hake in 8 pediatric patients. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2019; 29(4): 294-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18176/jiaci.0372] [PMID: 31478523]
[104]
Swoboda I, Bugajska-Schretter A, Linhart B, et al. A recombinant hypoallergenic parvalbumin mutant for immunotherapy of IgE-mediated fish allergy. J Immunol 2007; 178(10): 6290-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.10.6290] [PMID: 17475857]
[105]
Swoboda I, Balic N, Klug C, et al. A general strategy for the generation of hypoallergenic molecules for the immunotherapy of fish allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132(4): 979-981.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.027] [PMID: 23763969]
[106]
Zuidmeer-Jongejan L, Huber H, Swoboda I, et al. Development of a hypoallergenic recombinant parvalbumin for first-in-man subcutaneous immunotherapy of fish allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2015; 166(1): 41-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000371657] [PMID: 25765512]
[107]
Freidl R, Gstoettner A, Baranyi U, et al. Blocking antibodies induced by immunization with a hypoallergenic parvalbumin mutant reduce allergic symptoms in a mouse model of fish allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139(6): 1897-1905.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.10.018] [PMID: 27876628]
[108]
Kubota H, Kobayashi A, Kobayashi Y, Shiomi K, Hamada-Sato N. Reduction in IgE reactivity of Pacific mackerel parvalbumin by heat treatment. Food Chem 2016; 206: 78-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.043] [PMID: 27041301]
[109]
Nowak-Węgrzyn A, Chehade M, Groetch ME, et al. International consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome: Executive summary—Workgroup Report of the Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee, American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139(4): 1111-1126.e4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.966] [PMID: 28167094]
[110]
Katz Y, Goldberg MR, Rajuan N, Cohen A, Leshno M. The prevalence and natural course of food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome to cow’s milk: A large-scale, prospective population-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127(3): 647-653.e3, 3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1105] [PMID: 21377033]
[111]
Mehr S, Campbell DE. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: Guidelines summary and practice recommendations. Med J Aust 2019; 210(2): 94-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja2.12071] [PMID: 30656696]
[112]
Sopo SM, Giorgio V, Iacono ID, Novembre E, Mori F, Onesimo R. A multicentre retrospective study of 66 Italian children with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: different management for different phenotypes. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42(8): 1257-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.04027.x] [PMID: 22805473]
[113]
Díaz JJ, Espín B, Segarra O, et al. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: Data from a multicenter retrospective study in Spain. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019; 68(2): 232-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000002169] [PMID: 30320669]
[114]
Ocak M, Akarsu A, Sahiner UM, Soyer O, Sekerel BE. Phenotypes and natural history of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome in the east Mediterranean region. Allergy Asthma Proc 2020; 41(6): 420-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2020.41.200078] [PMID: 33109307]
[115]
Douros K, Tsabouri S, Feketea G, et al. Retrospective study identified fish and milk as the main culprits in cases of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. Acta Paediatr 2019; 108(10): 1901-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apa.14779] [PMID: 30883926]
[116]
Caubet JC, Ford LS, Sickles L, et al. Clinical features and resolution of food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome: 10-year experience. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134(2): 382-389.e4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.04.008] [PMID: 24880634]
[117]
Morita H, Nomura I, Matsuda A, Saito H, Matsumoto K. Gastrointestinal food allergy in infants. Vol. 62. Allergol Int 2013; 62(3): 297-307.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2332/allergolint.13-RA-0542]
[118]
Goswami R, Blazquez AB, Kosoy R, Rahman A, Nowak-Węgrzyn A, Berin MC. Systemic innate immune activation in food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139(6): 1885-1896.e9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.971] [PMID: 28192147]
[119]
Agyemang A, Nowak-Wegrzyn A. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: A comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2019; 57(2): 261-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12016-018-8722-z] [PMID: 30734159]
[120]
Ruffner MA, Ruymann K, Barni S, Cianferoni A, Brown-Whitehorn T, Spergel JM. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: Insights from review of a large referral population. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2013; 1(4): 343-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2013.05.011] [PMID: 24565539]
[121]
Weinberger T, Feuille E, Thompson C, Nowak-Węgrzyn A. Chronic food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 117(3): 227-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2016.03.004] [PMID: 27613454]
[122]
Vazquez-Ortiz M, Machinena A, Dominguez O, et al. Food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome to fish and egg usually resolves by age 5 years in Spanish children. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2017; 5(2): 512-515.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2016.12.029] [PMID: 28283165]
[123]
González-Delgado P, Caparrós E, Moreno MV, et al. Clinical and immunological characteristics of a pediatric population with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) to fish. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2016; 27(3): 269-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pai.12529] [PMID: 26681231]
[124]
Xepapadaki P, Kitsioulis NA, Manousakis E, Manolaraki I, Douladiris N, Papadopoulos NG. Remission patterns of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome in a greek pediatric population. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 180(2): 113-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000500860] [PMID: 31390649]
[125]
Barni S, Vazquez-Ortiz M, Giovannini M, et al. ‘Diagnosing food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome’. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 51(1): 14-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cea.13767] [PMID: 33089888]
[126]
Fogg MI, Brown-Whitehorn TA, Pawlowski NA, Spergel JM. Atopy patch test for the diagnosis of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006; 17(5): 351-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2006.00418.x] [PMID: 16846453]
[127]
Liacouras CA, Furuta GT, Hirano I, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: Updated consensus recommendations for children and adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128(1): 3-20.e6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.02.040] [PMID: 21477849]
[128]
Shaheen NJ, Mukkada V, Eichinger CS, Schofield H, Todorova L, Falk GW. Natural history of eosinophilic esophagitis: A systematic review of epidemiology and disease course. Dis Esophagus 2018; 31(8): doy015.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/dote/doy015] [PMID: 29617744]
[129]
Navarro P, Arias Á, Arias-González L, Laserna-Mendieta EJ, Ruiz-Ponce M, Lucendo AJ. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the growing incidence and prevalence of eosinophilic oesophagitis in children and adults in population-based studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 49(9): 1116-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apt.15231] [PMID: 30887555]
[130]
Soon IS, Butzner JD, Kaplan GG, deBruyn JCC. Incidence and prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 57(1): 72-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e318291fee2] [PMID: 23539047]
[131]
Lipka S, Kumar A, Richter JE. Impact of diagnostic delay and other risk factors on eosinophilic esophagitis phenotype and esophageal diameter. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 50(2): 134-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0000000000000297] [PMID: 25710524]
[132]
Orenstein SR, Shalaby TM, Lorenzo C, et al. The spectrum of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis beyond infancy: a clinical series of 30 children. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95(6): 1422-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02073.x] [PMID: 10894574]
[133]
De Matteis A, Pagliaro G, Corleto VD, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children: Clinical findings and diagnostic approach. Curr Pediatr Rev 2020; 16(3): 206-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573396315666191004110549] [PMID: 31584371]
[134]
Simon D, Marti H, Heer P, Simon H, Braathen L, Straumann A. Eosinophilic esophagitis is frequently associated with IgE-mediated allergic airway diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115(5): 1090-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.01.017] [PMID: 15867873]
[135]
Erwin EA, James HR, Gutekunst HM, Russo JM, Kelleher KJ, Platts-Mills TAE. Serum IgE measurement and detection of food allergy in pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010; 104(6): 496-502.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2010.03.018] [PMID: 20568382]
[136]
Spergel J, Aceves SS. Allergic components of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142(1): 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.05.001]
[137]
Wilson JM, Li R, McGowan EC. The role of food allergy in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Asthma Allergy 2020; 13: 679-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/JAA.S238565] [PMID: 33364787]
[138]
D’Alessandro A, Esposito D, Pesce M, Cuomo R, De Palma GD, Sarnelli G. Eosinophilic esophagitis: From pathophysiology to treatment. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2015; 6(4): 150-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4291/wjgp.v6.i4.150] [PMID: 26600973]
[139]
Inage E, Furuta GT, Menard-Katcher C, Masterson JC. Eosinophilic esophagitis: Pathophysiology and its clinical implications. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315(5): G879-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00174.2018] [PMID: 30212252]
[140]
Cianferoni A, Spergel J. Eosinophilic esophagitis: A comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 50(2): 159-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12016-015-8501-z] [PMID: 26194940]
[141]
Rochman M, Azouz NP, Rothenberg ME. Epithelial origin of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142(1): 10-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.05.008]
[142]
Kagalwalla AF, Shah A, Li BUK, et al. Identification of specific foods responsible for inflammation in children with eosinophilic esophagitis successfully treated with empiric elimination diet. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 53(2): 145-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31821cf503] [PMID: 21788754]
[143]
Baxi S, Gupta SK, Swigonski N, Fitzgerald JF. Clinical presentation of patients with eosinophilic inflammation of the esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 64(4): 473-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2006.03.931] [PMID: 16996334]
[144]
Roy-Ghanta S, Larosa DF, Katzka DA. Atopic characteristics of adult patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 6(5): 531-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2007.12.045] [PMID: 18304887]
[145]
Arias Á, Lucendo AJ. Dietary therapies for eosinophilic esophagitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10(1): 133-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/1744666X.2014.856263] [PMID: 24236700]
[146]
Wang R, Hirano I, Doerfler B, Zalewski A, Gonsalves N, Taft T. Assessing adherence and barriers to long-term elimination diet therapy in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63(7): 1756-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-018-5045-0] [PMID: 29611076]
[147]
Klinnert MD. Psychological impact of eosinophilic esophagitis on children and families. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2009; 29(1): 99-107, x.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2008.09.011] [PMID: 19141345]
[148]
Lucendo AJ, Arias Á, Redondo-González O, Molina-Infante J. Quality assessment of clinical practice guidelines for eosinophilic esophagitis using the AGREE II instrument. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11(4): 383-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17474124.2017.1285696] [PMID: 28117605]
[149]
Jantschitsch C, Kinaciyan T, Manafi M, Safer M, Tanew A. Severe scombroid fish poisoning: An underrecognized dermatologic emergency. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 65(1): 246-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2009.12.058] [PMID: 21679842]
[150]
Hungerford JM. Scombroid poisoning: A review. Toxicon 2010; 56(2): 231-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.02.006] [PMID: 20152850]
[151]
Morrow JD, Margolies GR, Rowland J, Roberts LJ II. Evidence that histamine is the causative toxin of scombroid-fish poisoning. N Engl J Med 1991; 324(11): 716-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199103143241102] [PMID: 1997836]
[152]
Emborg J, Dalgaard P, Ahrens P. Morganella psychrotolerans sp. nov., a histamine-producing bacterium isolated from various seafoods. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2006; 56(10): 2473-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64357-0] [PMID: 17012582]
[153]
Rahmati AR, Kiani B, Afshari A, Moghaddas E, Williams M, Shamsi S. World-wide prevalence of Anisakis larvae in fish and its relationship to human allergic anisakiasis: A systematic review. Parasitol Res 2020; 119(11): 3585-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-020-06892-0] [PMID: 33025215]
[154]
Guardone L, Armani A, Nucera D, Costanzo F, Mattiucci S, Bruschi F. Human anisakiasis in Italy: A retrospective epidemiological study over two decades. Parasite 2018; 25: 41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2018034] [PMID: 30058531]
[155]
Choi SJ, Lee JC, Kim MJ, Hur GY, Shin SY, Park HS. The clinical characteristics of Anisakis allergy in Korea. Korean J Intern Med (Korean Assoc Intern Med) 2009; 24(2): 160-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2009.24.2.160] [PMID: 19543498]
[156]
Ishikura H, Kikuchi K, Nagasawa K, et al. Anisakidae and anisakidosis. Prog Clin Parasitol 1993; 3: 43-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2732-8_3] [PMID: 8420604]
[157]
Iwasaki K, Torisu M. Anisakis and eosinophil. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1982; 23(3): 593-605.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0090-1229(82)90322-1] [PMID: 7116695]
[158]
Baird FJ, Gasser RB, Jabbar A, Lopata AL. Foodborne anisakiasis and allergy. Mol Cell Probes 2014; 28(4): 167-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcp.2014.02.003] [PMID: 24583228]
[159]
Audicana MT. Anisakis, something is moving inside the fish. Pathogens 2022; 11(3): 326.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030326] [PMID: 35335650]
[160]
Morishima R, Motojima S, Tsuneishi D, Kimura T, Nakashita T, Fudouji J, et al. Anisakis is a major cause of anaphylaxis in seaside areas: An epidemiological study in Japan. Allergy 2020; 75(2): 441-4.
[161]
Moneo I, Carballeda-Sangiao N, González-Muñoz M. New perspectives on the diagnosis of allergy to anisakis spp. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 17(5): 27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11882-017-0698-x] [PMID: 28429304]
[162]
de las Vecillas L, Muñoz-Cacho P, López-Hoyos M, et al. Analysis of Ani s 7 and Ani s 1 allergens as biomarkers of sensitization and allergy severity in human anisakiasis. Sci Rep 2020; 10(1): 11275.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67786-w]
[163]
Lee EJ, Kim YC, Jeong HG, Lee OJ. The mucosal changes and influencing factors in upper gastrointestinal anisakiasis: analysis of 141 cases. Korean J Gastroenterol 2009; 53(2): 90-7.
[PMID: 19237834]
[164]
Glaziou P, Legrand AM. The epidemiology of ciguatera fish poisoning. Toxicon 1994; 32(8): 863-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(94)90365-4] [PMID: 7985192]
[165]
Lehane L. Ciguatera update. Med J Aust 2000; 172(4): 176-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2000.tb125546.x] [PMID: 10772591]
[166]
Mines D, Stahmer S, Shepherd SM. Poisonings: Food, fish, shellfish. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1997; 15(1): 157-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0733-8627(05)70289-3] [PMID: 9056574]
[167]
Friedman M, Fleming L, Fernandez M, et al. Ciguatera fish poisoning: Treatment, prevention and management. Mar Drugs 2008; 6(3): 456-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md6030456] [PMID: 19005579]
[168]
Tetrodotoxin poisoning associated with eating puffer fish transported from Japan - California, 1996. Vol. 275. JAMA 1996; 1631.
[169]
Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, et al. The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in the United States. J Infect Dis 2012; 205(9): 1374-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis206] [PMID: 22454468]
[170]
Balaban N, Rasooly A. Staphylococcal enterotoxins. Int J Food Microbiol 2000; 61(1): 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00377-9] [PMID: 11028954]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy