Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1389-2010
ISSN (Online): 1873-4316

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Changing Trends Towards Herbal Supplements: An Insight into Safety and Herb-drug Interaction

Author(s): Haamid Rasheed, Suhail Ahmed and Alok Sharma*

Volume 25, Issue 3, 2024

Published on: 09 August, 2023

Page: [285 - 300] Pages: 16

DOI: 10.2174/1389201024666230718114606

Price: $65

conference banner
Abstract

Herbs have been used as sustenance and medicine for a very long time, often in conjunction with other prescribed medications. Even though they are thought to be natural and secure, many of these herbs can interact with other medications and cause potentially dangerous adverse effects or decrease the benefits of the medication. The complex and diverse pharmacological functions carried out by the active ingredients in herbs unavoidably alter the pharmacokinetics of chemical drugs when administered in vivo. Drug transporter expression has a direct impact on how medications are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in living organisms. Changes in substrate pharmacokinetics can affect the effectiveness and toxicity of a drug when the active ingredients of a herb inhibit or stimulate the expression of transporters. By reviewing published clinical and preclinical studies, this review aims to raise awareness of herbdrug interactions and discuss their evidence-based mechanisms and clinical consequences. More clinical information on herb-drug interactions is required to make choices regarding patient safety as the incidence and severity of herb-drug interactions are rising due to an increase in the use of herbal preparations globally.This review seeks to increase understanding of herb-drug interactions and explore their evidence-based mechanisms and clinical implications by reviewing published clinical and preclinical studies. The incidence and severity of herb-drug interactions are on the rise due to an increase in the use of herbal preparations worldwide, necessitating the need for more clinical data on these interactions in order to make decisions regarding patient safety. Healthcare workers and patients will become more alert to potential interactions as their knowledge of pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions grows. The study's objective is to raise readers' awareness of possible interactions between herbal supplements and prescription medications who regularly take them.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Lim, J.; Wong, M.; Chan, M.Y.; Tan, A.M.; Rajalingam, V.; Lim, L.P.N.; Lou, J.; Tan, C.L. Use of complementary and alternative medicine in paediatric oncology patients in Singapore. Ann. Acad. Med. Singap., 2006, 35(11), 753-758.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V35N11p753] [PMID: 17160187]
[2]
Shahriar, S.; Rana, M.S.; Hossain, M.S.; Karim, A.; Mredula, T.N.; Nourin, N.; Uddin, M.S.; Amran, M.S. COVID-19: Epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment, and impact. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2021, 27(33), 3502-3525.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612827666210224142446] [PMID: 33655825]
[3]
Wachtel-Galor, S.; Benzie, I.F.F. Chapter 1 Herbal medicine. In: Herbal medicine: Biomolecular and clinical aspects; 2nd ed.; Benzie, IFF.; Wachtel-Galor, S., Eds.; CRC Press/Taylor & Francis.: Boca Raton (FL), 2013.
[4]
Krause, J.; Tobin, G. Discovery, development, and regulation of natural products. In: Using old solutions to new problems-natural drug discovery in the 21st century; IntechOpen, 2013; 1, p. 1-35.
[5]
Corbo, M.R.; Bevilacqua, A.; Petruzzi, L.; Casanova, F.P.; Sinigaglia, M. Functional beverages: The emerging side of functional foods: Commercial trends, research, and health implications. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 2014, 13(6), 1192-1206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12109]
[6]
Deneffe, D.; Vantrappen, H. Fad-free strategy: Rigorous methods to help executives make strategic choices confidently, 1st ed; Routledge: London, 2019, p. 320.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429281983]
[7]
Trupti, Parab Aditi Chorage; Kajal Kesharvani; Nameerah Rakhe; Rakhe, N.; Shaikh, K.A. Ayurvedic remedies of tuberculosis. World J. Adv. Res. Rev., 2021, 11(3), 280-290.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.11.3.0466]
[8]
Alissa, E.M. Medicinal herbs and therapeutic drugs interactions. Ther. Drug Monit., 2014, 36(4), 413-422.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000000035] [PMID: 24452064]
[9]
Komoroski, B.J.; Zhang, S.; Cai, H.; Hutzler, J.M.; Frye, R.; Tracy, T.S.; Strom, S.C.; Lehmann, T.; Ang, C.Y.W.; Cui, Y.Y.; Venkataramanan, R. Induction and inhibition of cytochromes P450 by the St. John’s wort constituent hyperforin in human hepatocyte cultures. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2004, 32(5), 512-518.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.32.5.512] [PMID: 15100173]
[10]
Delafuente, J.C. Understanding and preventing drug interactions in elderly patients. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol., 2003, 48(2), 133-143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2003.04.004] [PMID: 14607376]
[11]
McRorie, J.W., Jr; McKeown, N.M. Understanding the physics of functional fibers in the gastrointestinal tract: An evidence-based approach to resolving enduring misconceptions about insoluble and soluble fiber. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet., 2017, 117(2), 251-264.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.021] [PMID: 27863994]
[12]
Zafar, N.; Pharm, M. Herbal bioenhancers: A revolutionary concept in modern medicine. Zafar World J. Pharmaceut. Res., 2017, 6(16), 381-397.
[13]
Efferth, T.; Koch, E. Complex interactions between phytochemicals. The multi-target therapeutic concept of phytotherapy. Curr. Drug Targets, 2011, 12(1), 122-132.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138945011793591626] [PMID: 20735354]
[14]
Dhanya, R.; Shukla, A.K. Drug interactions between ayurvedic and allopathic medicines–A review. World J. Pharm. Res., 2017, 6, 478-486.
[15]
Elvin-Lewis, M. Safety issues associated with herbal ingredients. Adv. Food Nutr. Res., 2005, 50, 219-313.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1043-4526(05)50007-X] [PMID: 16263432]
[16]
Li, J.; Wang, S.; Tian, F.; Zhang, S.Q.; Jin, H. Advances in pharmacokinetic mechanisms of transporter-mediated herb-drug interactions. Pharmaceuticals, 2022, 15(9), 1126.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15091126] [PMID: 36145347]
[17]
Akhter, M. Herbal drug interactions. In: Research anthology on recent advancements in ethnopharmacology and nutraceuticals; IGI Global, 2022; pp. 120-141.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3546-5.ch008]
[18]
Khanna, K.; Kohli, S.K.; Kaur, R.; Bhardwaj, A.; Bhardwaj, V.; Ohri, P.; Sharma, A.; Ahmad, A.; Bhardwaj, R.; Ahmad, P. Herbal immune-boosters: Substantial warriors of pandemic Covid-19 battle. Phytomedicine, 2021, 85, 153361.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153361] [PMID: 33485605]
[19]
Necyk, C. The detection and causality assessment of adverse events related to natural health product use in community pharmacies through the implementation of active surveillance; University of Alberta: Canada, 2013.
[20]
Rombolà, L.; Scuteri, D.; Marilisa, S.; Watanabe, C.; Morrone, L.A.; Bagetta, G.; Corasaniti, M.T. Pharmacokinetic interactions between herbal medicines and drugs: Their mechanisms and clinical relevance. Life, 2020, 10(7), 106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10070106] [PMID: 32635538]
[21]
Jamei, M.; Dickinson, G.L.; Rostami-Hodjegan, A. A framework for assessing inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetics using virtual human populations and integrating general knowledge of physical chemistry, biology, anatomy, physiology and genetics: A tale of ‘bottom-up’ vs ‘top-down’ recognition of covariates. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 2009, 24(1), 53-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2133/dmpk.24.53] [PMID: 19252336]
[22]
Egbuna, C. Ed. Coronavirus drug discovery: Volume 2: Antiviral agents from natural products and nanotechnological applications; 1st ed.; Elsevier, 2022.
[23]
Aware, D.; Rohane, S. A role of herbal drug as an immunity booster during covid-19 pandemic. Asian J. Pharmaceut. Res., 2021, 11(3), 206-211.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.52711/2231-5691.2021.00037]
[24]
Spolarich, A.E.; Andrews, L. An examination of the bleeding complications associated with herbal supplements, antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications. Association, 2007, 81(3), 67-67.
[PMID: 17908423]
[25]
Fetrow, C.W.; Avila, J.R. The complete guide to herbal medicines; Simon and Schuster, 2000, p. 720.
[26]
Otunola, G.A.; Afolayan, A.J. A review of the antidiabetic activities of ginger. In: Ginger cultivation and its antimicrobial and pharmacological potentials; IntechOpen, 2019.
[27]
Sepahvand, R.; Esmaeili-Mahani, S.; Arzi, A.; Rasoulian, B.; Abbasnejad, M. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) elicits antinociceptive properties and potentiates morphine-induced analgesia in the rat radiant heat tail-flick test. J. Med. Food, 2010, 13(6), 1397-1401.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2010.1043] [PMID: 21091253]
[28]
Corzomartínez, M.; Corzo, N.; Villamiel, M. Biological properties of onions and garlic. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 2007, 18(12), 609-625.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2007.07.011]
[29]
Thomford, N.; Dzobo, K.; Chopera, D.; Wonkam, A.; Skelton, M.; Blackhurst, D.; Chirikure, S.; Dandara, C. Pharmacogenomics implications of using herbal medicinal plants on African populations in health transition. Pharmaceuticals, 2015, 8(3), 637-663.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph8030637] [PMID: 26402689]
[30]
Mohamed, J.M.M.; Alqahtani, A.; Kumar, T.V.A.; Fatease, A.A.; Alqahtani, T.; Krishnaraju, V.; Ahmad, F.; Menaa, F.; Alamri, A.; Muthumani, R.; Vijaya, R. Superfast synthesis of stabilized silver nanoparticles using aqueous Allium sativum (garlic) extract and isoniazid hydrazide conjugates: Molecular docking and in-vitro characterizations. Molecules, 2021, 27(1), 110.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010110] [PMID: 35011342]
[31]
Al-Thubiani, W.; Abuzinadah, O.; El-Aziz, G.A. The potential protective role of betanin and allicin against adriamycin induced cardiotoxicity in rats; LAP Lambert Academic, 2021, p. 144.
[32]
Patel, J.A.; Gohil, K.J. Warfarin-herb interactions: A review and study based on assessment of clinical case reports in literature. Bol. Latinoam. Caribe Plantas Med. Aromat., 2008, 7(2), 85-99.
[33]
Gupta, R.C.; Chang, D.; Nammi, S.; Bensoussan, A.; Bilinski, K.; Roufogalis, B.D. Interactions between antidiabetic drugs and herbs: An overview of mechanisms of action and clinical implications. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr., 2017, 9(1), 59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13098-017-0254-9] [PMID: 28770011]
[34]
Tiwari, A.; Mahadik, K.R.; Gabhe, S.Y. Piperine: A comprehensive review of methods of isolation, purification, and biological properties. Med. Drug Discov., 2020, 7, 100027.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100027]
[35]
Bialer, M.; Johannessen, S.I.; Kupferberg, H.J.; Levy, R.H.; Loiseau, P.; Perucca, E. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: A summary of the Sixth Eilat Conference (EILAT VI). Epilepsy Res., 2002, 51(1-2), 31-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-1211(02)00106-7] [PMID: 12350382]
[36]
Ulbricht, C.; Chao, W.; Costa, D.; Rusie-Seamon, E.; Weissner, W.; Woods, J. Clinical evidence of herb-drug interactions: A systematic review by the natural standard research collaboration. Curr. Drug Metab., 2008, 9(10), 1063-1120.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920008786927785] [PMID: 19075623]
[37]
Marchetti, S.; Mazzanti, R.; Beijnen, J.H.; Schellens, J.H.M. Concise review: Clinical relevance of drug drug and herb drug interactions mediated by the ABC transporter ABCB1 (MDR1, P-glycoprotein). Oncologist, 2007, 12(8), 927-941.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.12-8-927] [PMID: 17766652]
[38]
Jin, M.J.; Han, H.K. Effect of piperine, a major component of black pepper, on the intestinal absorption of fexofenadine and its implication on food-drug interaction. J. Food Sci., 2010, 75(3), H93-H96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01542.x] [PMID: 20492299]
[39]
Debjit Bhowmik, C.; Kumar, K.S.; Chandira, M.; Jayakar, B. Turmeric: A herbal and traditional medicine. Arch. Appl. Sci. Res., 2009, 1(2), 86-108.
[40]
Fung, F.Y.; Wong, W.H.; Ang, S.K.; Koh, H.L.; Kun, M.C.; Lee, L.H.; Li, X.; Ng, H.J.; Tan, C.W.; Zhao, Y.; Linn, Y.C. A randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled study on the antihaemostatic effects of Curcuma longa, Angelica sinensis and Panax ginseng. Phytomedicine, 2017, 32, 88-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2017.04.004] [PMID: 28732813]
[41]
Oza, N. Effect of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on postprandial glycemia in healthy, non-diabetic adults; Arizona State University, 2017.
[42]
Litton, J.K.; Rugo, H.S.; Ettl, J.; Hurvitz, S.A.; Gonçalves, A.; Lee, K.H.; Fehrenbacher, L.; Yerushalmi, R.; Mina, L.A.; Martin, M.; Roché, H.; Im, Y.H.; Quek, R.G.W.; Markova, D.; Tudor, I.C.; Hannah, A.L.; Eiermann, W.; Blum, J.L. Talazoparib in patients with advanced breast cancer and a germline BRCA mutation. N. Engl. J. Med., 2018, 379(8), 753-763.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1802905] [PMID: 30110579]
[43]
Bahmani, M.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M.; Jeloudari, M.; Eftekhari, Z.; Delfan, B.; Zargaran, A.; Forouzan, S. A review of the health effects and uses of drugs of plant licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) in Iran. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis., 2014, 4, S847-S849.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60742-8]
[44]
Spiteri Staines, S. Herbal medicines: Adverse effects and drug-herb interactions. J. Malta Coll. Pharm. Pract., 2011, 17, 38-42.
[45]
Yang, L.; Jiang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Hou, J.; Tian, S.; Liu, Y. The antidiabetic activity of licorice, a widely used Chinese herb. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2020, 263, 113216.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113216] [PMID: 32763420]
[46]
de Klerk, G.J.; Nieuwenhuis, M.G.; Beutler, J.J. Lesson of the week: Hypokalaemia and hypertension associated with use of liquorice flavoured chewing gum. BMJ, 1997, 314(7082), 731-732.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7082.731] [PMID: 9116553]
[47]
Coxeter, P.; McLachlan, A.; Duke, C.; Roufogalis, B. Herb-drug interactions: An evidence based approach. Curr. Med. Chem., 2004, 11(11), 1513-1525.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867043365198] [PMID: 15180581]
[48]
Ismail, M.Y.M. Herb-drug interactions and patient counseling. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 2009, 1(S1), S151-S161.
[49]
Kwon, Y.J.; Son, D.H.; Chung, T.H.; Lee, Y.J. A review of the pharmacological efficacy and safety of licorice root from corroborative clinical trial findings. J. Med. Food, 2020, 23(1), 12-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2019.4459] [PMID: 31874059]
[50]
Bilal, A.; Jahan, N.; Ahmed, A.; Bilal, S.N.; Habib, S.; Hajra, S. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Ocimum basilicum Linn-A review. Int. J. Curr. Res. Rev., 2012, 4(23), 73-83.
[51]
Fernandez, R.A.V.; Reformina, G.N. In vitro antiplatelet activity of Ocimum basilicum (basil) leaf extract. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338853916_IN_VITRO_ANTIPLATELET_ACTIVITY_OF_Ocimum_basilicum_basil_LEAF_EXTRACT
[52]
Pandey, G.; Madhuri, S. Pharmacological activities of Ocimum sanctum (tulsi): A review. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 2010, 5(1), 61-66.
[53]
Girish, K.; Shankara, B.S. Neem–a green treasure. Electron. J. Biol., 2008, 4(3), 102-111.
[54]
Uzzaman, S. Pharmacological activities of neem (Azadirachta indica): A review. Int. J. Pharmacogn. Life Sci., 2020, 1(1), 38-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/27072827.2020.v1.i1a.8]
[55]
Patil, P.; Patil, S.; Mane, A.; Verma, S. Antidiabetic activity of alcoholic extract of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) root bark. Natl. J. Physiol. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2013, 3(2), 142.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2013.3.134-138]
[56]
Shipley, D. Neem (Azadirachta indica) Oil. Aromather. J., 2019.
[57]
Leary, W.P.; Reyes, A.J. Drug interactions with diuretics. S. Afr. Med. J., 1984, 65(12), 455-461.
[PMID: 6701709]
[58]
Chacko, S.M.; Thambi, P.T.; Kuttan, R.; Nishigaki, I. Beneficial effects of green tea: A literature review. Chin. Med., 2010, 5(1), 13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1749-8546-5-13] [PMID: 20370896]
[59]
Hilal, Y.; Engelhardt, U. Characterisation of white tea – Comparison to green and black tea. J. Verbr. Lebensm., 2007, 2(4), 414-421.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00003-007-0250-3]
[60]
Marko, V. Ed. Determination of beta-blockers in biological material: Evaluation of analytical methods in biological systems, 1st ed; Elsevier, 2013.
[61]
Heck, A.M.; DeWitt, B.A.; Lukes, A.L. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., 2000, 57(13), 1221-1227.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/57.13.1221] [PMID: 10902065]
[62]
Ezzeldin, E.; Asiri, Y.A.; Iqbal, M. Effects of green tea extracts on the pharmacokinetics of quetiapine in rats. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2015, 2015, 1-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/615285] [PMID: 25793001]
[63]
Maher, H.M.; Alzoman, N.Z.; Shehata, S.M.; Abahussain, A.O. UPLC–ESI–MS/MS study of the effect of green tea extract on the oral bioavailability of erlotinib and lapatinib in rats: Potential risk of pharmacokinetic interaction. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 2017, 1049-1050, 30-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.02.029] [PMID: 28260629]
[64]
Sharma, S. Role of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) in the treatment of neurological disorders. Curr. Nutr. Food Sci., 2023, 19(2), 158-165.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401318666220415084108]
[65]
Mishra, S.K.; Venkatachalapathy, B.A.; Khanli, H.M. Safety and efficacy of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). In: Neuroprotective natural products: Clinical aspects and mode of action; Brahmachari, G., Ed.; Wiley Online Library, 2017; pp. 313-319.
[66]
Savage, K.; Firth, J.; Stough, C.; Sarris, J. GABA-modulating phytomedicines for anxiety: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence. Phytother. Res., 2018, 32(1), 3-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5940] [PMID: 29168225]
[67]
Krutika, J.; Tavhare, S.; Panara, K.; Kumar, P.; Karra, N. Studies of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera dunal). Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Arch., 2016, 7(1), 1-11.
[68]
Kelly, G.S. Peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones: A review. Altern. Med. Rev., 2000, 5(4), 306-333.
[PMID: 10956378]
[69]
Hyun, S.H.; Kim, S.W.; Seo, H.W.; Youn, S.H.; Kyung, J.S.; Lee, Y.Y.; In, G.; Park, C.K.; Han, C.K. Physiological and pharmacological features of the non-saponin components in Korean Red Ginseng. J. Ginseng Res., 2020, 44(4), 527-537.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2020.01.005] [PMID: 32617032]
[70]
Ratan, Z.A.; Haidere, M.F.; Hong, Y.H.; Park, S.H.; Lee, J.O.; Lee, J.; Cho, J.Y. Pharmacological potential of ginseng and its major component ginsenosides. J. Ginseng Res., 2021, 45(2), 199-210.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2020.02.004] [PMID: 33841000]
[71]
Kessler, R.C.; Berglund, P.; Demler, O. Mood disorders: Bipolar and major depressive disorders. JAMA, 2003, 289(23), 3095-3105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.23.3095] [PMID: 12813115]
[72]
John, O.O.; Amarachi, I.S.; Chinazom, A.P.; Adaeze, E.; Kale, M.B.; Umare, M.D.; Upaganlawar, A.B. Phytotherapy: A promising approach for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol. Res. - Modern Chinese Med., 2022, 2, 100030.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prmcm.2021.100030]
[73]
Reay, J.L.; Kennedy, D.O.; Scholey, A.B. Single doses of Panax ginseng (G115) reduce blood glucose levels and improve cognitive performance during sustained mental activity. J. Psychopharmacol., 2005, 19(4), 357-365.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881105053286] [PMID: 15982990]
[74]
Snyder, R.W.; Berns, J.S. Use of insulin and oral hypoglycemic medications in patients with diabetes mellitus and advanced kidney disease. Semin. Dial., 2004, 17(5), 365-370.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0894-0959.2004.17346.x] [PMID: 15461745]
[75]
Kiefer, D.; Pantuso, T. Panax ginseng. Am. Fam. Physician, 2003, 68(8), 1539-1542.
[PMID: 14596440]
[76]
Ge, B.; Zhang, Z.; Zuo, Z. Updates on the clinical evidenced herb-warfarin interactions. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2014, 2014, 1-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/957362] [PMID: 24790635]
[77]
Cohen, S. Drug Muggers: Which Medications are Robbing Your Body of Essential Nutrients--and Natural Ways to Restore Them; Rodale Books, 2011.
[78]
Gallicano, K.; Foster, B.; Choudhri, S. Effect of short-term administration of garlic supplements on single-dose ritonavir pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2003, 55(2), 199-202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01736.x] [PMID: 12580992]
[79]
Wanwimolruk, S.; Prachayasittikul, V. Cytochrome P450 enzyme mediated herbal drug interactions (Part 1). EXCLI J., 2014, 13, 347-391.
[PMID: 26417265]
[80]
Gurley, B.J.; Gardner, S.F.; Hubbard, M.A.; Williams, D.K.; Gentry, W.B.; Carrier, J.; Khan, I.A.; Edwards, D.J.; Shah, A. In vivo assessment of botanical supplementation on human cytochrome P450 phenotypes: Citrus aurantium, Echinacea purpurea, milk thistle, and saw palmetto. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2004, 76(5), 428-440.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clpt.2004.07.007] [PMID: 15536458]
[81]
Surana, A.R.; Agrawal, S.P.; Kumbhare, M.R.; Gaikwad, S.B. Current perspectives in herbal and conventional drug interactions based on clinical manifestations. Future J. Pharmaceut. Sci., 2021, 7(1), 103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43094-021-00256-w]
[82]
Lesho, E.P.; Saullo, L.; Udvari-Nagy, S.A. 76-year-old woman with erratic anticoagulation. Cleve. Clin. J. Med., 2004, 71(8), 651-656.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.71.8.651] [PMID: 15449760]
[83]
Shalansky, S.; Lynd, L.; Richardson, K. Ingaszewski, Kerr, A. C. Risk of warfarin-related bleeding events and supratherapeutic international normalized ratios associated with complementary and alternative medicine: a longitudinal analysis. Pharmacotherapy, 2007, 27(9), 1237-1247.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1592/phco.27.9.1237]
[84]
Louati, N.; Turki, F.; Mnif, H.; Frikha, R. MDR1 gene polymorphisms and imatinib response in chronic myeloid leukemia: A meta-analysis. J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract., 2022, 28(1), 39-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155220981150] [PMID: 33565361]
[85]
Das, S.; Tanwar, J.; Hameed, S.; Fatima, Z.; Manesar, G. Antimicrobial potential of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): A green tea polyphenol. J. Biochem. Pharmacol. Res., 2014, 2(3), 167-174.
[86]
Werba, J.P.; Giroli, M.; Cavalca, V.; Nava, M.C.; Tremoli, E.; Dal Bo, L. The effect of green tea on simvastatin tolerability. Ann. Intern. Med., 2008, 149(4), 286-287.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-149-4-200808190-00019] [PMID: 18711168]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy