Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Drug Safety

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1574-8863
ISSN (Online): 2212-3911

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Adverse Effects Post COVID-19 Vaccination and its Association with Age, Gender and Comorbid Disease in Basrah City Southern of Iraq

Author(s): Zainab Najim Abdul-Nabi, Noor Kadhim Mohamed-Jawad*, Noor Yousif Fareed, Nadheerah Falih Neamah and Falah Hassan Shari

Volume 19, Issue 2, 2024

Published on: 19 June, 2023

Page: [248 - 254] Pages: 7

DOI: 10.2174/1574886318666230525142152

Price: $65

conference banner
Abstract

Background: Vaccination against COVID-19 virus is the most valuable tool available for protection during the pandemic of coronavirus. The clinical manifestation post-vaccination is a barrier to vaccination for many people in Iraq and worldwide.

Objectives: The objective of this study is identifying various clinical manifestations occurring after receiving vaccines among individuals in Basrah Governorate. Moreover, we examine its association with respondents’ demographics and the type of vaccine they received.

Methods: A cross-section study was conducted in Basrah, southern Iraq. Research data were collected through an online questionnaire. The data were analyzed using both descriptive and analytic statistical tools using the SPSS program.

Results: Most of the participants (86.68%) received the vaccine. The side effects were reported in 71.61% of vaccinated individuals. Fever and muscle pain were the two most experienced clinical manifestations, while lymph node enlargement and disturbances in taste and/or smell sensations were reported infrequently. Adverse effects were mostly reported with the Pfizer BioNTech vaccine receiver. Females and those in the younger age group also reported a significantly higher incidence of side effects.

Conclusion: Most adverse effects related to the COVID-19 vaccine were minor and could be tolerated without the need for hospital admission.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Kumar D, Malviya R, Sharma PK. Corona virus: A review of COVID-19. EJMO 2020; 4(1): 8-25.
[2]
Iraq: COVID-19-situation-reports World Health Organization. WHO 2021.
[3]
Gostin LO, Friedman EA, Wetter SA. Responding to COVID‐19: How to navigate a public health emergency legally and ethically. Hastings Cent Rep 2020; 50(2): 8-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hast.1090] [PMID: 32219845]
[4]
Sharma O, Sultan AA, Ding H, Triggle CR. A review of the progress and challenges of developing a vaccine for COVID-19. Front Immunol 2020; 11: 585354.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.585354] [PMID: 33163000]
[5]
Krammer F. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development. Nature 2020; 586(7830): 516-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2798-3] [PMID: 32967006]
[6]
Loo KY, Letchumanan V, Ser HL, et al. COVID-19: Insights into potential vaccines. Microorganisms 2021; 9(3): 605.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030605] [PMID: 33804162]
[7]
Forni G, Mantovani A. COVID-19 vaccines: Where we stand and challenges ahead. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28(2): 626-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41418-020-00720-9] [PMID: 33479399]
[8]
Wang C, Chen LY, Lu QB, Cui F. Vaccination with the inactivated vaccine (Sinopharm BBIBP-CorV) ensures protection against SARS-CoV-2 related disease. Vaccines 2022; 10(6): 920.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060920] [PMID: 35746530]
[9]
Chaudhary N, Weissman D, Whitehead KA. mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: Principles, delivery and clinical translation. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20(11): 817-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41573-021-00283-5] [PMID: 34433919]
[10]
Mallapaty S, Callaway E. What scientists do and don’t know about the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID vaccine. Nature 2021; 592(7852): 15-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00785-7] [PMID: 33762708]
[11]
Jones I, Roy P. Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine candidate appears safe and effective. Lancet 2021; 397(10275): 642-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00191-4] [PMID: 33545098]
[12]
WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard with Vaccination Data. Iraq: World Health Organization (WHO) 2022.
[13]
Soiza RL, Scicluna C, Thomson EC. Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in older people. Age Ageing 2021; 50(2): 279-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afaa274] [PMID: 33320183]
[14]
Tahir AI, Ramadhan DS, Piro SS, Abdullah RY, Taha AA, Radha RH. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, hesitancy and refusal among Iraqi Kurdish population. Int J Health Sci 2022; 16(1): 10-6.
[PMID: 35024029]
[15]
Alhazmi A, Alamer E, Daws D, et al. Evaluation of side effects associated with COVID-19 vaccines in Saudi Arabia. Vaccines 2021; 9(6): 674.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060674] [PMID: 34207394]
[16]
Andrzejczak-Grządko S, Czudy Z, Donderska M. Side effects after COVID-19 vaccinations among residents of Poland. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2021; 25(12): 4418-21.
[PMID: 34227078]
[17]
Almufty HB, Mohammed SA, Abdullah AM, Merza MA. Potential adverse effects of COVID19 vaccines among Iraqi population; a comparison between the three available vaccines in Iraq; a retrospective cross-sectional study. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15(5): 102207.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102207] [PMID: 34280733]
[18]
Al-Qerem W, Hammad A, Alsajri AH, Al-Hishma SW, Ling J, Mosleh R. COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and its associated factors among the iraqi population: A cross sectional study. Patient Prefer Adherence 2022; 16: 307-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S350917] [PMID: 35153477]
[19]
Riad A, Pokorná A, Attia S, Klugarová J, Koščík M, Klugar M. Prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine side effects among healthcare workers in the Czech republic. J Clin Med 2021; 10(7): 1428.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10071428] [PMID: 33916020]
[20]
Zhu FC, Li YH, Guan XH, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: A dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial. Lancet 2020; 395(10240): 1845-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31208-3] [PMID: 32450106]
[21]
El-Shitany NA, Harakeh S, Badr-Eldin SM, et al. Minor to moderate side effects of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine among Saudi residents: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14: 1389-401.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S310497] [PMID: 33907443]
[22]
Klein SL, Jedlicka A, Pekosz A. The Xs and Y of immune responses to viral vaccines. Lancet Infect Dis 2010; 10(5): 338-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70049-9] [PMID: 20417416]
[23]
Desai AP, Desai AP, Loomis GJ. Relationship between pre-existing allergies and anaphylactic reactions post mRNA COVID-19 vaccine administration. Vaccine 2021; 39(32): 4407-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.06.058] [PMID: 34215453]
[24]
Jacobsen H, Klein SL. Sex differences in immunity to viral infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12: 720952.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.720952] [PMID: 34531867]
[25]
Arnold CG, Libby A, Vest A, Hopkinson A, Monte AA. Immune mechanisms associated with sex-based differences in severe COVID-19 clinical outcomes. Biol Sex Differ 2022; 13(1): 7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13293-022-00417-3] [PMID: 35246245]
[26]
Taneja V. Sex hormones determine immune response. Front Immunol 2018; 9: 1931.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01931] [PMID: 30210492]
[27]
Zafari ZF, Sarmast SM. Estradiol and COVID-19: Does 17-estradiol have an immune-protective function in women against coronavirus? J Family Reprod Health 2021; 15(3): 150-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/jfrh.v15i3.7132] [PMID: 34721606]
[28]
Green MS, Peer V, Magid A, Hagani N, Anis E, Nitzan D. Gender differences in adverse events following the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. Vaccines 2022; 10(2): 233.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020233] [PMID: 35214694]
[29]
Al-Qazaz HK, Al-Obaidy LM, Attash HM. COVID-19 vaccination, do women suffer from more side effects than men? A retrospective cross-sectional study. Pharm Pract 2022; 20(2): 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2022.2.2678] [PMID: 35919795]
[30]
Choi WS, Cheong HJ. COVID-19 vaccination for people with comorbidities. Infect Chemother 2021; 53(1): 155-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3947/ic.2021.0302] [PMID: 34409789]
[31]
Ganesan S, Al Ketbi LMB, Al Kaabi N, et al. Vaccine side effects following COVID-19 vaccination among the residents of the UAE—an observational study. Front Public Health 2022; 10: 876336.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.876336] [PMID: 35602146]
[32]
Reactions and Adverse Events of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Centres for Diseases Control and Prevention. CDC 2022.
[33]
Costagliola G, Spada E, Consolini R. Age‐related differences in the immune response could contribute to determine the spectrum of severity of COVID‐19. Immun Inflamm Dis 2021; 9(2): 331-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iid3.404] [PMID: 33566457]
[34]
Bates TA, Leier HC, Lyski ZL, et al. Age-dependent neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 and P. 1 variant by vaccine immune serum samples. JAMA 2021; 326(9): 868-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.11656] [PMID: 34287620]
[35]
Collier DA, Ferreira IATM, Kotagiri P, et al. Age-related immune response heterogeneity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2. Nature 2021; 596(7872): 417-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03739-1] [PMID: 34192737]
[36]
Wu Q, Dudley MZ, Chen X, et al. Evaluation of the safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines: A rapid review. BMC Med 2021; 19(1): 173.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12916-021-02059-5] [PMID: 34315454]
[37]
Omeish H, Najadat A, Al-Azzam S, et al. Reported COVID-19 vaccines side effects among Jordanian population: A cross sectional study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18(1): 1981086.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1981086] [PMID: 34614383]
[38]
Elgendy MO, El-Gendy AO, Mahmoud S, Mohammed TY, Abdelrahim MEA, Sayed AM. Side effects and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines among the Egyptian population. Vaccines 2022; 10(1): 109.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010109] [PMID: 35062770]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy