Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Molecular Medicine

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1566-5240
ISSN (Online): 1875-5666

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Application of Platelet-Rich Plasma as a Stem Cell Treatment - an Attempt to Clarify a Common Public Misconception

Author(s): Ismail M. Fareez, Fong Fong Liew, Darius Widera, Naiyareen Fareeza Mayeen, Jannatul Mawya, Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim* and Nazmul Haque*

Volume 24, Issue 6, 2024

Published on: 03 August, 2023

Page: [689 - 701] Pages: 13

DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230511152646

Price: $65

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the practice of regenerative medicine by health practitioners and direct-to-consumer businesses globally. Among different tools of regenerative medicine, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and stem cell-based therapies have received considerable attention. The use of PRP, in particular, has gained popularity due to its easy access, simple processing techniques, and regenerative potential. However, it is important to address a common misconception amongst the general public equating to PRP and stem cells due to the demonstrated efficacy of PRP in treating musculoskeletal and dermatological disorders. Notably, PRP promotes regeneration by providing growth factors or other paracrine factors only. Therefore, it cannot replenish or replace the lost cells in conditions where a large number of cells are required to regenerate tissues and/or organs. In such cases, cellbased therapies are the preferred option. Additionally, other tools of regenerative medicine, such as bioprinting, organoids, and mechanobiology also rely on stem cells for their success. Hence, healthcare and commercial entities offering direct-to-customer regenerative therapies should not mislead the public by claiming that the application of PRP is a stem cell-based therapy. Furthermore, it is important for regulatory bodies to strictly monitor these profit-driven entities to prevent them from providing unregulated regenerative treatments and services that claim a broad variety of benefits with little proof of efficacy, safety concerns, and obscure scientific justification.

Next »
[1]
Chien GCC, Stogicza A. Regenerative medicine. Pain Care Essentials and Innovations. Elsevier 2021; pp. 245-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-72216-2.00017-X]
[2]
Mao AS, Mooney DJ. Regenerative medicine: Current therapies and future directions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2015; 112(47): 14452-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508520112] [PMID: 26598661]
[3]
Mohammadinejad R, Ashrafizadeh M, Pardakhty A, et al. Nanotechnological strategies for osteoarthritis diagnosis, monitoring, clinical management, and regenerative medicine: recent advances and future opportunities. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2020; 22(4): 12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11926-020-0884-z] [PMID: 32248371]
[4]
Richards MM, Maxwell JS, Weng L, Angelos MG, Golzarian J. Intra-articular treatment of knee osteoarthritis: From anti-inflammatories to products of regenerative medicine. Phys Sportsmed 2016; 44(2): 101-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2016.1168272] [PMID: 26985986]
[5]
Mata A, Azevedo HS, Botto L, Gavara N, Su L. New bioengineering breakthroughs and enabling tools in regenerative medicine. Curr Stem Cell Rep 2017; 3(2): 83-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40778-017-0081-9] [PMID: 28596936]
[6]
Vasanthan J, Gurusamy N, Rajasingh S, et al. Role of human mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative therapy. Cells 2020; 10(1): 54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10010054] [PMID: 33396426]
[7]
Zhang Y, Ma W, Zhan Y, et al. Nucleic acids and analogs for bone regeneration. Bone Res 2018; 6(1): 37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41413-018-0042-7] [PMID: 30603226]
[8]
Zhang Y, Tu J, Wang D, et al. Programmable and multifunctional DNA‐based materials for biomedical applications. Adv Mater 2018; 30(24): 1703658.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201703658] [PMID: 29389041]
[9]
Henry N, Clouet J, Le Bideau J, Le Visage C, Guicheux J. Innovative strategies for intervertebral disc regenerative medicine: From cell therapies to multiscale delivery systems. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36(1): 281-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.11.009] [PMID: 29199133]
[10]
Foster TE, Puskas BL, Mandelbaum BR, Gerhardt MB, Rodeo SA. Platelet-Rich Plasma. Am J Sports Med 2009; 37(11): 2259-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546509349921] [PMID: 19875361]
[11]
Intini G. The use of platelet-rich plasma in bone reconstruction therapy. Biomaterials 2009; 30(28): 4956-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.05.055] [PMID: 19573909]
[12]
Zakrzewski W, Dobrzyński M, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z. Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10(1): 68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5] [PMID: 30808416]
[13]
Tamari M, Nishino Y, Yamamoto N, Ueda M. Acceleration of wound healing with stem cell-derived growth factors. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2013; 28(6): e369-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.11607/jomi.te17] [PMID: 24278952]
[14]
Ramaswamy Reddy S, Reddy R, Babu NC, Ashok GN. Stem-cell therapy and platelet-rich plasma in regenerative medicines: A review on pros and cons of the technologies. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2018; 22(3): 367-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_93_18] [PMID: 30651682]
[15]
Panchal J, Malanga G, Sheinkop M. Safety and efficacy of percutaneous injection of lipogems micro-fractured adipose tissue for osteoarthritic knees. Am J Orthop 2018; 47(11)
[PMID: 30517209]
[16]
Alderman D, Alexander R, Harris G, Astourian P. Stem cell prolotherapy in regenerative medicine: background, theory and protocols. J Prolotherapy 2011; 3(3): 689-708.
[17]
Adams E. Bibliography: prolotherapy for musculoskeletal pain. Boston, MA: Veterans 2008.
[18]
Hackett GS, Hemwall G, Montgomery G. Ligament and tendon relaxation. Charles C Thomas 1958.
[19]
Ramadan Q, Zourob M. 3D bioprinting at the frontier of regenerative medicine, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Front Med Technol 2021; 2: 607648.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmedt.2020.607648] [PMID: 35047890]
[20]
Sundaramurthi D, Rauf S, Hauser C. 3D bioprinting technology for regenerative medicine applications. Int J Bioprint 2016; 2(2): 9-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/IJB.2016.02.010]
[21]
Chin AR, Gao J, Wang Y, Taboas JM, Almarza AJ. Regenerative potential of various soft polymeric scaffolds in the temporomandibular joint condyle. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 76(9): 2019-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2018.02.012] [PMID: 29550379]
[22]
Sachot N, Castano O, Planell JA, Engel E. Optimization of blend parameters for the fabrication of polycaprolactone-silicon based ormoglass nanofibers by electrospinning. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 103(6): 1287-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.33306] [PMID: 25355602]
[23]
Gugliandolo A, Diomede F, Cardelli P, et al. Transcriptomic analysis of gingival mesenchymal stem cells cultured on 3D bioprinted scaffold: A promising strategy for neuroregeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106(1): 126-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36213] [PMID: 28879677]
[24]
Velasco V, Shariati SA, Esfandyarpour R. Microtechnology-based methods for organoid models. Microsyst Nanoeng 2020; 6(1): 76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41378-020-00185-3] [PMID: 34567686]
[25]
Eiraku M, Takata N, Ishibashi H, et al. Self-organizing optic-cup morphogenesis in three-dimensional culture. Nature 2011; 472(7341): 51-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09941] [PMID: 21475194]
[26]
Lancaster MA, Renner M, Martin CA, et al. Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. Nature 2013; 501(7467): 373-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12517] [PMID: 23995685]
[27]
Yokoo T, Fukui A, Matsumoto K, et al. Generation of a transplantable erythropoietin-producer derived from human mesenchymal stem cells. Transplantation 2008; 85(11): 1654-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e318173a35d] [PMID: 18551074]
[28]
Chameettachal S, Yeleswarapu S, Sasikumar S, et al. 3D bioprinting: recent trends and challenges. J Indian Inst Sci 2019; 99(3): 375-403.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41745-019-00113-z]
[29]
Chandra PK, Soker S, Atala A. Tissue engineering: Current status and future perspectives. Principles of Tissue Engineering. Elsevier 2020; pp. 1-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818422-6.00004-6]
[30]
Alves R, Grimalt R. A review of platelet-rich plasma: history, biology, mechanism of action, and classification. Skin Appendage Disord 2018; 4(1): 18-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000477353] [PMID: 29457008]
[31]
Upshaw JD Jr. Congenital deficiency of a factor in normal plasma that reverses microangiopathic hemolysis and thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 1978; 298(24): 1350-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197806152982407] [PMID: 651994]
[32]
Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Bielecki T, Mishra A, et al. In search of a consensus terminology in the field of platelet concentrates for surgical use: platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), fibrin gel polymerization and leukocytes. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2012; 13(7): 1131-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920112800624328] [PMID: 21740379]
[33]
Lauritano D, Avantaggiato A, Candotto V, Zollino I, Carinci F. Is platelet-rich fibrin really useful in oral and maxillofacial surgery? Lights and shadows of this new technique. Annals Oral Maxillofacial Surg 2013; 1(3): 25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13172/2052-7837-1-3-826]
[34]
Cook CS, Smith PA. Clinical update: why PRP should be your first choice for injection therapy in treating osteoarthritis of the knee. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2018; 11(4): 583-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12178-018-9524-x] [PMID: 30350299]
[35]
Cao Y, Zhu X, Zhou R, He Y, Wu Z, Chen Y. A narrative review of the research progress and clinical application of platelet-rich plasma. Ann Palliat Med 2021; 10(4): 4823-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/apm-20-2223] [PMID: 33691459]
[36]
Salem SA, Elhusseiny RM, Saleh HM. A split scalp study of single versus double spin platelet-rich plasma injections in treatment of female pattern hair loss: clinical effect and relation to vascular endothelial growth factor in PRP. QJM: Int J Med 2021; 114: hcab093.019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcab093.019]
[37]
Refahee SM, Aboulhassan MA, Abdel Aziz O, et al. Is PRP effective in reducing the scar width of primary cleft lip repair? A randomized controlled clinical study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2020; 57(5): 581-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665619884455] [PMID: 31665898]
[38]
Gentile P, Calabrese C, De Angelis B, et al. Impact of the different preparation methods to obtain autologous non-activated platelet-rich plasma (A-PRP) and activated platelet-rich plasma (AA-PRP) in plastic surgery: Wound healing and hair regrowth evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21(2): 431.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020431] [PMID: 31936605]
[39]
Xu P, Wu Y, Zhou L, et al. Platelet-rich plasma accelerates skin wound healing by promoting re-epithelialization. Burns Trauma 2020; 8: tkaa028.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/burnst/tkaa028] [PMID: 32821743]
[40]
da Silva LQ, Cancela RBB, de Lima Montalvão SA, et al. The effect of lyophilized platelet rich-plasma on skin aging: A non-randomized, controlled, pilot trial. Arch Dermatol Res 2021; 313(10): 863-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00403-021-02186-2] [PMID: 33550448]
[41]
Gentile P, Garcovich S. Autologous activated platelet-rich plasma (AA-PRP) and non-activated (A-PRP) in hair growth: a retrospective, blinded, randomized evaluation in androgenetic alopecia. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20(3): 327-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2020.1724951] [PMID: 32011196]
[42]
Abas M, El Masry M, Elgharably H. Collagen in diabetic wound healing.Wound Healing, Tissue Repair, and Regeneration in Diabetes. Elsevier 2020; pp. 393-401.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816413-6.00019-8]
[43]
Hesseler MJ, Shyam N. Platelet-rich plasma and its utility in medical dermatology: A systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 81(3): 834-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.04.037] [PMID: 31009668]
[44]
Wang X, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Miron RJ. Fluid platelet‐rich fibrin stimulates greater dermal skin fibroblast cell migration, proliferation, and collagen synthesis when compared to platelet‐rich plasma. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 18(6): 2004-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12955] [PMID: 30990574]
[45]
Elghblawi E. Platelet-rich plasma, the ultimate secret for youthful skin elixir and hair growth triggering. J Cosmet Dermatol 2018; 17(3): 423-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12404] [PMID: 28887865]
[46]
Chenliang D, Yi C, Weidong W, et al. The effect of PRP promoting the expression of collagen and hyaluronic acid of light aging human skin fibroblasts in vitro. J Tissue Eng Reconstr Surg 2012; 8(4): 201-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2012.04.005]
[47]
Rao SS, Prabhu A, Kudkuli J, Surya S, Rekha PD. Hyaluronic acid sustains platelet stability with prolonged growth factor release and accelerates wound healing by enhancing proliferation and collagen deposition in diabetic mice. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022; 67: 102898.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102898]
[48]
Kawase T. Platelet-rich plasma and its derivatives as promising bioactive materials for regenerative medicine: Basic principles and concepts underlying recent advances. Odontology 2015; 103(2): 126-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10266-015-0209-2] [PMID: 26040505]
[49]
Akhundov K, Pietramaggiori G, Waselle L, et al. Development of a cost-effective method for platelet-rich plasma (PRP) preparation for topical wound healing. Ann Burns Fire Disasters 2012; 25(4): 207-13.
[PMID: 23766756]
[50]
Akbarzadeh S, McKenzie MB, Rahman MM, Cleland H. Allogeneic platelet-rich plasma: Is it safe and effective for wound repair? Eur Surg Res 2021; 62(1): 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000514223] [PMID: 33621973]
[51]
Piccin A, Di Pierro AM, Canzian L, et al. Platelet gel: a new therapeutic tool with great potential. Blood Transfus 2017; 15(4): 333-40.
[PMID: 27483482]
[52]
Eby BW. Platelet-rich plasma: harvesting with a single-spin centrifuge. J Oral Implantol 2002; 28(6): 297-301.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/1548-1336(2002)028<0297:PPHWAS>2.3.CO;2] [PMID: 12498540]
[53]
de Melo BAG, Martins Shimojo AA, Marcelino Perez AG, Duarte Lana JFS, Andrade Santana MH. Distribution, recovery and concentration of platelets and leukocytes in L-PRP prepared by centrifugation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 161: 288-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.046] [PMID: 29096373]
[54]
Marwan H, Sawisch T, Schetritt A, Tursun R. Techniques of Obtaining BMAC, PRP, and PRF.Regenerative Strategies for Maxillary and Mandibular Reconstruction. Springer 2019; pp. 43-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93668-0_5]
[55]
Martineau I, Lacoste E, Gagnon G. Effects of calcium and thrombin on growth factor release from platelet concentrates: Kinetics and regulation of endothelial cell proliferation. Biomaterials 2004; 25(18): 4489-502.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.11.013] [PMID: 15046940]
[56]
Gentile P, Cole J, Cole M, et al. Evaluation of not-activated and activated PRP in hair loss treatment: role of growth factor and cytokine concentrations obtained by different collection systems. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18(2): 408.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18020408] [PMID: 28216604]
[57]
Pelletier MH, Malhotra A, Brighton T, Walsh WR, Lindeman R. Platelet function and constituents of platelet rich plasma. Int J Sports Med 2013; 34(1): 74-80.
[PMID: 22893324]
[58]
Sampson S, Gerhardt M, Mandelbaum B. Platelet rich plasma injection grafts for musculoskeletal injuries: A review. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2008; 1(3-4): 165-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12178-008-9032-5] [PMID: 19468902]
[59]
Orive G, Anitua E. Platelet-rich therapies as an emerging platform for regenerative medicine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21(12): 1603-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2021.1936495] [PMID: 34043484]
[60]
Iyer SR, Scheiber AL, Yarowsky P, Henn RF III, Otsuru S, Lovering RM. Exosomes isolated from platelet-rich plasma and mesenchymal stem cells promote recovery of function after muscle injury. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48(9): 2277-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546520926462] [PMID: 32543878]
[61]
Everts P, Onishi K, Jayaram P, Lana JF, Mautner K. Platelet-rich plasma: New performance understandings and therapeutic considerations in 2020. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21(20): 7794.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207794] [PMID: 33096812]
[62]
Gawaz M, Vogel S. Platelets in tissue repair: control of apoptosis and interactions with regenerative cells. Blood 2013; 122(15): 2550-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2013-05-468694] [PMID: 23963043]
[63]
Berndt S, Carpentier G, Turzi A, Borlat F, Cuendet M, Modarressi A. Angiogenesis is differentially modulated by platelet-derived products. Biomedicines 2021; 9(3): 251.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9030251] [PMID: 33806471]
[64]
Hersant B, Sid-Ahmed M, Braud L, et al. Platelet-rich plasma improves the wound healing potential of mesenchymal stem cells through paracrine and metabolism alterations. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019: 1-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1234263] [PMID: 31781232]
[65]
Qian Z, Wang H, Bai Y, et al. Improving chronic diabetic wound healing through an injectable and self-healing hydrogel with platelet-rich plasma release. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12(50): 55659-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c17142] [PMID: 33327053]
[66]
Tsai WC, Yu TY, Chang GJ, Lin LP, Lin MS, Pang JHS. Platelet-rich plasma releasate promotes regeneration and decreases inflammation and apoptosis of injured skeletal muscle. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46(8): 1980-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518771076] [PMID: 29772187]
[67]
Kim MH, Byeon HS. Review for good platelet-rich plasma procedure in cosmetic dermatology and surgery. J Cosmetic Med 2019; 3(1): 1-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.25056/JCM.2019.3.1.1]
[68]
Maugeri N, Rovere-Querini P, Baldini M, et al. Oxidative stress elicits platelet/leukocyte inflammatory interactions via HMGB1: A candidate for microvessel injury in sytemic sclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20(7): 1060-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ars.2013.5298] [PMID: 24070090]
[69]
Abbaszadeh G, Atarodi K, Mousavi Hosseini K. Evaluation of microRNAs; mir223, mir222 and mir92a levels in the Platelet-derived microparticles in the Platelet concentrates produced by Platelet Rich Plasma method during storage. Sci. J Iran Blood Transfus Organ 2020; 17(2): 100-12.
[70]
Delgado D, Padilla S, Sánchez M, Garate A. Platelet-rich plasma, an adjuvant biological therapy to assist peripheral nerve repair. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12(1): 47-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.198973] [PMID: 28250739]
[71]
Anitua E, Prado R. Addressing reproducibility in stem cell and PRP therapies. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37(4): 340-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.11.010] [PMID: 30579716]
[72]
Chahla J, Cinque ME, Piuzzi NS, et al. A call for standardization in platelet-rich plasma preparation protocols and composition reporting: A systematic review of the clinical orthopaedic literature. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2017; 99(20): 1769-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.16.01374] [PMID: 29040132]
[73]
Hosny N, Goubran F, BadrEldin Hasan B, Kamel N. Assessment of vascular endothelial growth factor in fresh versus frozen platelet rich plasma. J Blood Transfus 2015; 2015: 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/706903] [PMID: 26301115]
[74]
Bieback KAREN, Fernandez-Muñoz B, Pati S, Schäfer R. Gaps in the knowledge of human platelet lysate as a cell culture supplement for cell therapy: a joint publication from the AABB and the International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy. Cytotherapy 2019; 21(9): 911-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.06.006] [PMID: 31307904]
[75]
Gentile P, Garcovich S. Systematic review—the potential implications of different platelet-rich plasma (PRP) concentrations in regenerative medicine for tissue repair. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21(16): 5702.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165702] [PMID: 32784862]
[76]
Straum OK. The optimal platelet concentration in platelet-rich plasma for proliferation of human cells in vitro—diversity, biases, and possible basic experimental principles for further research in the field: A review. PeerJ 2020; 8: e10303.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10303] [PMID: 33240635]
[77]
Buzhor E, Leshansky L, Blumenthal J, et al. Cell-based therapy approaches: The hope for incurable diseases. Regen Med 2014; 9(5): 649-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/rme.14.35] [PMID: 25372080]
[78]
Bandhavkar S. Stem cells: An answer to treat neurodegeneration? Brain Disord Ther 2015; 4(5): 2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000194]
[79]
Chowdhury S, Ghosh S. Stem Cells. Springer 2021; pp. 239-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1638-9_10]
[80]
Liew FF, Chew BC, Ooi DJ. Wound healing properties of exosomes-A review and modelling of combinatorial analysis strategies. Curr Mol Med 2022; 22(2): 165-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1566524021666210405131238] [PMID: 33820518]
[81]
Vyas KS, Vasconez H. C.Wound healing: biologics, skin substitutes, biomembranes and scaffolds, Healthcare. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2014; pp. 356-400.
[82]
de Lázaro I, Yilmazer A, Kostarelos K. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells: A new source for cell-based therapeutics? J Control Release 2014; 185: 37-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.011] [PMID: 24746625]
[83]
Wu Y, Wang J, Scott PG, Tredget EE. Bone marrow-derived stem cells in wound healing: A review. Wound Repair Regen 2007; 15(s1) (Suppl. 1): S18-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-475X.2007.00221.x] [PMID: 17727462]
[84]
Liu ZJ, Velazquez OC. Hyperoxia, endothelial progenitor cell mobilization, and diabetic wound healing. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10(11): 1869-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ars.2008.2121] [PMID: 18627349]
[85]
Körbling M, Estrov Z. Adult stem cells for tissue repair-A new therapeutic concept? N Engl J Med 2003; 349(6): 570-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra022361] [PMID: 12904523]
[86]
Alison MR, Islam S. Attributes of adult stem cells. J Pathol 2009; 217(2): 144-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.2498] [PMID: 19085991]
[87]
Zhang J, Huang X, Wang H, et al. The challenges and promises of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells for use as a cell-based therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6(1): 234.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-015-0240-9] [PMID: 26620426]
[88]
Padmanabhan S. Handbook of pharmacogenomics and stratified medicine. Academic Press 2014.
[89]
Armstrong L. Epigenetic control of embryonic stem cell differentiation. Stem Cell Rev 2012; 8(1): 67-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12015-011-9300-4] [PMID: 21808982]
[90]
Telles PD, Machado MAAM, Sakai VT, Nör JE. Pulp tissue from primary teeth: New source of stem cells. J Appl Oral Sci 2011; 19(3): 189-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572011000300002] [PMID: 21625731]
[91]
Woo DH, Hwang HS, Shim JH. Comparison of adult stem cells derived from multiple stem cell niches. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38(5): 751-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10529-016-2050-2] [PMID: 26857609]
[92]
Nakagawa M, Koyanagi M, Tanabe K, et al. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells without Myc from mouse and human fibroblasts. Nat Biotechnol 2008; 26(1): 101-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1374] [PMID: 18059259]
[93]
Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 2007; 131(5): 861-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019] [PMID: 18035408]
[94]
Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, et al. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 1998; 282(5391): 1145-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5391.1145] [PMID: 9804556]
[95]
Kobold S, Guhr A, Mah N, et al. A Manually curated database on clinical studies involving cell products derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15(2): 546-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.06.014] [PMID: 32679065]
[96]
Meregalli M, Farini A, Torrente Y. Stem cell therapy for neuromuscular diseases. Stem Cells in Clinic and Research. IntechOpen 2011.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/24013]
[97]
Barekzai J, Petry F, Zitzmann J, Czermak P, Salzig D. Bioprocess development for human mesenchymal stem cell therapy products. In: Martinez-Espinosa RM, Ed. New Advances on Fermentation Processes. London; UK: InTechOpen 2019.
[98]
Parolini O, Soncini M, Evangelista M, Schmidt D. Amniotic membrane and amniotic fluid-derived cells: potential tools for regenerative medicine? Regen Med 2009; 4(2): 275-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17460751.4.2.275] [PMID: 19317646]
[99]
Tang Y, Yu P, Cheng L. Current progress in the derivation and therapeutic application of neural stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8(10): e3108-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2017.504] [PMID: 29022921]
[100]
Blanpain C, Horsley V, Fuchs E. Epithelial stem cells: Turning over new leaves. Cell 2007; 128(3): 445-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.014] [PMID: 17289566]
[101]
Blanpain C, Fuchs E. Epidermal stem cells of the skin. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2006; 22(1): 339-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010305.104357] [PMID: 16824012]
[102]
Park S, Im GI. Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells for skeletal regeneration. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2014; 20(5): 381-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0530] [PMID: 24206162]
[103]
Erices A, Conget P, Minguell JJ. Mesenchymal progenitor cells in human umbilical cord blood. Br J Haematol 2000; 109(1): 235-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.01986.x] [PMID: 10848804]
[104]
Broxmeyer HE, Douglas GW, Hangoc G, et al. Human umbilical cord blood as a potential source of transplantable hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86(10): 3828-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.10.3828] [PMID: 2566997]
[105]
Kadam S, Muthyala S, Nair P, Bhonde R. Human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells and islet-like cell clusters generated from these cells as a novel source for stem cell therapy in diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud 2010; 7(2): 168-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1900/RDS.2010.7.168] [PMID: 21060975]
[106]
Teofili L, Silini AR, Bianchi M, Valentini CG, Parolini O. Incorporating placental tissue in cord blood banking for stem cell transplantation. Expert Rev Hematol 2018; 11(8): 649-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17474086.2018.1483717] [PMID: 29856650]
[107]
Baghaban Eslaminejad M, Jahangir S. Amniotic fluid stem cells and their application in cell-based tissue regeneration. Int J Fertil Steril 2012; 6(3): 147-56.
[PMID: 24520432]
[108]
Sundman EA, Cole BJ, Fortier LA. Growth factor and catabolic cytokine concentrations are influenced by the cellular composition of platelet-rich plasma. Am J Sports Med 2011; 39(10): 2135-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546511417792] [PMID: 21846925]
[109]
Jain NK, Gulati M. Platelet-rich plasma: A healing virtuoso. Blood Res 2016; 51(1): 3-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5045/br.2016.51.1.3] [PMID: 27104183]
[110]
Haque N, Khan IM, Abu Kasim NH. Survival and immunomodulation of stem cells from human extracted deciduous teeth expanded in pooled human and foetal bovine sera. Cytokine 2019; 120: 144-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2019.04.018] [PMID: 31071675]
[111]
Banzi R, Gerardi C, Bertele’ V, Garattini S. Approvals of drugs with uncertain benefit–risk profiles in Europe. Eur J Intern Med 2015; 26(8): 572-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2015.08.008] [PMID: 26342723]
[112]
Caulfield T, Murdoch B. Regulatory and policy tools to address unproven stem cell interventions in Canada: the need for action. BMC Med Ethics 2019; 20(1): 51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12910-019-0388-4] [PMID: 31383026]
[113]
Knoepfler PS. From bench to FDA to bedside: US regulatory trends for new stem cell therapies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 82-83: 192-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2014.12.001] [PMID: 25489841]
[114]
Okada K, Koike K, Sawa Y. Consideration of and expectations for the pharmaceuticals, medical devices and other therapeutic products act in Japan. Regen Ther 2015; 1: 80-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reth.2015.04.001] [PMID: 31245444]
[115]
Trickett AE, Wall DM. Regulation of cellular therapy in Australia. Pathology 2011; 43(6): 627-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PAT.0b013e32834b3cfa] [PMID: 21897330]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy