Generic placeholder image

Current Drug Safety

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1574-8863
ISSN (Online): 2212-3911

Cross-Sectional Study

Side Effects Reported by Moroccan Medical Students Who Received COVID-19 Vaccines

Author(s): Badreddine Moukafih*, Leila Belaroussi, Sanae Achour and Abdeslam El Kartouti

Volume 19, Issue 2, 2024

Published on: 17 May, 2023

Page: [268 - 276] Pages: 9

DOI: 10.2174/1574886318666230503113713

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Low confidence in the safety of COVID-19 vaccines was found to be a key promoter of vaccine reluctance especially among youth. Furthermore, young adults are an important demographic for building herd immunity through vaccination. As a result, their reactions to getting COVID-19 vaccines are crucial in our fight against SARS-CoV-2.

Objective: The overall goal of this study was to look into the shortterm side effects experienced by Moroccan medical and pharmacy students after receiving COVID-19 vaccines.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey-based study to assess the COVID-19 vaccines' short-term AEFIs among Moroccan medical and pharmacy students. The validated questionnaire was delivered in a digital form to explore the side effects (SE) they encountered after the first or the second dose of one of three vaccines namely: AstraZeneca Vaxzevria, PfizerBioNTeck, and SinoPharm vaccines.

Results: There were 510 students in total who took part. After the first and second doses, approximately 72 percent and 78 percent of subjects, respectively, reported no SE. The remainder had localized injection site side effects (26%). Fatigue (21%), fever (19%), headache (17%), and myalgia (16%) were the most common systemic adverse effects after the first dose. There were no serious SEs reported.

Conclusion: The majority of the reported AEFIs in our data were mild to moderate in intensity and lasted only one or two days. COVID-19 vaccinations are highly likely safe for young adults, according to the findings of this study.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Attia S, Howaldt HP. Impact of COVID-19 on the dental community: Part I before Vaccine (BV). J Clin Med 2021; 10(2): 288.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020288] [PMID: 33466777]
[2]
Leidner AJ, Murthy N, Chesson HW, et al. Cost-effectiveness of adult vaccinations: A systematic review. Vaccine 2019; 37(2): 226-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.056] [PMID: 30527660]
[3]
Gavi the Vaccine Alliance. There are Four Types of COVID-19 Vaccines: Here’s How They Work. Available from: https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/there-are-four-types-covid-19-vaccines-heres-how-they-work
[4]
MacDonald NE, Eskola J, Liang X, et al. Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine 2015; 33(34): 4161-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036] [PMID: 25896383]
[5]
Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) Vaccine Hesitancy Survey Questions Related to SAGE Vaccine Hesitancy Matrix Available from: https://www.who.int/groups/strategic-advisory-group-of-experts-on-immunization
[6]
Riad A, Pokorná A, Klugarová J, et al. Side effects of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines among young adults (18–30 years old): an independent post-marketing study. Pharmaceuticals 2021; 14(10): 1049.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14101049] [PMID: 34681273]
[7]
Khuc QV, Nguyen T, Nguyen T, et al. Young adults’ intentions and rationales for COVID-19 vaccination participation: Evidence from a student survey in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Vaccines 2021; 9(7): 794.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070794] [PMID: 34358210]
[8]
Lucia VC, Kelekar A, Afonso NM. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among medical students. J Public Health 2021; 43(3): 445-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa230] [PMID: 33367857]
[9]
Tam CC, Qiao S, Li X. Factors associated with decision making on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among college students in South Carolina. MedRxiv 2022; 27(1): 150-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.03.20243543]
[10]
Saied SM, Saied EM, Kabbash IA, Abdo SAEF. Vaccine hesitancy: Beliefs and barriers associated with COVID‐19 vaccination among Egyptian medical students. J Med Virol 2021; 93(7): 4280-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26910] [PMID: 33644891]
[11]
Soares P, Rocha JV, Moniz M, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Vaccines 2021; 9(3): 300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030300] [PMID: 33810131]
[12]
Yoda T, Katsuyama H. Willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccination in Japan. Vaccines 2021; 9(1): 48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010048] [PMID: 33466675]
[13]
Wang J, Jing R, Lai X, et al. Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Vaccines 2020; 8(3): 482.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030482] [PMID: 32867224]
[14]
Riad A, Abdulqader H, Morgado M, et al. Global prevalence and drivers of Dental Students’ COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Vaccines 2021; 9(6): 566.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060566] [PMID: 34072500]
[15]
Liao J, Fan S, Chen J, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in adolescents and young adults. Innovation 2020; 1(1): 100001.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2020.04.001] [PMID: 33554183]
[16]
Elmer T, Mepham K, Stadtfeld C. Students under lockdown: Comparisons of students’ social networks and mental health before and during the COVID-19 crisis in Switzerland. PLoS One 2020; 15(7): 15e0236337.
[http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0236337] [PMID: 32702065]
[17]
Fawaz M, Samaha A. E‐learning: Depression, anxiety, and stress symptomatology among Lebanese university students during COVID‐19 quarantine. Nurs Forum 2021; 56(1): 52-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12521] [PMID: 33125744]
[18]
Alawia R, Riad A, Kateeb E. Risk perception and readiness of dental students to treat patients amid COVID-19: Implication for dental education. Oral Dis 2020; 28(S1): 975-6.
[PMID: 32767714]
[19]
Marotta C, Nacareia U, Estevez AS, et al. Mozambican adolescents and youths during the COVID-19 pandemic: Knowledge and awareness gaps in the provinces of sofala and tete. Health Care 2021; 9(3): 321.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9030321] [PMID: 33805689]
[20]
Alawia R, Riad A, Kateeb E. Knowledge and attitudes among dental students about COVID-19 and its precautionary measures: A cross-sectional study. J Oral Med Oral Surg 2021; 27(1): 17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mbcb/2020056]
[21]
Blomberg B, Mohn KGI, Brokstad KA, et al. Long COVID in a prospective cohort of home-isolated patients. Nat Med 2021; 27(9): 1607-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01433-3] [PMID: 34163090]
[22]
Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines adverse reactions. A report covering adverse reactions to approved COVID-19 vaccines. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency 2021.
[23]
Gee J, Marquez P, Su J, et al. First month of COVID-19 vaktoring - united states, December 14, 2020-January 13, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70(8): 283-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7008e3] [PMID: 33630816]
[24]
Cavaleri M, Enzmann H, Straus S, Cooke E. The European Medicines Agency’s EU conditional marketing authorisations for COVID-19 vaccines. Lancet 2021; 397(10272): 355-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00085-4] [PMID: 33453149]
[25]
Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Morocco. Morocco: Ministry of Public Health 2022.
[26]
Baraniuk C. What do we know about China’s COVID-19 vaccines? BMJ 2021; 373(912): n912.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n912] [PMID: 33836994]
[27]
Rodriguez-Coira J, Sokolowska M. SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines—Composition, mechanisms of action and stages of clinical development. Allergy 2021; 76(6): 1922-4.
[PMID: 33340417]
[28]
Dar-Odeh N, Babkair H, Abu-Hammad S, Borzangy S, Abu-Hammad A, Abu-Hammad O. COVID-19: Present and future challenges for dental practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(9): 3151.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093151] [PMID: 32366034]
[29]
Anderson EJ, Rouphael NG, Widge AT, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med 2020; 383(25): 2427-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2028436] [PMID: 32991794]
[30]
Meo SA, Bukhari IA, Akram J, Meo AS, Klonoff DC. COVID-19 vaccines: Comparison of biological, pharmacological characteristics and adverse effects of Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2021; 25(3): 1663-9.
[PMID: 33629336]
[31]
Ashraf MU, Kim Y, Kumar S, Seo D, Ashraf M, Bae YS. COVID-19 vaccines (Revisited) and oral-mucosal vector system as a potential vaccine platform. Vaccines 2021; 9(2): 171.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020171] [PMID: 33670630]
[32]
Folegatti PM, Ewer KJ, Aley PK, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: A preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2020; 396(10249): 467-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31604-4] [PMID: 32702298]
[33]
Ramasamy MN, Minassian AM, Ewer KJ, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet 2020; 396(10267): 1979-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32466-1] [PMID: 33220855]
[34]
Riad A, Pokorná A, Attia S, Klugarová J, Koščík M, Klugar M. Prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine side effects among healthcare workers in the czech republic. J Clin Med 2021; 10(7): 1428.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10071428] [PMID: 33916020]
[35]
Riad A, Pokorná A, Mekhemar M, et al. Safety of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine: Independent evidence from Two EU States. Vaccines 2021; 9(6): 673.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060673] [PMID: 34207369]
[36]
Klugar M, Riad A, Mekhemar M, et al. Side effects of mRNA-based and viral vector-based COVID-19 vaccines among german healthcare workers. Biology 2021; 10(8): 752.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10080752] [PMID: 34439984]
[37]
Riad A, Sağıroğlu D, Üstün B, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of coronavac side effects: An independent cross-sectional study among healthcare workers in Turkey. J Clin Med 2021; 10(12): 2629.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10122629] [PMID: 34203769]
[38]
Riad A, Hocková B, Kantorová L, et al. Side effects of mRNA-Based COVID-19 vaccine: Nationwide phase IV study among healthcare workers in Slovakia. Pharmaceuticals 2021; 14(9): 873.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14090873] [PMID: 34577573]
[39]
Kadali RAK, Janagama R, Peruru S, et al. Non‐life‐threatening adverse effects with COVID‐19 mRNA‐1273 vaccine: A randomized, cross‐sectional study on healthcare workers with detailed self‐reported symptoms. J Med Virol 2021; 93(7): 4420-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26996] [PMID: 33822361]
[40]
Mathioudakis AG, Ghrew M, Ustianowski A, et al. Self-reported real-world safety and reactogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines: A vaccine recipient survey. Life 2021; 11(3): 249.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11030249] [PMID: 33803014]
[41]
El-Shitany NA, Harakeh S, Badr-Eldin SM, et al. Minor to moderate side effects of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine among saudi residents: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14: 1389-401.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S310497] [PMID: 33907443]
[42]
Abu-Hammad O, Alduraidi H, Abu-Hammad S, et al. Side effects reported by jordanian healthcare workers who received COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccines 2021; 9(6): 577.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060577] [PMID: 34205917]
[43]
Alhazmi A, Alamer E, Daws D, et al. Evaluation of side effects associated with COVID-19 vaccines in Saudi Arabia. Vaccines 2021; 9(6): 674.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060674] [PMID: 34207394]
[44]
Menni C, Klaser K, May A, et al. Vaccine side-effects and SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination in users of the COVID Symptom Study app in the UK: A prospective observational study. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; 21(7): 939-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00224-3] [PMID: 33930320]
[45]
Cuschieri S, Borg M, Agius S, Souness J, Brincat A, Grech V. Adverse reactions to Pfizer‐BioNTech vaccination of healthcare workers at Malta’s state hospital. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75(10): e14605.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.14605] [PMID: 34228863]
[46]
Wise J. COVID-19: How AstraZeneca lost the vaccine PR war. BMJ 2021; 373(921): n921.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n921] [PMID: 33853827]
[47]
Elsayed SA, Abu-Hammad O, Alolayan AB, Eldeen YS, Dar-Odeh N. Fallacies and facts around COVID-19: The multifaceted infection. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 31(6): e643-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000006752] [PMID: 32649559]
[48]
Wise J. COVID-19: European countries suspend use of Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine after reports of blood clots. BMJ 2021; 372(699): n699.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n699] [PMID: 33707182]
[49]
Di Resta C, Ferrari D, Viganò M, et al. The gender impact assessment among healthcare workers in the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination-an analysis of serological response and side effects. Vaccines 2021; 9(5): 522.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050522] [PMID: 34070196]
[50]
Trigunaite A, Dimo J, Jørgensen TN. Suppressive effects of androgens on the immune system. Cell Immunol 2015; 294(2): 87-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.02.004] [PMID: 25708485]
[51]
Khan D, Ansar AS. The immune system is a natural target for estrogen action: Opposing effects of estrogen in two prototypical autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2016; 6: 635.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2015.00635] [PMID: 26779182]
[52]
Klein SL, Jedlicka A, Pekosz A. The Xs and Y of immune responses to viral vaccines. Lancet Infect Dis 2010; 10(5): 338-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70049-9] [PMID: 20417416]
[53]
Bartley EJ, Fillingim RB. Sex differences in pain: A brief review of clinical and experimental findings. Br J Anaesth 2013; 111(1): 52-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aet127] [PMID: 23794645]
[54]
Himmelstein MS, Sanchez DT. Masculinity impediments: Internalized masculinity contributes to healthcare avoidance in men and women. J Health Psychol 2016; 21(7): 1283-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105314551623] [PMID: 25293967]
[55]
Frenck RW Jr, Klein NP, Kitchin N, et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine in adolescents. N Engl J Med 2021; 385(3): 239-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2107456] [PMID: 34043894]
[56]
Azzi L, Toia M, Stevanello N, et al. An episode of oral mucositis after the first administration of the ChAdOx1 COVID-19 vaccine. Oral Dis 2021; 28(S2): 2583-5.
[PMID: 33844386]
[57]
Manfredi M, Ghidini G, Ridolo E. Oral lesions postinjection of the first administration of Pfizer-BioNTech SARS-CoV-2(BNT162b2) vaccine. Oral Dis 2021; 28(S2): 2605-7.
[PMID: 33978308]
[58]
Riad A, Gad A, Hockova B, et al. Oral candidiasis in non-severe COVID-19 patients: Call for antibiotic stewardship. Oral Surg 2020; 15(3): 465-6.
[PMID: 33042219]
[59]
Riad A, Klugar M, Krsek M. COVID-19 related oral manifestations, early disease features? Oral Dis 2020; 28(S1): 940-2.
[PMID: 32603497]
[60]
Riad A, Kassem I, Issa J, et al. Angular cheilitis of COVID-19 patients: A case-series and literature review. Oral Dis 2020; 28(S1): 999-1000.
[PMID: 33043573]
[61]
Riad A, Kassem I, Badrah M, Klugar M. The manifestation of oral mucositis in COVID ‐19 patients: A case‐series. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33(6): e14479.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.14479] [PMID: 33125803]
[62]
Riad A, Kassem I. Tongue ulcers associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A case series. Oral Dis 2020; 28(S1): 988-90.
[PMID: 32889763]
[63]
Riad A, Kassem I, Stanek J, Badrah M, Klugarova J, Klugar M. Aphthous stomatitis in COVID ‐19 patients: Case‐series and literature review. Dermatol Ther 2021; 34(1): e14735.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.14735] [PMID: 33389769]
[64]
Al-Khanati NM, Riad A, Sahloul ME, Klugar M. Aphthous-like stomatitis of COVID-19 patients. Braz J Oral Sci 2020; 19: e201354.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v19i0.8661354]
[65]
Hocková B, Riad A, Valky J, et al. Oral Complications of ICU Patients with COVID-19: Case-Series and Review of Two Hundred Ten Cases. J Clin Med 2021; 10(4): 581.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040581] [PMID: 33557130]
[66]
Riad A, Gomaa E, Hockova B, Klugar M. Oral candidiasis of COVID‐19 patients: Case report and review of evidence. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20(6): 1580-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14066] [PMID: 33713390]
[67]
Gronbeck C, Grant-Kels JM. Attention all anti-vaccinators: The cutaneous adverse events from the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are not an excuse to avoid them! Clin Dermatol 2021; 39(4): 674-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.05.027] [PMID: 34809772]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy