Abstract
Cardiospecific troponins are specifically localized in the troponin-tropomyosin complex and the cytoplasm of cardiac myocytes. Cardiospecific troponin molecules are released from cardiac myocytes upon their death (irreversible damage in acute coronary syndrome) or reversible damage to cardiac myocytes, for example, during physical exertion or the influence of stress factors. Modern high-sensitive immunochemical methods for detecting cardiospecific troponins T and I are extremely sensitive to minimal reversible damage to cardiac myocytes. This makes it possible to detect damage to cardiac myocytes in the early stages of the pathogenesis of many extra-cardiac and cardiovascular diseases, including acute coronary syndrome. So, in 2021, the European Society of Cardiology approved diagnostic algorithms for the acute coronary syndrome, which allow the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome in the first 1-2 hours from the moment of admission of the patient to the emergency department. However, high-sensitive immunochemical methods for detecting cardiospecific troponins T and I may also be sensitive to physiological and biological factors, which are important to consider in order to establish a diagnostic threshold (99 percentile). One of the important biological factors that affect the 99 percentile levels of cardiospecific troponins T and I are sex characteristics. This article examines the mechanisms underlying the development of sex-specific serum levels of cardiospecific troponins T and I and the importance of sexspecific cardiospecific troponin concentrations in diagnosing acute coronary syndrome.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Sanchis-Gomar, F.; Perez-Quilis, C.; Leischik, R.; Lucia, A. Epidemiology of coronary heart disease and acute coronary syndrome. Ann. Transl. Med., 2016, 4(13), 256.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm.2016.06.33] [PMID: 27500157]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm.2016.06.33] [PMID: 27500157]
[2]
Romiti, G.F.; Cangemi, R.; Toriello, F.; Ruscio, E.; Sciomer, S.; Moscucci, F.; Vincenti, M.; Crescioli, C.; Proietti, M.; Basili, S.; Raparelli, V. Sex-specific cut-offs for high-sensitivity cardiac troponin: Is less more? Cardiovasc. Ther., 2019, 2019, 1-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9546931] [PMID: 31772621]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9546931] [PMID: 31772621]
[3]
Venkatesh, A.K.; Dai, Y.; Ross, J.S.; Schuur, J.D.; Capp, R.; Krumholz, H.M. Variation in US hospital emergency department admission rates by clinical condition. Med. Care, 2015, 53(3), 237-244.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000261] [PMID: 25397965]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000261] [PMID: 25397965]
[4]
Global, regional, and national age–sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet, 2015, 385(9963), 117-171.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2] [PMID: 25530442]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2] [PMID: 25530442]
[5]
Staroverov, I.I.; Shakhnovich, R.M.; Gilyarov, M.Y.; Komarov, A.L.; Konstantinova, E.V.; Panchenko, E.P.; Yavelov, I.S. Eurasian clinical guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of acute coronary syndrome with ST segment elevation (STEMI). Eur. Heart J., 2020, 1(1), 4-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.38109/2225-1685-2020-1-4-77]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.38109/2225-1685-2020-1-4-77]
[6]
Erlikh, A.D.E.; On Behalf Of Record-Participants, N.A. [Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes RECORD-3, G. Characteristics of patients and treatment during initial hospitalization. Kardiologiia, 2016, 56(4), 16-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/cardio.2016.4.16-24] [PMID: 28294854]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/cardio.2016.4.16-24] [PMID: 28294854]
[7]
Collet, J.P.; Thiele, H.; Barbato, E.; Barthélémy, O.; Bauersachs, J.; Bhatt, D.L.; Dendale, P.; Dorobantu, M.; Edvardsen, T.; Folliguet, T.; Gale, C.P.; Gilard, M.; Jobs, A.; Jüni, P.; Lambrinou, E.; Lewis, B.S.; Mehilli, J.; Meliga, E.; Merkely, B.; Mueller, C.; Roffi, M.; Rutten, F.H.; Sibbing, D.; Siontis, G.C.M.; Kastrati, A.; Mamas, M.A.; Aboyans, V.; Angiolillo, D.J.; Bueno, H.; Bugiardini, R.; Byrne, R.A.; Castelletti, S.; Chieffo, A.; Cornelissen, V.; Crea, F.; Delgado, V.; Drexel, H.; Gierlotka, M.; Halvorsen, S.; Haugaa, K.H.; Jankowska, E.A.; Katus, H.A.; Kinnaird, T.; Kluin, J.; Kunadian, V.; Landmesser, U.; Leclercq, C.; Lettino, M.; Meinila, L.; Mylotte, D.; Ndrepepa, G.; Omerovic, E.; Pedretti, R.F.E.; Petersen, S.E.; Petronio, A.S.; Pontone, G.; Popescu, B.A.; Potpara, T.; Ray, K.K.; Luciano, F.; Richter, D.J.; Shlyakhto, E.; Simpson, I.A.; Sousa-Uva, M.; Storey, R.F.; Touyz, R.M.; Valgimigli, M.; Vranckx, P.; Yeh, R.W.; Barbato, E.; Barthélémy, O.; Bauersachs, J.; Bhatt, D.L.; Dendale, P.; Dorobantu, M.; Edvardsen, T.; Folliguet, T.; Gale, C.P.; Gilard, M.; Jobs, A.; Jüni, P.; Lambrinou, E.; Lewis, B.S.; Mehilli, J.; Meliga, E.; Merkely, B.; Mueller, C.; Roffi, M.; Rutten, F.H.; Sibbing, D.; Siontis, G.C.M. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur. Heart J., 2021, 42(14), 1289-1367.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa575] [PMID: 32860058]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa575] [PMID: 32860058]
[8]
Russian Society of Cardiology, R. 2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Russ. J. Cardiol., 2020, 25(11), 4103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/29/1560-4071-2020-4103]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/29/1560-4071-2020-4103]
[9]
Barbarash, O.L.; Duplyakov, D.V.; Zateischikov, D.A.; Panchenko, E.P.; Shakhnovich, R.M.; Yavelov, I.S.; Yakovlev, A.N.; Abugov, S.A.; Alekyan, B.G.; Arkhipov, M.V.; Vasilieva, E.Yu.; Galyavich, A.S.; Ganyukov, V.I.; Gilyarevskyi, S.R.; Golubev, E.P.; Golukhova, E.Z.; Gratsiansky, N.A.; Karpov, Yu.A.; Kosmacheva, E.D.; Lopatin, Yu.M.; Markov, V.A.; Nikulina, N.N.; Pevzner, D.V.; Pogosova, N.V.; Protopopov, A.V.; Skrypnik, D.V.; Tereshchenko, S.N.; Ustyugov, S.A.; Khripun, A.V.; Shalaev, S.V.; Shpektor, V.A.; Yakushin, S.S. 2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation. Russ. J. Cardiol., 2021, 26(4), 4449.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4449]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4449]
[10]
Thygesen, K.; Alpert, J.S.; Jaffe, A.S.; Chaitman, B.R.; Bax, J.J.; Morrow, D.A.; White, H.D.; Thygesen, K.; Alpert, J.S.; Jaffe, A.S.; Chaitman, B.R.; Bax, J.J.; Morrow, D.A.; White, H.D.; Mickley, H.; Crea, F.; Van de Werf, F.; Bucciarelli-Ducci, C.; Katus, H.A.; Pinto, F.J.; Antman, E.M.; Hamm, C.W.; De Caterina, R.; Januzzi, J.L., Jr; Apple, F.S.; Alonso Garcia, M.A.; Underwood, S.R.; Canty, J.M., Jr; Lyon, A.R.; Devereaux, P.J.; Zamorano, J.L.; Lindahl, B.; Weintraub, W.S.; Newby, L.K.; Virmani, R.; Vranckx, P.; Cutlip, D.; Gibbons, R.J.; Smith, S.C.; Atar, D.; Luepker, R.V.; Robertson, R.M.; Bonow, R.O.; Steg, P.G.; O’Gara, P.T.; Fox, K.A.A.; Hasdai, D.; Aboyans, V.; Achenbach, S.; Agewall, S.; Alexander, T.; Avezum, A.; Barbato, E.; Bassand, J.P.; Bates, E.; Bittl, J.A.; Breithardt, G.; Bueno, H.; Bugiardini, R.; Cohen, M.G.; Dangas, G.; de Lemos, J.A.; Delgado, V.; Filippatos, G.; Fry, E.; Granger, C.B.; Halvorsen, S.; Hlatky, M.A.; Ibanez, B.; James, S.; Kastrati, A.; Leclercq, C.; Mahaffey, K.W.; Mehta, L.; Müller, C.; Patrono, C.; Piepoli, M.F.; Piñeiro, D.; Roffi, M.; Rubboli, A.; Sharma, S.; Simpson, I.A.; Tendera, M.; Valgimigli, M.; van der Wal, A.C.; Windecker, S.; Chettibi, M.; Hayrapetyan, H.; Roithinger, F.X.; Aliyev, F.; Sujayeva, V.; Claeys, M.J.; Smajić, E.; Kala, P.; Iversen, K.K.; El Hefny, E.; Marandi, T.; Porela, P.; Antov, S.; Gilard, M.; Blankenberg, S.; Davlouros, P.; Gudnason, T.; Alcalai, R.; Colivicchi, F.; Elezi, S.; Baitova, G.; Zakke, I.; Gustiene, O.; Beissel, J.; Dingli, P.; Grosu, A.; Damman, P.; Juliebø, V.; Legutko, J.; Morais, J.; Tatu-Chitoiu, G.; Yakovlev, A.; Zavatta, M.; Nedeljkovic, M.; Radsel, P.; Sionis, A.; Jemberg, T.; Müller, C.; Abid, L.; Abaci, A.; Parkhomenko, A.; Corbett, S. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur. Heart J., 2019, 40(3), 237-269.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy462] [PMID: 30165617]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy462] [PMID: 30165617]
[11]
Chaulin, A.M. Cardiac troponins metabolism: From biochemical mechanisms to clinical practice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2021, 22(20), 10928.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222010928] [PMID: 34681585]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222010928] [PMID: 34681585]
[12]
Chaulin, A. Cardiac troponins: Contemporary biological data and new methods of determination. Vasc. Health Risk Manag., 2021, 17, 299-316.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S300002] [PMID: 34113117]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S300002] [PMID: 34113117]
[13]
de Lemos, J.A.; Drazner, M.H.; Omland, T.; Ayers, C.R.; Khera, A.; Rohatgi, A.; Hashim, I.; Berry, J.D.; Das, S.R.; Morrow, D.A.; McGuire, D.K. Association of troponin T detected with a highly sensitive assay and cardiac structure and mortality risk in the general population. JAMA, 2010, 304(22), 2503-2512.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1768] [PMID: 21139111]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1768] [PMID: 21139111]
[14]
Zeller, T.; Tunstall-Pedoe, H.; Saarela, O.; Ojeda, F.; Schnabel, R.B.; Tuovinen, T.; Woodward, M.; Struthers, A.; Hughes, M.; Kee, F.; Salomaa, V.; Kuulasmaa, K.; Blankenberg, S. High population prevalence of cardiac troponin I measured by a high-sensitivity assay and cardiovascular risk estimation: The MORGAM Biomarker Project Scottish Cohort. Eur. Heart J., 2014, 35(5), 271-281.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht406] [PMID: 24104876]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht406] [PMID: 24104876]
[15]
Lobo, R.; De Michieli, L.; Jaffe, A.S. Sex-specific 99th percentile URLs for cardiac troponin assays-their time has come. Clin. Chem., 2021, 67(1), 197-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvaa204] [PMID: 33418573]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvaa204] [PMID: 33418573]
[16]
Peacock, W.F.; Baumann, B.M.; Rivers, E.J.; Davis, T.E.; Handy, B.; Jones, C.W.; Hollander, J.E.; Limkakeng, A.T.; Mehrotra, A.; Than, M.; Cullen, L.; Ziegler, A.; Dinkel-Keuthage, C. Using sex‐specific cutoffs for high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T to diagnose acute myocardial infarction. Acad. Emerg. Med., 2021, 28(4), 463-466.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acem.14098] [PMID: 32726505]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acem.14098] [PMID: 32726505]
[17]
Chaulin, A.M. Biology of cardiac troponins: Emphasis on metabolism. Biology (Basel), 2022, 11(3), 429.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11030429] [PMID: 35336802]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11030429] [PMID: 35336802]
[18]
Conrad, M.J.; Jarolim, P. Cardiac troponins and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays. Clin. Lab. Med.vi, 2014, 34(1), 59-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2013.11.008] [PMID: 24507787]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2013.11.008] [PMID: 24507787]
[19]
Chaulin, A.M.; Duplyakov, D.V. Analytical review of modern information on the physiological and pathochemical mechanisms of the release of cardiospecific proteins from muscle tissue, methodology and technologies of their research, interpretation of the results. East. Eur., 2022, 11, 78-97.
[20]
Chaulin, A.M.; Duplyakov, D.V. On the potential effect of circadian rhythms of cardiac troponins on the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Signa Vitae, 2021, 17, 79-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22514/sv.2021.050]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22514/sv.2021.050]
[21]
Xu, R.Y.; Zhu, X.F.; Yang, Y.; Ye, P. High-sensitive cardiac troponin T. J. Geriatr. Cardiol., 2013, 10(1), 102-109.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-5411.2013.01.015] [PMID: 23610580]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-5411.2013.01.015] [PMID: 23610580]
[22]
Chaulin, A.M. Cardiac troponins: Current information on the main analytical characteristics of determination methods and new diagnostic possibilities. Medwave, 2021, 21(11), e002132.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2021.11.002132] [PMID: 34890387]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2021.11.002132] [PMID: 34890387]
[23]
Katus, H.A.; Remppis, A.; Neumann, F.J.; Scheffold, T.; Diederich, K.W.; Vinar, G.; Noe, A.; Matern, G.; Kuebler, W. Diagnostic efficiency of troponin T measurements in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation, 1991, 83(3), 902-912.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.83.3.902] [PMID: 1999039]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.83.3.902] [PMID: 1999039]
[24]
Chaulin, A.M.; Abashina, O.E.; Duplyakov, D.V. High-sensitivity cardiac troponins: Detection and central analytical characteristics. Cardiovasc. Ther. Prev. (Fidenza), 2021, 20(2), 2590.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2590]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2590]
[25]
Galvani, M.; Bachetti, C. High-sensitivity troponin in emergency room practice. J. Cardiovasc. Med. (Hagerstown), 2018, 19(Suppl. 1), e68-e71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2459/JCM.0000000000000604] [PMID: 29538146]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2459/JCM.0000000000000604] [PMID: 29538146]
[26]
Jaffe, A.S. The 10 commandments of troponin, with special reference to high sensitivity assays. Heart, 2011, 97(11), 940-946.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2009.185751] [PMID: 21558070]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2009.185751] [PMID: 21558070]
[27]
Chaulin, A.M.; Karslyan, L.S.; Bazyuk, E.V.; Nurbaltaeva, D.A.; Duplyakov, D.V. Clinical and diagnostic value of cardiac markers in human biological fluids. Kardiologiia, 2019, 59(11), 66-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2019.11.n414] [PMID: 31849301]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2019.11.n414] [PMID: 31849301]
[28]
Chaulin, A.M. Cardiac troponins metabolism: From biochemical mechanisms to clinical practice (Literature Review). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2021, 22(20), 10928.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222010928] [PMID: 34681585]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222010928] [PMID: 34681585]
[29]
Apple, F.S.; Collinson, P.O. Analytical characteristics of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays. Clin. Chem., 2012, 58(1), 54-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2011.165795] [PMID: 21965555]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2011.165795] [PMID: 21965555]
[30]
Apple, F.S.; Jaffe, A.S.; Collinson, P.; Mockel, M.; Ordonez-Llanos, J.; Lindahl, B.; Hollander, J.; Plebani, M.; Than, M.; Chan, M.H.M. IFCC educational materials on selected analytical and clinical applications of high sensitivity cardiac troponin assays. Clin. Biochem., 2015, 48(4-5), 201-203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.08.021] [PMID: 25204966]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.08.021] [PMID: 25204966]
[31]
Reichlin, T.; Hochholzer, W.; Bassetti, S.; Steuer, S.; Stelzig, C.; Hartwiger, S.; Biedert, S.; Schaub, N.; Buerge, C.; Potocki, M.; Noveanu, M.; Breidthardt, T.; Twerenbold, R.; Winkler, K.; Bingisser, R.; Mueller, C. Early diagnosis of myocardial infarction with sensitive cardiac troponin assays. N. Engl. J. Med., 2009, 361(9), 858-867.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0900428] [PMID: 19710484]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0900428] [PMID: 19710484]
[32]
Chaulin, A. Elevation mechanisms and diagnostic consideration of cardiac troponins under conditions not associated with myocardial infarction. Part 1. Life (Basel), 2021, 11(9), 914.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11090914] [PMID: 34575063]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11090914] [PMID: 34575063]
[33]
Chaulin, A.M. Elevation mechanisms and diagnostic consideration of cardiac troponins under conditions not associated with myocardial infarction. Part 2. Life (Basel), 2021, 11(11), 1175.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11111175] [PMID: 34833051]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11111175] [PMID: 34833051]
[34]
Aakre, K.M.; Saenger, A.K.; Body, R.; Collinson, P.; Hammarsten, O.; Jaffe, A.S.; Kavsak, P.; Omland, T.; Ordonez-Lianos, J.; Apple, F.S. Analytical considerations in deriving 99th percentile upper reference limits for high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays: Educational recommendations from the IFCC committee on clinical application of cardiac bio-markers. Clin. Chem., 2022, 68(8), 1022-1030.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvac092] [PMID: 35716089]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvac092] [PMID: 35716089]
[35]
Chaulin, A.M.; Duplyakov, D.V. Cardiac troponins: current data on the diagnostic value and analytical characteristics of new determination methods. Cor Vasa, 2021, 63(4), 486-493.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.33678/cor.2021.041]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.33678/cor.2021.041]
[36]
Mohebi, R.; Jackson, L.; McCarthy, C.P.; Murtagh, G.; Murphy, S.P.; Abboud, A.; Miksenas, H.; Gaggin, H.K.; Januzzi, J.L., Jr Relation of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin i and obstructive coronary artery disease in patients without acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol., 2022, 173, 16-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.03.001] [PMID: 35361478]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.03.001] [PMID: 35361478]
[37]
Chaulin, A.M.; Abashina, O.E.; Duplyakov, D.V. Pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiotoxicity in chemotherapeutic agents. Russ. Open Med. J., 2020, 9(3), e0305.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15275/rusomj.2020.0305]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15275/rusomj.2020.0305]
[38]
Chaulin, A.M.; Duplyakov, D.V. Comorbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc. Ther. Prev. (Fidenza), 2021, 20(3), 2539.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2539]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2539]
[39]
Hti Lar Seng, N.S.; Zeratsion, G.; Pena, O.; Tufail, M.U.; Jim, B. Utility of cardiac troponins in patients with chronic kidney disease. Cardiol. Rev., 2022.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000000461] [PMID: 35617248]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000000461] [PMID: 35617248]
[40]
Bellia, C.; Lombardo, M.; Della-Morte, D. Use of Troponin as a predictor for cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2020, 507, 54-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.04.007] [PMID: 32302683]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.04.007] [PMID: 32302683]
[41]
Chaulin, A.M.; Sergeev, A.K. Modern concepts of the role of fine particles (pm 2.5) in the genesis of atherosclerosis and myocardial damage: Clinical and Epidemiological data, the main pathophysiological mechanisms. Curr. Cardiol. Rev., 2023, 19(2), 25-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/10.2174/1573403X18666220817103105] [PMID: 35980071]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/10.2174/1573403X18666220817103105] [PMID: 35980071]
[42]
Chaulin, A. Clinical and diagnostic value of highly sensitive cardiac troponins in arterial hypertension. Vasc. Health Risk Manag., 2021, 17, 431-443.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S315376] [PMID: 34366667]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S315376] [PMID: 34366667]
[43]
Foley, J.D., III; Sneed, J.D.; Steinhubl, S.R.; Kolasa, J.; Ebersole, J.L.; Lin, Y.; Kryscio, R.J.; McDevitt, J.T.; Campbell, C.L.; Miller, C.S. Oral fluids that detect cardiovascular disease biomarkers. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol., 2012, 114(2), 207-214.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2012.03.003] [PMID: 22769406]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2012.03.003] [PMID: 22769406]
[44]
Mirzaii-Dizgah, I.; Riahi, E. Salivary troponin I as an indicator of myocardial infarction. Indian J. Med. Res., 2013, 138(6), 861-865.
[PMID: 24521627]
[PMID: 24521627]
[45]
Chaulin, A.M.; Duplyakova, P.D.; Bikbaeva, G.R.; Tukhbatova, A.A.; Grigorieva, E.V.; Duplyakov, D.V. Concentration of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I in the oral fluid in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a pilot study. Russ. J. Cardiol., 2020, 25(12), 3814.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3814]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3814]
[46]
Chen, J.Y.; Lee, S.Y.; Li, Y.H.; Lin, C.Y.; Shieh, M.D.; Ciou, D.S. Urine high-sensitivity troponin I predict incident cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Med., 2020, 9(12), 3917.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123917] [PMID: 33276667]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123917] [PMID: 33276667]
[47]
Chaulin, A.M. Diagnostic value of highly sensitive cardiac troponins and mechanisms of their increase in serum and urine in arterial hypertension. Riv. Ital. Med. Lab., 2021, 17(2), 99-107.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S1825-859X.21.00107-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S1825-859X.21.00107-9]
[48]
Apple, F.S.; Panteghini, M.; Ravkilde, J.; Mair, J.; Wu, A.H.; Tate, J.; Pagani, F.; Christenson, R.H.; Jaffe, A.S. Quality specifications for B-type natriuretic peptide assays. Clin. Chem., 2005, 51(3), 486-493.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.044594] [PMID: 15738513]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.044594] [PMID: 15738513]
[49]
Luchner, A.; Behrens, G.; Stritzke, J.; Markus, M.; Stark, K.; Peters, A.; Meisinger, C.; Leitzmann, M.; Hense, H.W.; Schunkert, H.; Heid, I.M. Long‐term pattern of brain natriuretic peptide and N‐terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide and its determinants in the general population: contribution of age, gender, and cardiac and extra‐cardiac factors. Eur. J. Heart Fail., 2013, 15(8), 859-867.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hft048] [PMID: 23568644]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hft048] [PMID: 23568644]
[50]
Hallengren, E.; Almgren, P.; Engström, G.; Hedblad, B.; Persson, M.; Suhr, J.; Bergmann, A.; Melander, O. Fasting levels of high-sensitivity growth hormone predict cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: the Malmö Diet and Cancer study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2014, 64(14), 1452-1460.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.063] [PMID: 25277616]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.063] [PMID: 25277616]
[51]
Daniels, L.B.; Clopton, P.; Laughlin, G.A.; Maisel, A.S.; Barrett-Connor, E. Galectin-3 is independently associated with cardiovascular mortality in community-dwelling older adults without known cardiovascular disease: The Rancho Bernardo Study. Am. Heart J., 2014, 167(5), 674-682.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2013.12.031] [PMID: 24766977]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2013.12.031] [PMID: 24766977]
[52]
Dieplinger, B.; Egger, M.; Poelz, W.; Gabriel, C.; Haltmayer, M.; Mueller, T. Soluble ST2 is not independently associated with androgen and estrogen status in healthy males and females. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 2011, 49(9), 1515-1518.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2011.239] [PMID: 21663467]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2011.239] [PMID: 21663467]
[53]
Melander, O.; Belting, M.; Manjer, J.; Maisel, A.S.; Hedblad, B.; Engström, G.; Nilsson, P.; Struck, J.; Hartmann, O.; Bergmann, A.; Orho-Melander, M. Validation of plasma proneurotensin as a novel biomarker for the prediction of incident breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 2014, 23(8), 1672-1676.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-1200] [PMID: 24925674]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-1200] [PMID: 24925674]
[54]
Apple, F.S.; Jaffe, A.S. Men are different than women: It’s true for cardiac troponin too. Clin. Biochem., 2014, 47(10-11), 867-868.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.06.008] [PMID: 24929182]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.06.008] [PMID: 24929182]
[55]
Punukollu, G.; Gowda, R.M.; Khan, I.A.; Mehta, N.J.; Navarro, V.; Vasavada, B.C.; Sacchi, T.J. Elevated serum cardiac troponin I in rhabdomyolysis. Int. J. Cardiol., 2004, 96(1), 35-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.04.053] [PMID: 15203259]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.04.053] [PMID: 15203259]
[56]
Li, S.F.; Zapata, J.; Tillem, E. The prevalence of false-positive cardiac troponin I in ED patients with rhabdomyolysis. Am. J. Emerg. Med., 2005, 23(7), 860-863.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2005.05.008] [PMID: 16291441]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2005.05.008] [PMID: 16291441]
[57]
Apple, F.S.; Quist, H.E.; Doyle, P.J.; Otto, A.P.; Murakami, M.M. Plasma 99th percentile reference limits for cardiac troponin and creatine kinase MB mass for use with European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology consensus recommendations. Clin. Chem., 2003, 49(8), 1331-1336.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/49.8.1331] [PMID: 12881449]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/49.8.1331] [PMID: 12881449]
[58]
Apple, F.S.; Ler, R.; Murakami, M.M. Determination of 19 cardiac troponin I and T assay 99th percentile values from a common presumably healthy population. Clin. Chem., 2012, 58(11), 1574-1581.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.192716] [PMID: 22983113]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.192716] [PMID: 22983113]
[59]
Saenger, A.K.; Beyrau, R.; Braun, S.; Cooray, R.; Dolci, A.; Freidank, H.; Giannitsis, E.; Gustafson, S.; Handy, B.; Katus, H.; Melanson, S.E.; Panteghini, M.; Venge, P.; Zorn, M.; Jarolim, P.; Bruton, D.; Jarausch, J.; Jaffe, A.S. Multicenter analytical evaluation of a high-sensitivity troponin T assay. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2011, 412(9-10), 748-754.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2010.12.034] [PMID: 21219893]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2010.12.034] [PMID: 21219893]
[60]
Gore, M.O.; Seliger, S.L.; deFilippi, C.R.; Nambi, V.; Christenson, R.H.; Hashim, I.A.; Hoogeveen, R.C.; Ayers, C.R.; Sun, W.; McGuire, D.K.; Ballantyne, C.M.; de Lemos, J.A. Age- and sex-dependent upper reference limits for the high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T assay. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2014, 63(14), 1441-1448.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.12.032] [PMID: 24530665]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.12.032] [PMID: 24530665]
[61]
Roffi, M.; Patrono, C.; Collet, J.P.; Mueller, C.; Valgimigli, M.; Andreotti, F.; Bax, J.J.; Borger, M.A.; Brotons, C.; Chew, D.P.; Gencer, B.; Hasenfuss, G.; Kjeldsen, K.; Lancellotti, P.; Landmesser, U.; Mehilli, J.; Mukherjee, D.; Storey, R.F.; Windecker, S. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur. Heart J., 2016, 37(3), 267-315.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv320] [PMID: 26320110]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv320] [PMID: 26320110]
[62]
Mueller-Hennessen, M.; Lindahl, B.; Giannitsis, E.; Biener, M.; Vafaie, M.; deFilippi, C.R.; Christ, M.; Santalo-Bel, M.; Panteghini, M.; Plebani, M.; Verschuren, F.; Jernberg, T.; French, J.K.; Christenson, R.H.; Body, R.; McCord, J.; Dilba, P.; Katus, H.A.; Mueller, C. Diagnostic and prognostic implications using age- and gender-specific cut-offs for high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T — Sub-analysis from the TRAPID-AMI study. Int. J. Cardiol., 2016, 209, 26-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.01.213] [PMID: 26878470]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.01.213] [PMID: 26878470]
[63]
Rubini Giménez, M.; Twerenbold, R.; Boeddinghaus, J.; Nestelberger, T.; Puelacher, C.; Hillinger, P.; Wildi, K.; Jaeger, C.; Grimm, K.; Heitzelmann, K.F.; Sabti, Z.; Badertscher, P.; Cupa, J.; Honegger, U.; Schaerli, N.; Kozhuharov, N.; du Fay de Lavallaz, J.; Lopez, B.; Salgado, E.; Miró, Ò.; Martín-Sánchez, F.J.; Adrada, E.R.; Morawiec, B.; Parenica, J.; Ganovska, E.; Neugebauer, C.; Rentsch, K.; Lohrmann, J.; Osswald, S.; Reichlin, T.; Mueller, C. Clinical effect of sex-specific cutoff values of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T in suspected myocardial infarction. JAMA Cardiol., 2016, 1(8), 912-920.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2016.2882] [PMID: 27653005]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2016.2882] [PMID: 27653005]
[64]
McRae, A.; Graham, M.; Abedin, T.; Ji, Y.; Yang, H.; Wang, D.; Southern, D.; Andruchow, J.; Lang, E.; Innes, G.; Seiden-Long, I.; DeKoning, L.; Kavsak, P. Sex-specific, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T cut-off concentrations for ruling out acute myocardial infarction with a single measurement. CJEM, 2019, 21(1), 26-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.435] [PMID: 30261938]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.435] [PMID: 30261938]
[65]
Shah, A.S.V.; Griffiths, M.; Lee, K.K.; McAllister, D.A.; Hunter, A.L.; Ferry, A.V.; Cruikshank, A.; Reid, A.; Stoddart, M.; Strachan, F.; Walker, S.; Collinson, P.O.; Apple, F.S.; Gray, A.J.; Fox, K.A.A.; Newby, D.E.; Mills, N.L. High sensitivity cardiac troponin and the under-diagnosis of myocardial infarction in women: Prospective cohort study. BMJ, 2015, 350, 7873.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g7873] [PMID: 25609052]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g7873] [PMID: 25609052]
[66]
Novack, V.; Cutlip, D.E.; Jotkowitz, A.; Lieberman, N.; Porath, A. Reduction in sex-based mortality difference with implementation of new cardiology guidelines. Am. J. Med., 2008, 121(7), 597.e1-597.e8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.01.041] [PMID: 18538296]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.01.041] [PMID: 18538296]
[67]
Trambas, C.; Pickering, J.W.; Than, M.; Bain, C.; Nie, L.; Paul, E.; Dart, A.; Broughton, A.; Schneider, H.G. Impact of high-sensitivity troponin I testing with sex-specific cutoffs on the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Clin. Chem., 2016, 62(6), 831-838.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2015.252569] [PMID: 27117468]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2015.252569] [PMID: 27117468]
[68]
Everett, B.M.; Brooks, M.M.; Vlachos, H.E.A.; Chaitman, B.R.; Frye, R.L.; Bhatt, D.L. Sex differences in cardiac troponin and the risk of death or major cardiovascular events. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2016, 68(9), 978-980.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.06.013] [PMID: 27561773]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.06.013] [PMID: 27561773]
[69]
Lazzarino, A.I.; Hamer, M.; Gaze, D.; Collinson, P.; Steptoe, A. The association between cortisol response to mental stress and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T plasma concentration in healthy adults. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2013, 62(18), 1694-1701.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.070] [PMID: 23810896]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.070] [PMID: 23810896]
[70]
Aengevaeren, V.L.; Baggish, A.L.; Chung, E.H.; George, K.; Kleiven, Ø.; Mingels, A.M.A.; Ørn, S.; Shave, R.E.; Thompson, P.D.; Eijsvogels, T.M.H. Exercise-induced cardiac troponin elevations: from underlying mechanisms to clinical relevance. Circulation, 2021, 144(24), 1955-1972.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056208] [PMID: 34898243]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056208] [PMID: 34898243]
[71]
Chaulin, A.M.; Duplyakova, P.D.; Duplyakov, D.V. Circadian rhythms of cardiac troponins: Mechanisms and clinical significance. Russ. J. Cardiol., 2020, 25(3S), 4061.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4061]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4061]
[72]
Jan, M.I.; Khan, R.A. Fozia; Ahmad, I.; Khan, N.; Urooj, K.; Shah, A.U.H.A.; Khan, A.U.; Ali, T.; Ishtiaq, A.; Shah, M.; Ullah, A.; Murtaza, I.; Ullah, R.; Alotaibi, A.; Murthy, H.C.A. C-Reactive protein and high-sensitive cardiac troponins correlate with oxidative stress in valvular heart disease patients. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2022, 2022, 5029853.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5029853] [PMID: 35535358]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5029853] [PMID: 35535358]
[73]
Chaulin, A.M. Phosphorylation and fragmentation of the cardiac troponin T: Mechanisms, role in pathophysiology and laboratory diagnosis. Int. J. Biom., 2021, 11(3), 250-259.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21103/Article11(3)_RA2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21103/Article11(3)_RA2]
[74]
Chaulin, A.M.; Duplyakov, D.V. Arrhythmogenic effects of doxorubicin. Complex Issues Cardiov. Dis., 2020, 9(3), 69-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17802/2306-1278-2020-9-3-69-80]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17802/2306-1278-2020-9-3-69-80]
[75]
Kong, Z.; Nie, J.; Lin, H.; George, K.; Zhao, G.; Zhang, H.; Tong, T.K.; Shi, Q. Sex differences in release of cardiac troponin T after endurance exercise. Biomarkers, 2017, 22(3-4), 345-350.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1354750X.2016.1265007] [PMID: 27879166]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1354750X.2016.1265007] [PMID: 27879166]
[76]
Tiller, N.B.; Wheatley-Guy, C.M.; Fermoyle, C.C.; Robach, P.; Ziegler, B.; Gavet, A.; Schwartz, J.C.; Taylor, B.J.; Constantini, K.; Murdock, R.; Johnson, B.D.; Stewart, G.M. Sex-specific physiological responses to ultramarathon. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 2022, 54(10), 1647-1656.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002962] [PMID: 35653262]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002962] [PMID: 35653262]
[77]
Schwarzenberger, J.C.; Sun, L.S.; Pesce, M.A.; Heyer, E.J.; Delphin, E.; Almeida, G.M.; Wood, M. Sex-based differences in serum cardiac troponin I, a specific marker for myocardial injury, after cardiac surgery. Crit. Care Med., 2003, 31(3), 689-693.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000055442.84685.4D] [PMID: 12626970]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000055442.84685.4D] [PMID: 12626970]
[78]
Mendelsohn, M.E. Protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system. Am. J. Cardiol., 2002, 89(12), 12-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02405-0] [PMID: 12084397]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02405-0] [PMID: 12084397]
[79]
Stearns, J.D.; Dávila-Román, V.G.; Barzilai, B.; Thompson, R.E.; Grogan, K.L.; Thomas, B.; Hogue, C.W. Jr Prognostic value of troponin I levels for predicting adverse cardiovascular outcomes in postmenopausal women undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesth. Analg., 2009, 108(3), 719-726.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e318193fe73] [PMID: 19224775]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e318193fe73] [PMID: 19224775]
[80]
Sribhen, K.; Piyophirapong, S.; Wannasilp, N. Cardiac troponin T concentrations in healthy adolescents. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2010, 411(19-20), 1542-1543.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2010.05.042] [PMID: 20570666]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2010.05.042] [PMID: 20570666]
[81]
Cangemi, R.; Romiti, G.F.; Campolongo, G.; Ruscio, E.; Sciomer, S.; Gianfrilli, D.; Raparelli, V. Gender related differences in treatment and response to statins in primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention: The never-ending debate. Pharmacol. Res., 2017, 117, 148-155.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.027] [PMID: 28012963]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.027] [PMID: 28012963]
[82]
Wong, J.H.; Dukes, J.; Levy, R.E.; Sos, B.; Mason, S.E.; Fong, T.S.; Weiss, E.J. Sex differences in thrombosis in mice are mediated by sex-specific growth hormone secretion patterns. J. Clin. Invest., 2008, 118(8), 2969-2978.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI34957] [PMID: 18618017]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI34957] [PMID: 18618017]
[83]
Sabetta, A.; Lombardi, L.; Stefanini, L. Sex differences at the platelet–vascular interface. Intern. Emerg. Med., 2022, 17(5), 1267-1276.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11739-022-02994-y] [PMID: 35576047]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11739-022-02994-y] [PMID: 35576047]
[84]
Bergmann, O.; Bhardwaj, R.D.; Bernard, S.; Zdunek, S.; Barnabé-Heider, F.; Walsh, S.; Zupicich, J.; Alkass, K.; Buchholz, B.A.; Druid, H.; Jovinge, S.; Frisén, J. Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans. Science, 2009, 324(5923), 98-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1164680] [PMID: 19342590]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1164680] [PMID: 19342590]
[85]
White, H.D. Pathobiology of troponin elevations: Do elevations occur with myocardial ischemia as well as necrosis? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2011, 57(24), 2406-2408.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.01.029] [PMID: 21658560]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.01.029] [PMID: 21658560]
[86]
Chaulin, A.M. Main analytical characteristics of laboratory methods for the determination of cardiac troponins: A review from the historical and modern points of view. Orv. Hetil., 2022, 163(1), 12-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2022.32296] [PMID: 34974429]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2022.32296] [PMID: 34974429]
[87]
Chauin, A. The main causes and mechanisms of increase in cardiac troponin concentrations other than acute myocardial infarction (Part 1): Physical exertion, inflammatory heart disease, pulmonary embolism, renal failure, sepsis. Vasc. Health Risk Manag., 2021, 17, 601-617.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S327661] [PMID: 34584417]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S327661] [PMID: 34584417]
[88]
Uçar, H.; Gür, M.; Kivrak, A.; Koyunsever, N.Y.; Şeker, T.; Akilli, R.E.; Türkoğlu, C.; Kaypakli, O.; Şahin, D.Y.; Elbasan, Z.; Tanboğa, H.İ.; Çayli, M. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T levels in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients with different left ventricle geometry. Blood Press., 2014, 23(4), 240-247.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08037051.2013.840429] [PMID: 24059745]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08037051.2013.840429] [PMID: 24059745]
[89]
Neal, R.C.; Ferdinand, K.C.; Yčas, J.; Miller, E. Relationship of ethnic origin, gender, and age to blood creatine kinase levels. Am. J. Med., 2009, 122(1), 73-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.08.033] [PMID: 19114174]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.08.033] [PMID: 19114174]
[90]
Clifford, S.M.; Bunker, A.M.; Jacobsen, J.R.; Roberts, W.L. Age and gender specific pediatric reference intervals for aldolase, amylase, ceruloplasmin, creatine kinase, pancreatic amylase, prealbumin, and uric acid. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2011, 412(9-10), 788-790.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2011.01.011] [PMID: 21238443]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2011.01.011] [PMID: 21238443]
[91]
Zaninotto, M.; Mion, M.M.; Novello, E.; Delprete, E.; Moretti, M.; Plebani, M. Creatine-kinase MB mass: Age and sex-associated reference limits in two different platforms that use the same method. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2009, 401(1-2), 162-164.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2008.12.003] [PMID: 19101529]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2008.12.003] [PMID: 19101529]
