Generic placeholder image

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 0929-8673
ISSN (Online): 1875-533X

Perspective

Future Directions of Maintenance Therapy in ANCA-associated Vasculitis

Author(s): Pasquale Esposito*, Lorenzo Nescis and Francesca Viazzi

Volume 30, Issue 27, 2023

Published on: 01 March, 2023

Page: [3052 - 3059] Pages: 8

DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230220101730

Price: $65

conference banner
[1]
Jennette, J.C.; Falk, R.J.; Bacon, P.A.; Basu, N.; Cid, M.C.; Ferrario, F.; Flores-Suarez, L.F.; Gross, W.L.; Guillevin, L.; Hagen, E.C.; Hoffman, G.S.; Jayne, D.R.; Kallenberg, C.G.M.; Lamprecht, P.; Langford, C.A.; Luqmani, R.A.; Mahr, A.D.; Matteson, E.L.; Merkel, P.A.; Ozen, S.; Pusey, C.D.; Rasmussen, N.; Rees, A.J.; Scott, D.G.I.; Specks, U.; Stone, J.H.; Takahashi, K.; Watts, R.A. 2012 re-vised international Chapel hill consensus conference nomenclature of vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum., 2013, 65(1), 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.37715] [PMID: 23045170]
[2]
Walton, E.W. Giant-cell granuloma of the respiratory tract (Wegener’s granulomatosis). BMJ, 1958, 2(5091), 265-270.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5091.265] [PMID: 13560836]
[3]
Heijl, C.; Mohammad, A.J.; Westman, K.; Höglund, P. Long-term patient survival in a Swedish population-based cohort of patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. RMD Open, 2017, 3(1), e000435.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2017-000435] [PMID: 28955485]
[4]
Salama, A.D. Relapse in Anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)–associated vasculitis. Kidney Int. Rep., 2020, 5(1), 7-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2019.10.005] [PMID: 31922056]
[5]
Smith, R. Complications of therapy for ANCA-associated vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2020, 59(Suppl. 3), iii74-iii78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kez618] [PMID: 31967652]
[6]
Jayne, D.; Rasmussen, N.; Andrassy, K.; Bacon, P.; Tervaert, J.W.C.; Dadoniené, J.; Ekstrand, A.; Gaskin, G.; Gregorini, G.; de Groot, K.; Gross, W.; Hagen, E.C.; Mirapeix, E.; Pettersson, E.; Siegert, C.; Sinico, A.; Tesar, V.; Westman, K.; Pusey, C. A randomized trial of maintenance therapy for vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. N. Engl. J. Med., 2003, 349(1), 36-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa020286] [PMID: 12840090]
[7]
Hiemstra, T.F.; Walsh, M.; Mahr, A.; Savage, C.O.; de Groot, K.; Harper, L.; Hauser, T.; Neumann, I.; Tesar, V.; Wissing, K.M.; Pagnoux, C.; Schmitt, W.; Jayne, D.R. Mycophenolate mofetil vs azathioprine for remission maintenance in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2010, 304(21), 2381-2388.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1658] [PMID: 21060104]
[8]
Pagnoux, C.; Mahr, A.; Hamidou, M.A.; Boffa, J.J.; Ruivard, M.; Ducroix, J.P.; Kyndt, X.; Lifermann, F.; Papo, T.; Lambert, M.; Le Noach, J.; Khellaf, M.; Merrien, D.; Puéchal, X.; Vinzio, S.; Cohen, P.; Mouthon, L.; Cordier, J.F.; Guillevin, L. Azathioprine or metho-trexate maintenance for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N. Engl. J. Med., 2008, 359(26), 2790-2803.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0802311] [PMID: 19109574]
[9]
Guillevin, L.; Pagnoux, C.; Karras, A.; Khouatra, C.; Aumaître, O.; Cohen, P.; Maurier, F.; Decaux, O.; Ninet, J.; Gobert, P.; Quéme-neur, T.; Blanchard-Delaunay, C.; Godmer, P.; Puéchal, X.; Carron, P.L.; Hatron, P.Y.; Limal, N.; Hamidou, M.; Ducret, M.; Daugas, E.; Papo, T.; Bonnotte, B.; Mahr, A.; Ravaud, P.; Mouthon, L. Rituximab versus azathioprine for maintenance in ANCA-associated vas-culitis. N. Engl. J. Med., 2014, 371(19), 1771-1780.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1404231] [PMID: 25372085]
[10]
Charles, P.; Terrier, B.; Perrodeau, É.; Cohen, P.; Faguer, S.; Huart, A.; Hamidou, M.; Agard, C.; Bonnotte, B.; Samson, M.; Karras, A.; Jourde-Chiche, N.; Lifermann, F.; Gobert, P.; Hanrotel-Saliou, C.; Godmer, P.; Martin-Silva, N.; Pugnet, G.; Matignon, M.; Au-maitre, O.; Viallard, J.F.; Maurier, F.; Meaux-Ruault, N.; Rivière, S.; Sibilia, J.; Puéchal, X.; Ravaud, P.; Mouthon, L.; Guillevin, L. Comparison of individually tailored versus fixed-schedule rituximab regimen to maintain ANCA-associated vasculitis remission: results of a multicentre, randomised controlled, phase III trial (MAINRITSAN2). Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2018, 77(8), 1143-1149.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212878] [PMID: 29695500]
[11]
Charles, P.; Perrodeau, É.; Samson, M.; Bonnotte, B.; Néel, A.; Agard, C.; Huart, A.; Karras, A.; Lifermann, F.; Godmer, P.; Cohen, P.; Hanrotel-Saliou, C.; Martin-Silva, N.; Pugnet, G.; Maurier, F.; Sibilia, J.; Carron, P.L.; Gobert, P.; Meaux-Ruault, N.; Le Gallou, T.; Vinzio, S.; Viallard, J.F.; Hachulla, E.; Vinter, C.; Puéchal, X.; Terrier, B.; Ravaud, P.; Mouthon, L.; Guillevin, L. Long-term rituximab use to maintain remission of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis. Ann. Intern. Med., 2020, 173(3), 179-187.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M19-3827] [PMID: 32479166]
[12]
Smith, R.M.; Jones, R.B.; Specks, U.; Bond, S.; Nodale, M.; Aljayyousi, R.; Andrews, J.; Bruchfeld, A.; Camilleri, B.; Carette, S.; Cheung, C.K.; Derebail, V.; Doulton, T.; Forbess, L.; Fujimoto, S.; Furuta, S.; Gewurz-Singer, O.; Harper, L.; Ito-Ihara, T.; Khalidi, N.; Klocke, R.; Koening, C.; Komagata, Y.; Langford, C.; Lanyon, P.; Luqmani, R.A.; Makino, H.; McAlear, C.; Monach, P.; Moreland, L.W.; Mynard, K.; Nachman, P.; Pagnoux, C.; Pearce, F.; Peh, C.A.; Pusey, C.; Ranganathan, D.; Rhee, R.L.; Spiera, R.; Sreih, A.G.; Tesar, V.; Walters, G.; Weisman, M.H.; Wroe, C.; Merkel, P.; Jayne, D. Rituximab as therapy to induce remission after relapse in AN-CA-associated vasculitis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2020, 79(9), 1243-1249.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216863] [PMID: 32581088]
[13]
KDIGO 2021 Clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular diseases. Kidney Int., 2021, 100(4S), S1-S276.
[PMID: 34556256]
[14]
Bellos, I.; Boletis, I.; Lionaki, S. A meta-analysis of the safety and efficacy of maintenance therapies for antineutrophil cytoplasmic anti-body small-vessel vasculitis. Kidney Int. Rep., 2022, 7(5), 1074-1083.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2022.02.020] [PMID: 35570996]
[15]
Wechsler, M.E.; Akuthota, P.; Jayne, D.; Khoury, P.; Klion, A.; Langford, C.A.; Merkel, P.A.; Moosig, F.; Specks, U.; Cid, M.C.; Luqmani, R.; Brown, J.; Mallett, S.; Philipson, R.; Yancey, S.W.; Steinfeld, J.; Weller, P.F.; Gleich, G.J. Mepolizumab or placebo for eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. N. Engl. J. Med., 2017, 376(20), 1921-1932.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1702079] [PMID: 28514601]
[16]
Chung, S.A.; Langford, C.A.; Maz, M.; Abril, A.; Gorelik, M.; Guyatt, G.; Archer, A.M.; Conn, D.L.; Full, K.A.; Grayson, P.C.; Ibar-ra, M.F.; Imundo, L.F.; Kim, S.; Merkel, P.A.; Rhee, R.L.; Seo, P.; Stone, J.H.; Sule, S.; Sundel, R.P.; Vitobaldi, O.I.; Warner, A.; Byram, K.; Dua, A.B.; Husainat, N.; James, K.E.; Kalot, M.A.; Lin, Y.C.; Springer, J.M.; Turgunbaev, M.; Villa-Forte, A.; Turner, A.S.; Mustafa, R.A. 2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis. Arthritis Care Res., 2021, 73(8), 1088-1105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acr.24634] [PMID: 34235880]
[17]
Little, M.A.; Nightingale, P.; Verburgh, C.A.; Hauser, T.; De Groot, K.; Savage, C.; Jayne, D.; Harper, L. Early mortality in systemic vasculitis: Relative contribution of adverse events and active vasculitis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2010, 69(6), 1036-1043.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.2009.109389] [PMID: 19574233]
[18]
Spiera, R.; Jinich, S.; Jannat-Khah, D. Rituximab, but not other antirheumatic therapies, is associated with impaired serological response to SARS- CoV-2 vaccination in patients with rheumatic diseases. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2021, 80(10), 1357-1359.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220604] [PMID: 33975857]
[19]
Thietart, S.; Karras, A.; Augusto, J.F.; Philipponnet, C.; Carron, P.L.; Delbrel, X.; Mesbah, R.; Blaison, G.; Duffau, P.; El Karoui, K.; Smets, P.; London, J.; Mouthon, L.; Guillevin, L.; Terrier, B.; Puéchal, X.; Alla, A.; Audard, V.; Aumaître, O.; Bally, S.; Bonnotte, B.; Charles, P.; Cohen, P.; Corbel, A.; Cousin, M.; Cabrol, Y.; Durupt, S.; Faucher, B.; Gendreau, S.; Girszyn, N.; Godmer, P.; Hamidou, M.; Jourde-Chiche, N.; Lacraz, A.; Landron, C.; Le Jeunne, C.; Lifermann, F.; Liozon, E.; Marchand-Adam, S.; Maurier, F.; Mékinian, A.; Pagnoux, C.; Quéméneur, T.; Queyrel, V.; Rakotoarivelo, H.N.; Régent, A.; Reynaud, Q.; Rieu, V.; Sacre, K.; Soto, A.; Titeca-Beauport, D.; Vinzio, S. Evaluation of rituximab for induction and maintenance therapy in patients 75 years and older with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis. JAMA Netw. Open, 2022, 5(7), e2220925.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.20925] [PMID: 35802372]
[20]
Pagnoux, C.; Hogan, S.L.; Chin, H.; Jennette, J.C.; Falk, R.J.; Guillevin, L.; Nachman, P.H. Predictors of treatment resistance and re-lapse in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated small-vessel vasculitis: Comparison of two independent cohorts. Arthritis Rheum., 2008, 58(9), 2908-2918.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.23800] [PMID: 18759282]
[21]
Geetha, D.; Jefferson, J.A. ANCA-associated vasculitis: Core curriculum 2020. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 2020, 75(1), 124-137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.04.031] [PMID: 31358311]
[22]
Walsh, M.; Flossmann, O.; Berden, A.; Westman, K.; Höglund, P.; Stegeman, C.; Jayne, D. Risk factors for relapse of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum., 2012, 64(2), 542-548.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.33361] [PMID: 21953279]
[23]
Al-Soudi, A.; Vegting, Y.; Klarenbeek, P.L.; Hilhorst, M.L. Do relapses follow ANCA rises? A systematic review and meta-analysis on the value of serial ANCA level evaluation. Front. Med., 2022, 9, 844112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.844112] [PMID: 35860735]
[24]
Fussner, L.A.; Hummel, A.M.; Schroeder, D.R.; Silva, F.; Cartin-Ceba, R.; Snyder, M.R.; Hoffman, G.S.; Kallenberg, C.G.; Langford, C.A.; Merkel, P.A.; Monach, P.A.; Seo, P.; Spiera, R.F.; William St Clair, E.; Tchao, N.K.; Stone, J.H.; Specks, U. Factors determining the clinical utility of serial measurements of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies targeting proteinase 3. Arthritis Rheumatol., 2016, 68(7), 1700-1710.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.39637] [PMID: 26882078]
[25]
Thiel, J.; Rizzi, M.; Engesser, M.; Dufner, A.K.; Troilo, A.; Lorenzetti, R.; Voll, R.E.; Venhoff, N. B cell repopulation kinetics after rituximab treatment in ANCA-associated vasculitides compared to rheumatoid arthritis, and connective tissue diseases: A longitudinal observational study on 120 patients. Arthritis Res. Ther., 2017, 19(1), 101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13075-017-1306-0] [PMID: 28521808]
[26]
Bunch, D.O.D.; McGregor, J.G.; Khandoobhai, N.B.; Aybar, L.T.; Burkart, M.E.; Hu, Y.; Hogan, S.L.; Poulton, C.J.; Berg, E.A.; Falk, R.J.; Nachman, P.H. Decreased CD5+ B cells in active ANCA vasculitis and relapse after rituximab. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2013, 8(3), 382-391.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03950412] [PMID: 23293123]
[27]
Nogueira, E.; Hamour, S.; Sawant, D.; Henderson, S.; Mansfield, N.; Chavele, K.M.; Pusey, C.D.; Salama, A.D. Serum IL-17 and IL-23 levels and autoantigen-specific Th17 cells are elevated in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2010, 25(7), 2209-2217.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfp783] [PMID: 20100727]
[28]
Dekkema, G.J.; Abdulahad, W.H.; Bijma, T.; Moran, S.M.; Ryan, L.; Little, M.A.; Stegeman, C.A.; Heeringa, P.; Sanders, J.S.F. Uri-nary and serum soluble CD25 complements urinary soluble CD163 to detect active renal anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis: A cohort study. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2019, 34(2), 234-242.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfy018] [PMID: 29506265]
[29]
Aendekerk, J.P.; Timmermans, S.A.M.E.G.; Busch, M.H.; Potjewijd, J.; Heeringa, P.; Damoiseaux, J.G.M.C.; Reutelingsperger, C.P.; van Paassen, P. Urinary soluble CD163 and disease activity in biopsy-proven ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2020, 15(12), 1740-1748.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.07210520] [PMID: 33203735]
[30]
Chames, P.; Van Regenmortel, M.; Weiss, E.; Baty, D. Therapeutic antibodies: Successes, limitations and hopes for the future. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2009, 157(2), 220-233.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00190.x] [PMID: 19459844]
[31]
Castelli, M.S.; McGonigle, P.; Hornby, P.J. The pharmacology and therapeutic applications of monoclonal antibodies. Pharmacol. Res. Perspect., 2019, 7(6), e00535.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prp2.535] [PMID: 31859459]
[32]
Boyer-Suavet, S.; Andreani, M.; Lateb, M.; Savenkoff, B.; Brglez, V.; Benzaken, S.; Bernard, G.; Nachman, P.H.; Esnault, V.; Seitz-Polski, B. Neutralizing anti-rituximab antibodies and relapse in membranous nephropathy treated with rituximab. Front. Immunol., 2020, 10, 3069.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.03069]
[33]
Talotta, R.; Rucci, F.; Canti, G.; Scaglione, F. Pros and cons of the immunogenicity of monoclonal antibodies in cancer treatment: A lesson from autoimmune diseases. Immunotherapy, 2019, 11(3), 241-254.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/imt-2018-0081] [PMID: 30730275]
[34]
McClure, M.; Gopaluni, S.; Jayne, D.; Jones, R. B cell therapy in ANCA-associated vasculitis: Current and emerging treatment options. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol., 2018, 14(10), 580-591.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41584-018-0065-x] [PMID: 30108367]
[35]
Jayne, D.; Blockmans, D.; Luqmani, R.; Moiseev, S.; Ji, B.; Green, Y.; Hall, L.; Roth, D.; Henderson, R.B.; Merkel, P.A.; Lozano, J.A.; Becker, H.; Quiroz, A.C.; Carette, S.; Carrillo-Vazquez, S.; Cid, M.C.; D’Cruz, D.; Deodhar, A.; Flossman, O.; Garibotto, G.; Ge-sualdo, L.; Hall, S.; Hauser, T.; Hellmich, B.; Kidder, D.; Kimmel, M.; Little, M.; Majdan, M.; Maksimowicz-McKinnon, K.; Marder, G.; Matsievskaia, G.; Meneses, A.S.; Molloy, E.; Mueller, R.; Neuwelt, C.; Ravelo, J.L.; Specks, U.; Tesar, V.; Walsh, M. Efficacy and safety of belimumab and azathioprine for maintenance of remission in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis: A ran-domized controlled study. Arthritis Rheumatol., 2019, 71(6), 952-963.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.40802] [PMID: 30666823]
[36]
Rituximab and Belimumab Combination Therapy in PR3 Vasculitis (COMBIVAS). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03967925, 2022. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03967925
[37]
Langford, C.A.; Monach, P.A.; Specks, U.; Seo, P.; Cuthbertson, D.; McAlear, C.A.; Ytterberg, S.R.; Hoffman, G.S.; Krischer, J.P.; Merkel, P.A. An open-label trial of abatacept (CTLA4-IG) in non-severe relapsing granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s). Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2014, 73(7), 1376-1379.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204164] [PMID: 24323392]
[38]
Abatacept for the Treatment of Relapsing, Non-Severe, Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener's). ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT02108860, 2022. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02108860
[39]
Esposito, P.; Grosjean, F.; Mangione, F.; Domenech, M.V.; Rampino, T. Rituximab in primary membranous nephropathy: beyond a B-cell-centered paradigm? Clin. Exp. Nephrol., 2018, 22(1), 208-209.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10157-017-1437-2] [PMID: 28660444]
[40]
Mackensen, A.; Müller, F.; Mougiakakos, D.; Böltz, S.; Wilhelm, A.; Aigner, M.; Völkl, S.; Simon, D.; Kleyer, A.; Munoz, L.; Kretschmann, S.; Kharboutli, S.; Gary, R.; Reimann, H.; Rösler, W.; Uderhardt, S.; Bang, H.; Herrmann, M.; Ekici, A.B.; Buettner, C.; Habenicht, K.M.; Winkler, T.H.; Krönke, G.; Schett, G. Author Correction: Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy for refractory systemic lu-pus erythematosus. Nat. Med., 2022, 28(10), 2124-2132.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02091-9] [PMID: 36329355]
[41]
Brilland, B.; Garnier, A.S.; Chevailler, A.; Jeannin, P.; Subra, J.F.; Augusto, J.F. Complement alternative pathway in ANCA-associated vasculitis: Two decades from bench to bedside. Autoimmun. Rev., 2020, 19(1), 102424.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102424] [PMID: 31734405]
[42]
Jayne, D.R.W.; Merkel, P.A.; Schall, T.J.; Bekker, P. Avacopan for the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis. N. Engl. J. Med., 2021, 384(7), 599-609.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2023386] [PMID: 33596356]
[43]
FDA. Transcript for the May 6, 2021 Meeting of the Arthritis Advisory Committee. 2021. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/151420/download (Accessed October, 17, 2022)
[44]
Tesar, V.; Hruskova, Z. Complement inhibition in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Front. Immunol., 2022, 13, 888816.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.888816] [PMID: 35880179]
[45]
Feldmann, M.; Pusey, C.D. Is there a role for TNF-alpha in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis? Lessons from other chronic inflammatory diseases. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2006, 17(5), 1243-1252.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2005121359] [PMID: 16624928]
[46]
Etanercept plus standard therapy for Wegener’s granulomatosis. N. Engl. J. Med., 2005, 352(4), 351-361.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa041884] [PMID: 15673801]
[47]
de Menthon, M.; Cohen, P.; Pagnoux, C.; Buchler, M.; Sibilia, J.; Détrée, F.; Gayraud, M.; Khellaf, M.; Penalba, C.; Legallicier, B.; Mouthon, L.; Guillevin, L. Infliximab or rituximab for refractory Wegener’s granulomatosis: long-term follow up. A prospective ran-domised multicentre study on 17 patients. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol., 2011, 29(1)(Suppl. 64), S63-S71.
[PMID: 21586199]
[48]
Laurino, S.; Chaudhry, A.; Booth, A.; Conte, G.; Jayne, D. Prospective study of TNF blockade with adalimumab in ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis with renal involvement. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2010, 25(10), 3307-3314.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfq187] [PMID: 20368305]
[49]
Walsh, M.; Chaudhry, A.; Jayne, D. Long-term follow-up of relapsing/refractory anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody associated vascu-litis treated with the lymphocyte depleting antibody alemtuzumab (CAMPATH-1H). Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2007, 67(9), 1322-1327.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.2007.081661] [PMID: 18055469]
[50]
Karras, A.; Pagnoux, C.; Haubitz, M.; Groot, K.; Puechal, X.; Tervaert, J.W.C.; Segelmark, M.; Guillevin, L.; Jayne, D. European Vas-culitis Society. Randomised controlled trial of prolonged treatment in the remission phase of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2017, 76(10), 1662-1668.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211123]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy