Generic placeholder image

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1568-0266
ISSN (Online): 1873-4294

Review Article

Probing the Neuro-psychological Changes Observed with the Administration of COVID-19 Drugs

Author(s): Indranath Chatterjee* and Videsha Bansal

Volume 23, Issue 2, 2023

Published on: 06 January, 2023

Page: [143 - 154] Pages: 12

DOI: 10.2174/1568026623666221223112247

Price: $65

Abstract

The COVID-19 virus caused countless significant alterations in the human race, the most challenging of which was respiratory and neurological disorders. Several studies were conducted to find a robust therapy for the virus, which led to a slew of additional health issues. This study aims to understand the changes in the neurological system brought about by COVID-19 drugs and highlights the drug-drug interaction between COVID-19 drugs and psychiatric drugs. Alongside this, the study focuses on the neuropsychological changes in three critical mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. The comprehensive and narrative review being performed in this paper, has brought together the relevant work done on the association of COVID-19 drugs and changes in the neurological system. For this study, a systematic search was performed on several databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. This study also consolidates shreds of evidence about the challenges confronted by patients having disorders like Schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson's disease. This review is based on the studies done on COVID-19 drugs from mid-2020 to date. We have identified some scopes of crucial future opportunities which could add more depth to the current knowledge on the association of COVID- 19 drugs and the changes in the neurological system. This study may present scope for future work to investigate the pathophysiological changes of these disorders due to COVID-19.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Yuki, K.; Fujiogi, M.; Koutsogiannaki, S. COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review. Clin. Immunol., 2020, 215, 108427.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2020.108427] [PMID: 32325252]
[3]
Wang, M.Y.; Zhao, R.; Gao, L.J.; Gao, X.F.; Wang, D.P.; Cao, J.M. SARS-CoV-2: Structure, biology, and structure-based therapeutics development. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 2020, 10, 587269.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.587269] [PMID: 33324574]
[4]
Hosp, J.A.; Dressing, A.; Blazhenets, G.; Bormann, T.; Rau, A.; Schwabenland, M.; Thurow, J.; Wagner, D.; Waller, C.; Niesen, W.D.; Frings, L.; Urbach, H.; Prinz, M.; Weiller, C.; Schroeter, N.; Meyer, P.T. Cognitive impairment and altered cerebral glucose metabolism in the subacute stage of COVID-19. Brain, 2021, 144(4), 1263-1276.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab009] [PMID: 33822001]
[5]
Arenivas, A.; Carter, K.R.; Harik, L.M.; Hays, K.M. COVID-19 neuropsychological factors and considerations within the acute physical medicine and rehabilitation setting. Brain Inj., 2020, 34(8), 1136-1137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2020.1786603] [PMID: 32633633]
[6]
Abbasi, J. Even mild COVID-19 may change the brain. JAMA, 2022, 327(14), 1321-1322.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.4507] [PMID: 35319732]
[7]
Beghi, E.; Feigin, V.; Caso, V.; Santalucia, P.; Logroscino, G. COVID-19 infection and neurological complications: Present findings and future predictions. Neuroepidemiology, 2020, 54(5), 364-369.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000508991] [PMID: 32610334]
[8]
Ghosh, S.; Durgvanshi, S.; Han, S.S.; Bhaskar, R.; Sinha, J.K. Therapeutics for the management of cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19. Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 2022.
[PMID: 35796445]
[9]
Costa, L.H.A.; Santos, B.M.; Branco, L.G.S. Can selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have a neuroprotective effect during COVID-19? Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2020, 889, 173629.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173629] [PMID: 33022271]
[10]
Nuzzo, D.; Picone, P. Potential neurological effects of severe COVID-19 infection. Neurosci. Res., 2020, 158, 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2020.06.009] [PMID: 32628969]
[11]
Desforges, M.; Le Coupanec, A.; Dubeau, P.; Bourgouin, A.; Lajoie, L.; Dubé, M.; Talbot, P. J. Human coronaviruses and other respiratory viruses: Underestimated opportunistic pathogens of the central nervous system? Viruses, 2019, 12(1), 14.
[12]
Mazza, M.G.; Palladini, M.; De Lorenzo, R.; Magnaghi, C.; Poletti, S.; Furlan, R.; Ciceri, F.; Rovere-Querini, P.; Benedetti, F. Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up. Brain Behav. Immun., 2021, 94, 138-147.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.021] [PMID: 33639239]
[13]
Woods, J.A.; Hutchinson, N.T.; Powers, S.K.; Roberts, W.O.; Gomez-Cabrera, M.C.; Radak, Z.; Berkes, I.; Boros, A.; Boldogh, I.; Leeuwenburgh, C.; Coelho-Júnior, H.J.; Marzetti, E.; Cheng, Y.; Liu, J.; Durstine, J.L.; Sun, J.; Ji, L.L. The COVID-19 pandemic and physical activity. Sports Med. Health Sci., 2020, 2(2), 55-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2020.05.006] [PMID: 34189484]
[14]
Chan, C.; Foster, S.T.; Chan, K.G.; Cacace, M.J.; Ladd, S.L.; Sandum, C.T.; Wright, P.T.; Volmert, B.; Yang, W.; Aguirre, A.; Li, W.; Wright, N.T. Repositioned drugs for COVID-19-the impact on multiple organs. SN Compr. Clin. Med., 2021, 3(7), 1484-1501.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42399-021-00874-8] [PMID: 33898925]
[15]
Patel, J.; Berezowski, I.; Abdelmonem, A.; Taylor, D.; Pourmand, A. Azithromycin for mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Lancet Respir. Med., 2021, 9(10), e99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00379-9] [PMID: 34509194]
[16]
Luijckx, G.J.R.; de Krom, M.C.T.F.M.; Takx-Kohlen, B.C.M.J. Does chloroquine cause seizures? Presentation of three new cases and a review of the literature. Seizure, 1992, 1(3), 183-185.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1059-1311(92)90023-T] [PMID: 1344765]
[17]
Sanders, J.M.; Monogue, M.L.; Jodlowski, T.Z.; Cutrell, J.B. Pharmacologic treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A review. JAMA, 2020, 323(18), 1824-1836.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6019] [PMID: 32282022]
[18]
Chen, P.L.; Lee, N.Y.; Cia, C.T.; Ko, W.C.; Hsueh, P.R. A review of treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Therapeutic repurposing and unmet clinical needs. Front. Pharmacol., 2020, 11, 584956.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.584956] [PMID: 33364959]
[19]
Ghasemiyeh, P.; Borhani-Haghighi, A.; Karimzadeh, I.; Mohammadi-Samani, S.; Vazin, A.; Safari, A.; Qureshi, A.I. Major neurologic adverse drug reactions, potential drug-drug interactions and pharmacokinetic aspects of drugs used in COVID-19 patients with stroke: A narrative review. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag., 2020, 16, 595-605.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S259152] [PMID: 32669846]
[20]
Brown, E.S.; Khan, D.A.; Nejtek, V.A. The psychiatric side effects of corticosteroids. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 1999, 83(6), 495-504.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62858-X] [PMID: 10619339]
[21]
Xiong, T.Y.; Redwood, S.; Prendergast, B.; Chen, M. Coronaviruses and the cardiovascular system: Acute and long-term implications. Eur. Heart J., 2020, 41(19), 1798-1800.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa231] [PMID: 32186331]
[22]
del Rio, C.; Collins, L.F.; Malani, P. Long-term health consequences of COVID-19. JAMA, 2020, 324(17), 1723-1724.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.19719] [PMID: 33031513]
[23]
Melles, R.B.; Marmor, M.F. The risk of toxic retinopathy in patients on long-term hydroxychloroquine therapy. JAMA Ophthalmol., 2014, 132(12), 1453-1460.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.3459] [PMID: 25275721]
[24]
Mauthe, M.; Orhon, I.; Rocchi, C.; Zhou, X.; Luhr, M.; Hijlkema, K.J.; Coppes, R.P.; Engedal, N.; Mari, M.; Reggiori, F. Chloroquine inhibits autophagic flux by decreasing autophagosomelysosome fusion. Autophagy, 2018, 14(8), 1435-1455.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2018.1474314] [PMID: 29940786]
[25]
Gupta, A.P.; Singh, P.; Garg, R.; Valicherla, G.R.; Riyazuddin, M.; Syed, A.A.; Hossain, Z.; Gayen, J.R. Pancreastatin inhibitor activates AMPK pathway via GRP78 and ameliorates dexamethasone induced fatty liver disease in C57BL/6 mice. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2019, 116, 108959.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108959] [PMID: 31108350]
[26]
Lettéron, P.; Brahimi-Bourouina, N.; Robin, M.A.; Moreau, A.; Feldmann, G.; Pessayre, D. Glucocorticoids inhibit mitochondrial matrix acyl-CoA dehydrogenases and fatty acid beta-oxidation. Am. J. Physiol., 1997, 272(5 Pt 1), G1141-G1150.
[PMID: 9176224]
[27]
Filosto, M.; Tentorio, M.; Broglio, L.; Buzio, S.; Lazzarini, C.; Pasolini, M.P.; Cotelli, M.S.; Scarpelli, M.; Mancuso, M.; Choub, A.; Padovani, A. Disulfiram neuropathy: Two cases of distal axonopathy. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.), 2008, 46(4), 314-316.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15563650701636390] [PMID: 18363127]
[28]
Song, J.H.; Kim, S.Y.; Shin, J.K.; Hong, S.D.; Rim, K.S.; Park, H.N.; Lee, J.H.; Lee, Y.B.; Oh, S.H.; Hwang, S.G. A case of severe peripheral polyneuropathy occurring after entecavir treatment in a hepatitis B patient. Korean J. Gastroenterol., 2016, 67(4), 216-219.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4166/kjg.2016.67.4.216] [PMID: 27112249]
[29]
McLaughlin, V.V.; Shillington, A.; Rich, S. Survival in primary pulmonary hypertension: The impact of epoprostenol therapy. Circulation, 2002, 106(12), 1477-1482.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000029100.82385.58] [PMID: 12234951]
[30]
Miyawaki, H.; Kioka, H.; Sato, K.; Kurashige, M.; Ozawa, T.; Shibayama, H.; Hikoso, S.; Morii, E.; Yamauchi-Takihara, K.; Sakata, Y. Long-term effects of the Janus Kinase 1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib on pulmonary hypertension and the cardiac function in a patient with myelofibrosis. Intern. Med., 2020, 59(2), 229-233.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.3528-19] [PMID: 31534088]
[31]
Tosi, P.; Zamagni, E.; Cellini, C.; Plasmati, R.; Cangini, D.; Tacchetti, P.; Perrone, G.; Pastorelli, F.; Tura, S.; Baccarani, M.; Cavo, M. Neurological toxicity of long-term (>1 yr) thalidomide therapy in patients with multiple myeloma. Eur. J. Haematol., 2005, 74(3), 212-216.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0609.2004.00382.x] [PMID: 15693790]
[32]
Dalakas, M.C.; Illa, I.; Pezeshkpour, G.H.; Laukaitis, J.P.; Cohen, B.; Griffin, J.L. Mitochondrial myopathy caused by long-term zidovudine therapy. N. Engl. J. Med., 1990, 322(16), 1098-1105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199004193221602] [PMID: 2320079]
[33]
Volberding, P.A.; Levine, A.M.; Dieterich, D.; Mildvan, D.; Mitsuyasu, R.; Saag, M. Anemia in HIV infection: Clinical impact and evidence-based management strategies. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2004, 38(10), 1454-1463.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/383031] [PMID: 15156485]
[34]
Schoot, T.S.; Kerckhoffs, A.P.M.; Hilbrands, L.B.; van Marum, R.J. Immunosuppressive drugs and COVID-19: A review. Front. Pharmacol., 2020, 11, 1333.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.01333] [PMID: 32982743]
[35]
Noor, M.B.T.; Zenia, N.Z.; Kaiser, M.S.; Mamun, S.A.; Mahmud, M. Application of deep learning in detecting neurological disorders from magnetic resonance images: A survey on the detection of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. Brain Inform., 2020, 7(1), 11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40708-020-00112-2] [PMID: 33034769]
[36]
Chatterjee, I. Mean deviation based identification of activated voxels from time-series fMRI data of schizophrenia patients. F1000 Res., 2018, 7(1615), 1615.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16405.2] [PMID: 30687497]
[37]
Chatterjee, I.; Kumar, V.; Rana, B.; Agarwal, M.; Kumar, N. Impact of ageing on the brain regions of the schizophrenia patients: An fMRI study using evolutionary approach. Multimedia Tools Appl., 2020, 79(33-34), 24757-24779.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09183-z]
[38]
Mohan, M.; Perry, B.I.; Saravanan, P.; Singh, S.P. COVID-19 in people with schizophrenia: Potential mechanisms linking schizophrenia to poor prognosis. Front. Psychiatry, 2021, 12, 666067.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.666067] [PMID: 34079487]
[39]
Zhand, N.; Joober, R. Implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Narrative review. BJPsych Open, 2021, 7(1), e35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2020.157] [PMID: 33431109]
[40]
Hu, W.; Su, L.; Li, D.; Zhou, Y.; Zhu, J. Risk of first-episode schizophrenia in aged adults increased during covid-19 outbreak. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict., 2021.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00671-3] [PMID: 34658681]
[41]
Strauss, G.P.; Macdonald, K.I.; Ruiz, I.; Raugh, I.M.; Bartolomeo, L.A.; James, S.H. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on negative symptoms in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis and outpatients with chronic schizophrenia. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 2021.
[PMID: 33881621]
[42]
Bansal, V.; Chatterjee, I. Association of vitamins and neurotransmitters: Understanding the effect on Schizophrenia. Neurochem. J., 2022, 16(1), 39-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1819712422010032]
[43]
Fonseca, L.; Diniz, E.; Mendonça, G.; Malinowski, F.; Mari, J.; Gadelha, A. Schizophrenia and COVID-19: Risks and recommendations. Br. J. Psychiatry, 2020, 42(3), 236-238.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0010] [PMID: 32294689]
[44]
Plasencia-García, B.O.; Rodríguez-Menéndez, G.; Rico-Rangel, M.I.; Rubio-García, A.; Torelló-Iserte, J.; Crespo-Facorro, B. Drug-drug interactions between COVID-19 treatments and antipsychotics drugs: integrated evidence from 4 databases and a systematic review. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 2021, 238(2), 329-340.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05716-4] [PMID: 33410987]
[45]
Brown, E.E.; Kumar, S.; Rajji, T.K.; Pollock, B.G.; Mulsant, B.H. Anticipating and mitigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2020, 28(7), 712-721.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.04.010] [PMID: 32331845]
[46]
Numbers, K.; Brodaty, H. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with dementia. Nat. Rev. Neurol., 2021, 17(2), 69-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41582-020-00450-z] [PMID: 33408384]
[47]
Boutoleau-Bretonnière, C.; Pouclet-Courtemanche, H.; Gillet, A.; Bernard, A.; Deruet, A.L.; Gouraud, I.; Mazoue, A.; Lamy, E.; Rocher, L.; Kapogiannis, D.; El Haj, M. The effects of confinement on neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease during the COVID-19 crisis. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2020, 76(1), 41-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-200604] [PMID: 32568211]
[48]
Rahman, M.A.; Islam, K.; Rahman, S.; Alamin, M. Neurobiochemical cross-talk between COVID-19 and Alzheimer’s disease. Mol. Neurobiol., 2021, 58(3), 1017-1023.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-02177-w] [PMID: 33078369]
[49]
Naughton, S.X.; Raval, U.; Pasinetti, G.M. Potential novel role of COVID-19 in Alzheimer’s disease and preventative mitigation strategies. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2020, 76(1), 21-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-200537] [PMID: 32538855]
[50]
Geddes, M.R.; O’Connell, M.E.; Fisk, J.D.; Gauthier, S.; Camicioli, R.; Ismail, Z. Remote cognitive and behavioral assessment: Report of the Alzheimer Society of Canada Task Force on dementia care best practices for COVID‐19. Alzheimers Dement. (Amst.), 2020, 12(1), e12111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dad2.12111] [PMID: 32999916]
[51]
Shulman, J.M.; De Jager, P.L.; Feany, M.B. Parkinson’s disease: Genetics and pathogenesis. Annu. Rev. Pathol., 2011, 6(1), 193-222.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130242] [PMID: 21034221]
[52]
Leavy, B.; Hagströmer, M.; Conradsson, D.M.; Franzén, E. Physical activity and perceived health in people with Parkinson disease during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study from Sweden. J. Neurol. Phys. Ther., 2021, 45(4), 266-272.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NPT.0000000000000372] [PMID: 34369451]
[53]
Montanaro, E.; Artusi, C.A.; Rosano, C.; Boschetto, C.; Imbalzano, G.; Romagnolo, A.; Bozzali, M.; Rizzone, M.G.; Zibetti, M.; Lopiano, L. Anxiety, depression, and worries in advanced Parkinson disease during COVID-19 pandemic. Neurol. Sci., 2022, 43(1), 341-348.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05286-z] [PMID: 33948763]
[54]
Cilia, R.; Bonvegna, S.; Straccia, G.; Andreasi, N.G.; Elia, A.E.; Romito, L.M.; Devigili, G.; Cereda, E.; Eleopra, R. Effects of COVID‐19 on Parkinson’s disease clinical features: a community based case‐control study. Mov. Disord., 2020, 35(8), 1287-1292.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.28170] [PMID: 32449528]
[55]
Kapel, A.; Serdoner, D.; Fabiani, E.; Velnar, T. Impact of physiotherapy absence in COVID-19 pandemic on neurological state of patients with Parkinson disease. Top. Geriatr. Rehabil., 2021, 37(1), 50-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TGR.0000000000000304]
[56]
Fearon, C.; Fasano, A. Parkinson’s disease and the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Parkinsons Dis., 2021, 11(2), 431-444.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JPD-202320] [PMID: 33492244]
[57]
Leta, V.; Rodríguez-Violante, M.; Abundes, A.; Rukavina, K.; Teo, J.T.; Falup-Pecurariu, C.; Irincu, L.; Rota, S.; Bhidayasiri, R.; Storch, A.; Odin, P.; Antonini, A.; Ray Chaudhuri, K. Parkinson’s disease and POST-COVID ‐19 Syndrome: The Parkinson’s LONG COVID spectrum. Mov. Disord., 2021, 36(6), 1287-1289.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.28622] [PMID: 33890344]
[58]
Antonini, A.; Leta, V.; Teo, J.; Chaudhuri, K. R. Outcome of Parkinson's disease patients affected by COVID‐19. Movement Disord., 2020, 35(6), 905-908.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.28104]
[59]
Kadil, Y.; Filali, H. Neurovirulence of SARS CoV2: From clinical data to preclinical neuropsychological exploration. Coronaviruses, 2022, 3(2), e020221191025.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2666796702666210202124417]
[60]
Boldrini, M.; Canoll, P.D.; Klein, R.S. How COVID-19 affects the brain. JAMA Psychiatry, 2021, 78(6), 682-683.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0500] [PMID: 33769431]
[61]
Colson, P.; Rolain, J.M.; Lagier, J.C.; Brouqui, P.; Raoult, D. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 2020, 55(4), 105932.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105932] [PMID: 32145363]
[62]
Furtado, R.H.M.; Berwanger, O.; Fonseca, H.A.; Corrêa, T.D.; Ferraz, L.R.; Lapa, M.G.; Zampieri, F.G.; Veiga, V.C.; Azevedo, L.C.P.; Rosa, R.G.; Lopes, R.D.; Avezum, A.; Manoel, A.L.O.; Piza, F.M.T.; Martins, P.A.; Lisboa, T.C.; Pereira, A.J.; Olivato, G.B.; Dantas, V.C.S.; Milan, E.P.; Gebara, O.C.E.; Amazonas, R.B.; Oliveira, M.B.; Soares, R.V.P.; Moia, D.D.F.; Piano, L.P.A.; Castilho, K.; Momesso, R.G.R.A.P.; Schettino, G.P.P.; Rizzo, L.V.; Neto, A.S.; Machado, F.R.; Cavalcanti, A.B. Azithromycin in addition to standard of care versus standard of care alone in the treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with severe COVID-19 in Brazil (COALITION II): A randomised clinical trial. Lancet, 2020, 396(10256), 959-967.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31862-6] [PMID: 32896292]
[63]
Leowattana, W. COVID-19: Potential repurposing drugs. Infect. Disord.-Drug Targets, 2022, 22(1), 50-61.
[64]
Verma, R.; Devi, K.; Qizilbash, F.F.; Verma, S.; Vyas, M.; Haque, A.; Taleuzzaman, M. Management of COVID-19 - A review. Antiinfect. Agents, 2022, 20(2), e130621188859.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211352518999201208201557]
[65]
Gies, V.; Bekaddour, N.; Dieudonné, Y.; Guffroy, A.; Frenger, Q.; Gros, F.; Rodero, M.P.; Herbeuval, J.P.; Korganow, A.S. Beyond anti-viral effects of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine. Front. Immunol., 2020, 11, 1409.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01409] [PMID: 32714335]
[66]
Frustaci, A.; Morgante, E.; Antuzzi, D.; Russo, M.A.; Chimenti, C. Inhibition of cardiomyocyte lysosomal activity in hydroxychloroquine cardiomyopathy. Int. J. Cardiol., 2012, 157(1), 117-119.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.112] [PMID: 22481048]
[67]
Sundelin, S.P.; Terman, A. Different effects of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine on lysosomal function in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Suppl., 2002, 110(6), 481-489.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0463.2002.100606.x] [PMID: 12193209]
[68]
Cavalcanti, A.B.; Zampieri, F.G.; Rosa, R.G.; Azevedo, L.C.P.; Veiga, V.C.; Avezum, A.; Damiani, L.P.; Marcadenti, A.; Kawano-Dourado, L.; Lisboa, T.; Junqueira, D.L.M.; de Barros e Silva, P.G.M.; Tramujas, L.; Abreu-Silva, E.O.; Laranjeira, L.N.; Soares, A.T.; Echenique, L.S.; Pereira, A.J.; Freitas, F.G.R.; Gebara, O.C.E.; Dantas, V.C.S.; Furtado, R.H.M.; Milan, E.P.; Golin, N.A.; Cardoso, F.F.; Maia, I.S.; Hoffmann Filho, C.R.; Kormann, A.P.M.; Amazonas, R.B.; Bocchi de Oliveira, M.F.; Serpa-Neto, A.; Falavigna, M.; Lopes, R.D.; Machado, F.R.; Berwanger, O. Hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin in mild-to-moderate COVID-19. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 383(21), 2041-2052.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2019014] [PMID: 32706953]
[69]
Self, W.H.; Semler, M.W.; Leither, L.M.; Casey, J.D.; Angus, D.C.; Brower, R.G.; Chang, S.Y.; Collins, S.P.; Eppensteiner, J.C.; Filbin, M.R.; Files, D.C.; Gibbs, K.W.; Ginde, A.A.; Gong, M.N.; Harrell, F.E., Jr; Hayden, D.L.; Hough, C.L.; Johnson, N.J.; Khan, A.; Lindsell, C.J.; Matthay, M.A.; Moss, M.; Park, P.K.; Rice, T.W.; Robinson, B.R.H.; Schoenfeld, D.A.; Shapiro, N.I.; Steingrub, J.S.; Ulysse, C.A.; Weissman, A.; Yealy, D.M.; Thompson, B.T.; Brown, S.M.; Steingrub, J.; Smithline, H.; Tiru, B.; Tidswell, M.; Kozikowski, L.; Thornton-Thompson, S.; De Souza, L.; Hou, P.; Baron, R.; Massaro, A.; Aisiku, I.; Fredenburgh, L.; Seethala, R.; Johnsky, L.; Riker, R.; Seder, D.; May, T.; Baumann, M.; Eldridge, A.; Lord, C.; Shapiro, N.; Talmor, D.; O’Mara, T.; Kirk, C.; Harrison, K.; Kurt, L.; Schermerhorn, M.; Banner-Goodspeed, V.; Boyle, K.; Dubosh, N.; Filbin, M.; Hibbert, K.; Parry, B.; Lavin-Parsons, K.; Pulido, N.; Lilley, B.; Lodenstein, C.; Margolin, J.; Brait, K.; Jones, A.; Galbraith, J.; Peacock, R.; Nandi, U.; Wachs, T.; Matthay, M.; Liu, K.; Kangelaris, K.; Wang, R.; Calfee, C.; Yee, K.; Hendey, G.; Chang, S.; Lim, G.; Qadir, N.; Tam, A.; Beutler, R.; Levitt, J.; Wilson, J.; Rogers, A.; Vojnik, R.; Roque, J.; Albertson, T.; Chenoweth, J.; Adams, J.; Pearson, S.; Juarez, M.; Almasri, E.; Fayed, M.; Hughes, A.; Hillard, S.; Huebinger, R.; Wang, H.; Vidales, E.; Patel, B.; Ginde, A.; Moss, M.; Baduashvili, A.; McKeehan, J.; Finck, L.; Higgins, C.; Howell, M.; Douglas, I.; Haukoos, J.; Hiller, T.; Lyle, C.; Cupelo, A.; Caruso, E.; Camacho, C.; Gravitz, S.; Finigan, J.; Griesmer, C.; Park, P.; Hyzy, R.; Nelson, K.; McDonough, K.; Olbrich, N.; Williams, M.; Kapoor, R.; Nash, J.; Willig, M.; Ford, H.; Gardner-Gray, J.; Ramesh, M.; Moses, M.; Ng Gong, M.; Aboodi, M.; Asghar, A.; Amosu, O.; Torres, M.; Kaur, S.; Chen, J.T.; Hope, A.; Lopez, B.; Rosales, K.; Young You, J.; Mosier, J.; Hypes, C.; Natt, B.; Borg, B.; Salvagio Campbell, E.; Hite, R.D.; Hudock, K.; Cresie, A.; Alhasan, F.; Gomez-Arroyo, J.; Duggal, A.; Mehkri, O.; Hastings, A.; Sahoo, D.; Abi Fadel, F.; Gole, S.; Shaner, V.; Wimer, A.; Meli, Y.; King, A.; Terndrup, T.; Exline, M.; Pannu, S.; Robart, E.; Karow, S.; Hough, C.; Robinson, B.; Johnson, N.; Henning, D.; Campo, M.; Gundel, S.; Seghal, S.; Katsandres, S.; Dean, S.; Khan, A.; Krol, O.; Jouzestani, M.; Huynh, P.; Weissman, A.; Yealy, D.; Scholl, D.; Adams, P.; McVerry, B.; Huang, D.; Angus, D.; Schooler, J.; Moore, S.; Files, C.; Miller, C.; Gibbs, K.; LaRose, M.; Flores, L.; Koehler, L.; Morse, C.; Sanders, J.; Langford, C.; Nanney, K.; MdalaGausi, M.; Yeboah, P.; Morris, P.; Sturgill, J.; Seif, S.; Cassity, E.; Dhar, S.; de Wit, M.; Mason, J.; Goodwin, A.; Hall, G.; Grady, A.; Chamberlain, A.; Brown, S.; Bledsoe, J.; Leither, L.; Peltan, I.; Starr, N.; Fergus, M.; Aston, V.; Montgomery, Q.; Smith, R.; Merrill, M.; Brown, K.; Armbruster, B.; Harris, E.; Middleton, E.; Paine, R.; Johnson, S.; Barrios, M.; Eppensteiner, J.; Limkakeng, A.; McGowan, L.; Porter, T.; Bouffler, A.; Leahy, J.C.; deBoisblanc, B.; Lammi, M.; Happel, K.; Lauto, P.; Self, W.; Casey, J.; Semler, M.; Collins, S.; Harrell, F.; Lindsell, C.; Rice, T.; Stubblefield, W.; Gray, C.; Johnson, J.; Roth, M.; Hays, M.; Torr, D.; Zakaria, A.; Schoenfeld, D.; Thompson, T.; Hayden, D.; Ringwood, N.; Oldmixon, C.; Ulysse, C.; Morse, R.; Muzikansky, A.; Fitzgerald, L.; Whitaker, S.; Lagakos, A.; Brower, R.; Reineck, L.; Aggarwal, N.; Bienstock, K.; Freemer, M.; Maclawiw, M.; Weinmann, G.; Morrison, L.; Gillespie, M.; Kryscio, R.; Brodie, D.; Zareba, W.; Rompalo, A.; Boeckh, M.; Parsons, P.; Christie, J.; Hall, J.; Horton, N.; Zoloth, L.; Dickert, N.; Diercks, D. Effect of hydroxychloroquine on clinical status at 14 days in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2020, 324(21), 2165-2176.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.22240] [PMID: 33165621]
[70]
Abella, B.S.; Jolkovsky, E.L.; Biney, B.T.; Uspal, J.E.; Hyman, M.C.; Frank, I.; Hensley, S.E.; Gill, S.; Vogl, D.T.; Maillard, I.; Babushok, D.V.; Huang, A.C.; Nasta, S.D.; Walsh, J.C.; Wiletyo, E.P.; Gimotty, P.A.; Milone, M.C.; Amaravadi, R.K. Efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine vs placebo for pre-exposure SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis among health care workers: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern. Med., 2021, 181(2), 195-202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6319] [PMID: 33001138]
[71]
Belhadi, D.; Peiffer-Smadja, N.; Lescure, F.X.; Yazdanpanah, Y.; Mentré, F.; Laouénan, C. 2020.A brief review of antiviral drugs evaluated in registered clinical trials for COVID-19. MedRxiv,
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.18.20038190]
[72]
Brüssow, H. Clinical trials with antiviral drugs against COVID‐19: some progress and many shattered hopes. Environ. Microbiol., 2021, 23(11), 6364-6376.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15769] [PMID: 34519154]
[73]
Karahalil, B.; Elkama, A. COVID-19: Are experimental drugs a cure or cause? Curr. Drug Saf., 2022, 17(2), 83-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574886316666210727150127] [PMID: 34315382]
[74]
Jean, S.S.; Lee, P.I.; Hsueh, P.R. Treatment options for COVID-19: The reality and challenges. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect., 2020, 53(3), 436-443.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.034] [PMID: 32307245]
[75]
de Man, R.; Wolters, L.M.; Nevens, F.; Chua, D.; Sherman, M.; Lai, C.L.; Gadano, A.; Lee, Y.; Mazzotta, F.; Thomas, N.; De-Hertogh, D. Safety and efficacy of oral entecavir given for 28 days in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology, 2001, 34(3), 578-582.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2001.26815] [PMID: 11526545]
[76]
Beigel, J.H.; Tomashek, K.M.; Dodd, L.E.; Mehta, A.K.; Zingman, B.S.; Kalil, A.C.; Hohmann, E.; Chu, H.Y.; Luetkemeyer, A.; Kline, S.; Lopez de Castilla, D.; Finberg, R.W.; Dierberg, K.; Tapson, V.; Hsieh, L.; Patterson, T.F.; Paredes, R.; Sweeney, D.A.; Short, W.R.; Touloumi, G.; Lye, D.C.; Ohmagari, N.; Oh, M.; Ruiz-Palacios, G.M.; Benfield, T.; Fätkenheuer, G.; Kortepeter, M.G.; Atmar, R.L.; Creech, C.B.; Lundgren, J.; Babiker, A.G.; Pett, S.; Neaton, J.D.; Burgess, T.H.; Bonnett, T.; Green, M.; Makowski, M.; Osinusi, A.; Nayak, S.; Lane, H.C. Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 383(19), 1813-1826.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2007764] [PMID: 32445440]
[77]
Angus, D.C.; Derde, L.; Al-Beidh, F.; Annane, D.; Arabi, Y.; Beane, A.; van Bentum-Puijk, W.; Berry, L.; Bhimani, Z.; Bonten, M.; Bradbury, C.; Brunkhorst, F.; Buxton, M.; Buzgau, A.; Cheng, A.C.; de Jong, M.; Detry, M.; Estcourt, L.; Fitzgerald, M.; Goossens, H.; Green, C.; Haniffa, R.; Higgins, A.M.; Horvat, C.; Hullegie, S.J.; Kruger, P.; Lamontagne, F.; Lawler, P.R.; Linstrum, K.; Litton, E.; Lorenzi, E.; Marshall, J.; McAuley, D.; McGlothin, A.; McGuinness, S.; McVerry, B.; Montgomery, S.; Mouncey, P.; Murthy, S.; Nichol, A.; Parke, R.; Parker, J.; Rowan, K.; Sanil, A.; Santos, M.; Saunders, C.; Seymour, C.; Turner, A.; van de Veerdonk, F.; Venkatesh, B.; Zarychanski, R.; Berry, S.; Lewis, R.J.; McArthur, C.; Webb, S.A.; Gordon, A.C.; Al-Beidh, F.; Angus, D.; Annane, D.; Arabi, Y.; van Bentum-Puijk, W.; Berry, S.; Beane, A.; Bhimani, Z.; Bonten, M.; Bradbury, C.; Brunkhorst, F.; Buxton, M.; Cheng, A.; De Jong, M.; Derde, L.; Estcourt, L.; Goossens, H.; Gordon, A.; Green, C.; Haniffa, R.; Lamontagne, F.; Lawler, P.; Litton, E.; Marshall, J.; McArthur, C.; McAuley, D.; McGuinness, S.; McVerry, B.; Montgomery, S.; Mouncey, P.; Murthy, S.; Nichol, A.; Parke, R.; Rowan, K.; Seymour, C.; Turner, A.; van de Veerdonk, F.; Webb, S.; Zarychanski, R.; Campbell, L.; Forbes, A.; Gattas, D.; Heritier, S.; Higgins, L.; Kruger, P.; Peake, S.; Presneill, J.; Seppelt, I.; Trapani, T.; Young, P.; Bagshaw, S.; Daneman, N.; Ferguson, N.; Misak, C.; Santos, M.; Hullegie, S.; Pletz, M.; Rohde, G.; Rowan, K.; Alexander, B.; Basile, K.; Girard, T.; Horvat, C.; Huang, D.; Linstrum, K.; Vates, J.; Beasley, R.; Fowler, R.; McGloughlin, S.; Morpeth, S.; Paterson, D.; Venkatesh, B.; Uyeki, T.; Baillie, K.; Duffy, E.; Fowler, R.; Hills, T.; Orr, K.; Patanwala, A.; Tong, S.; Netea, M.; Bihari, S.; Carrier, M.; Fergusson, D.; Goligher, E.; Haidar, G.; Hunt, B.; Kumar, A.; Laffan, M.; Lawless, P.; Lother, S.; McCallum, P.; Middeldopr, S.; McQuilten, Z.; Neal, M.; Pasi, J.; Schutgens, R.; Stanworth, S.; Turgeon, A.; Weissman, A.; Adhikari, N.; Anstey, M.; Brant, E.; de Man, A.; Lamonagne, F.; Masse, M.H.; Udy, A.; Arnold, D.; Begin, P.; Charlewood, R.; Chasse, M.; Coyne, M.; Cooper, J.; Daly, J.; Gosbell, I.; Harvala-Simmonds, H.; Hills, T.; MacLennan, S.; Menon, D.; McDyer, J.; Pridee, N.; Roberts, D.; Shankar-Hari, M.; Thomas, H.; Tinmouth, A.; Triulzi, D.; Walsh, T.; Wood, E.; Calfee, C.; O’Kane, C.; Shyamsundar, M.; Sinha, P.; Thompson, T.; Young, I.; Bihari, S.; Hodgson, C.; Laffey, J.; McAuley, D.; Orford, N.; Neto, A.; Detry, M.; Fitzgerald, M.; Lewis, R.; McGlothlin, A.; Sanil, A.; Saunders, C.; Berry, L.; Lorenzi, E.; Miller, E.; Singh, V.; Zammit, C.; van Bentum Puijk, W.; Bouwman, W.; Mangindaan, Y.; Parker, L.; Peters, S.; Rietveld, I.; Raymakers, K.; Ganpat, R.; Brillinger, N.; Markgraf, R.; Ainscough, K.; Brickell, K.; Anjum, A.; Lane, J.B.; Richards-Belle, A.; Saull, M.; Wiley, D.; Bion, J.; Connor, J.; Gates, S.; Manax, V.; van der Poll, T.; Reynolds, J.; van Beurden, M.; Effelaar, E.; Schotsman, J.; Boyd, C.; Harland, C.; Shearer, A.; Wren, J.; Clermont, G.; Garrard, W.; Kalchthaler, K.; King, A.; Ricketts, D.; Malakoutis, S.; Marroquin, O.; Music, E.; Quinn, K.; Cate, H.; Pearson, K.; Collins, J.; Hanson, J.; Williams, P.; Jackson, S.; Asghar, A.; Dyas, S.; Sutu, M.; Murphy, S.; Williamson, D.; Mguni, N.; Potter, A.; Porter, D.; Goodwin, J.; Rook, C.; Harrison, S.; Williams, H.; Campbell, H.; Lomme, K.; Williamson, J.; Sheffield, J.; van’t Hoff, W.; McCracken, P.; Young, M.; Board, J.; Mart, E.; Knott, C.; Smith, J.; Boschert, C.; Affleck, J.; Ramanan, M.; D’Souza, R.; Pateman, K.; Shakih, A.; Cheung, W.; Kol, M.; Wong, H.; Shah, A.; Wagh, A.; Simpson, J.; Duke, G.; Chan, P.; Cartner, B.; Hunter, S.; Laver, R.; Shrestha, T.; Regli, A.; Pellicano, A.; McCullough, J.; Tallott, M.; Kumar, N.; Panwar, R.; Brinkerhoff, G.; Koppen, C.; Cazzola, F.; Brain, M.; Mineall, S.; Fischer, R.; Biradar, V.; Soar, N.; White, H.; Estensen, K.; Morrison, L.; Smith, J.; Cooper, M.; Health, M.; Shehabi, Y.; Al-Bassam, W.; Hulley, A.; Whitehead, C.; Lowrey, J.; Gresha, R.; Walsham, J.; Meyer, J.; Harward, M.; Venz, E.; Williams, P.; Kurenda, C.; Smith, K.; Smith, M.; Garcia, R.; Barge, D.; Byrne, D.; Byrne, K.; Driscoll, A.; Fortune, L.; Janin, P.; Yarad, E.; Hammond, N.; Bass, F.; Ashelford, A.; Waterson, S.; Wedd, S.; McNamara, R.; Buhr, H.; Coles, J.; Schweikert, S.; Wibrow, B.; Rauniyar, R.; Myers, E.; Fysh, E.; Dawda, A.; Mevavala, B.; Litton, E.; Ferrier, J.; Nair, P.; Buscher, H.; Reynolds, C.; Santamaria, J.; Barbazza, L.; Homes, J.; Smith, R.; Murray, L.; Brailsford, J.; Forbes, L.; Maguire, T.; Mariappa, V.; Smith, J.; Simpson, S.; Maiden, M.; Bone, A.; Horton, M.; Salerno, T.; Sterba, M.; Geng, W.; Depuydt, P.; De Waele, J.; De Bus, L.; Fierens, J.; Bracke, S.; Reeve, B.; Dechert, W.; Chassé, M.; Carrier, F.M.; Boumahni, D.; Benettaib, F.; Ghamraoui, A.; Bellemare, D.; Cloutier, È.; Francoeur, C.; Lamontagne, F.; D’Aragon, F.; Carbonneau, E.; Leblond, J.; Vazquez-Grande, G.; Marten, N.; Wilson, M.; Albert, M.; Serri, K.; Cavayas, A.; Duplaix, M.; Williams, V.; Rochwerg, B.; Karachi, T.; Oczkowski, S.; Centofanti, J.; Millen, T.; Duan, E.; Tsang, J.; Patterson, L.; English, S.; Watpool, I.; Porteous, R.; Miezitis, S.; McIntyre, L.; Brochard, L.; Burns, K.; Sandhu, G.; Khalid, I.; Binnie, A.; Powell, E.; McMillan, A.; Luk, T.; Aref, N.; Andric, Z.; Cviljevic, S.; Đimoti, R.; Zapalac, M.; Mirković, G.;; Baršić, B.;; Kutleša, M.; Kotarski, V.; Vujaklija Brajković, A.; Babel, J.; Sever, H.; Dragija, L.; Kušan, I.; Vaara, S.; Pettilä, L.; Heinonen, J.; Kuitunen, A.; Karlsson, S.; Vahtera, A.; Kiiski, H.; Ristimäki, S.; Azaiz, A.; Charron, C.; Godement, M.; Geri, G.; Vieillard-Baron, A.; Pourcine, F.; Monchi, M.; Luis, D.; Mercier, R.; Sagnier, A.; Verrier, N.; Caplin, C.; Siami, S.; Aparicio, C.; Vautier, S.; Jeblaoui, A.; Fartoukh, M.; Courtin, L.; Labbe, V.; Leparco, C.; Muller, G.; Nay, M.A.; Kamel, T.; Benzekri, D.; Jacquier, S.; Mercier, E.; Chartier, D.; Salmon, C.; Dequin, P.; Schneider, F.; Morel, G.; L’Hotellier, S.; Badie, J.; Berdaguer, F.D.; Malfroy, S.; Mezher, C.; Bourgoin, C.; Megarbane, B.; Voicu, S.; Deye, N.; Malissin, I.; Sutterlin, L.; Guitton, C.; Darreau, C.; Landais, M.; Chudeau, N.; Robert, A.; Moine, P.; Heming, N.; Maxime, V.; Bossard, I.; Nicholier, T.B.; Colin, G.; Zinzoni, V.; Maquigneau, N.; Finn, A.; Kreß, G.; Hoff, U.; Friedrich Hinrichs, C.; Nee, J.; Pletz, M.; Hagel, S.; Ankert, J.; Kolanos, S.; Bloos, F.; Petros, S.; Pasieka, B.; Kunz, K.; Appelt, P.; Schütze, B.; Kluge, S.; Nierhaus, A.; Jarczak, D.; Roedl, K.; Weismann, D.; Frey, A.; Klinikum Neukölln, V.; Reill, L.; Distler, M.; Maselli, A.; Bélteczki, J.; Magyar, I.; Fazekas, Á.; Kovács, S.; Szőke, V.; Szigligeti, G.; Leszkoven, J.; Collins, D.; Breen, P.; Frohlich, S.; Whelan, R.; McNicholas, B.; Scully, M.; Casey, S.; Kernan, M.; Doran, P.; O’Dywer, M.; Smyth, M.; Hayes, L.; Hoiting, O.; Peters, M.; Rengers, E.; Evers, M.; Prinssen, A.; Bosch Ziekenhuis, J.; Simons, K.; Rozendaal, W.; Polderman, F.; de Jager, P.; Moviat, M.; Paling, A.; Salet, A.; Rademaker, E.; Peters, A.L.; de Jonge, E.; Wigbers, J.; Guilder, E.; Butler, M.; Cowdrey, K.A.; Newby, L.; Chen, Y.; Simmonds, C.; McConnochie, R.; Ritzema Carter, J.; Henderson, S.; Van Der Heyden, K.; Mehrtens, J.; Williams, T.; Kazemi, A.; Song, R.; Lai, V.; Girijadevi, D.; Everitt, R.; Russell, R.; Hacking, D.; Buehner, U.; Williams, E.; Browne, T.; Grimwade, K.; Goodson, J.; Keet, O.; Callender, O.; Martynoga, R.; Trask, K.; Butler, A.; Schischka, L.; Young, C.; Lesona, E.; Olatunji, S.; Robertson, Y.; José, N.; Amaro dos Santos Catorze, T.; de Lima Pereira, T.N.A.; Neves Pessoa, L.M.; Castro Ferreira, R.M.; Pereira Sousa Bastos, J.M.; Aysel Florescu, S.; Stanciu, D.; Zaharia, M.F.; Kosa, A.G.; Codreanu, D.; Marabi, Y.; Al Qasim, E.; Moneer Hagazy, M.; Al Swaidan, L.; Arishi, H.; Muñoz-Bermúdez, R.; Marin-Corral, J.; Salazar Degracia, A.; Parrilla Gómez, F.; Mateo López, M.I.; Rodriguez Fernandez, J.; Cárcel Fernández, S.; Carmona Flores, R.; León López, R.; de la Fuente Martos, C.; Allan, A.; Polgarova, P.; Farahi, N.; McWilliam, S.; Hawcutt, D.; Rad, L.; O’Malley, L.; Whitbread, J.; Kelsall, O.; Wild, L.; Thrush, J.; Wood, H.; Austin, K.; Donnelly, A.; Kelly, M.; O’Kane, S.; McClintock, D.; Warnock, M.; Johnston, P.; Gallagher, L.J.; Mc Goldrick, C.; Mc Master, M.; Strzelecka, A.; Jha, R.; Kalogirou, M.; Ellis, C.; Krishnamurthy, V.; Deelchand, V.; Silversides, J.; McGuigan, P.; Ward, K.; O’Neill, A.; Finn, S.; Phillips, B.; Mullan, D.; Oritz-Ruiz de Gordoa, L.; Thomas, M.; Sweet, K.; Grimmer, L.; Johnson, R.; Pinnell, J.; Robinson, M.; Gledhill, L.; Wood, T.; Morgan, M.; Cole, J.; Hill, H.; Davies, M.; Antcliffe, D.; Templeton, M.; Rojo, R.; Coghlan, P.; Smee, J.; Mackay, E.; Cort, J.; Whileman, A.; Spencer, T.; Spittle, N.; Kasipandian, V.; Patel, A.; Allibone, S.; Genetu, R.M.; Ramali, M.; Ghosh, A.; Bamford, P.; London, E.; Cawley, K.; Faulkner, M.; Jeffrey, H.; Smith, T.; Brewer, C.; Gregory, J.; Limb, J.; Cowton, A.; O’Brien, J.; Nikitas, N.; Wells, C.; Lankester, L.; Pulletz, M.; Williams, P.; Birch, J.; Wiseman, S.; Horton, S.; Alegria, A.; Turki, S.; Elsefi, T.; Crisp, N.; Allen, L.; McCullagh, I.; Robinson, P.; Hays, C.; Babio-Galan, M.; Stevenson, H.; Khare, D.; Pinder, M.; Selvamoni, S.; Gopinath, A.; Pugh, R.; Menzies, D.; Mackay, C.; Allan, E.; Davies, G.; Puxty, K.; McCue, C.; Cathcart, S.; Hickey, N.; Ireland, J.; Yusuff, H.; Isgro, G.; Brightling, C.; Bourne, M.; Craner, M.; Watters, M.; Prout, R.; Davies, L.; Pegler, S.; Kyeremeh, L.; Arbane, G.; Wilson, K.; Gomm, L.; Francia, F.; Brett, S.; Sousa Arias, S.; Elin Hall, R.; Budd, J.; Small, C.; Birch, J.; Collins, E.; Henning, J.; Bonner, S.; Hugill, K.; Cirstea, E.; Wilkinson, D.; Karlikowski, M.; Sutherland, H.; Wilhelmsen, E.; Woods, J.; North, J.; Sundaran, D.; Hollos, L.; Coburn, S.; Walsh, J.; Turns, M.; Hopkins, P.; Smith, J.; Noble, H.; Depante, M.T.; Clarey, E.; Laha, S.; Verlander, M.; Williams, A.; Huckle, A.; Hall, A.; Cooke, J.; Gardiner-Hill, C.; Maloney, C.; Qureshi, H.; Flint, N.; Nicholson, S.; Southin, S.; Nicholson, A.; Borgatta, B.; Turner-Bone, I.; Reddy, A.; Wilding, L.; Chamara Warnapura, L.; Agno Sathianathan, R.; Golden, D.; Hart, C.; Jones, J.; Bannard-Smith, J.; Henry, J.; Birchall, K.; Pomeroy, F.; Quayle, R.; Makowski, A.; Misztal, B.; Ahmed, I.; KyereDiabour, T.; Naiker, K.; Stewart, R.; Mwaura, E.; Mew, L.; Wren, L.; Willams, F.; Innes, R.; Doble, P.; Hutter, J.; Shovelton, C.; Plumb, B.; Szakmany, T.; Hamlyn, V.; Hawkins, N.; Lewis, S.; Dell, A.; Gopal, S.; Ganguly, S.; Smallwood, A.; Harris, N.; Metherell, S.; Lazaro, J.M.; Newman, T.; Fletcher, S.; Nortje, J.; Fottrell-Gould, D.; Randell, G.; Zaman, M.; Elmahi, E.; Jones, A.; Hall, K.; Mills, G.; Ryalls, K.; Bowler, H.; Sall, J.; Bourne, R.; Borrill, Z.; Duncan, T.; Lamb, T.; Shaw, J.; Fox, C.; Moreno Cuesta, J.; Xavier, K.; Purohit, D.; Elhassan, M.; Bakthavatsalam, D.; Rowland, M.; Hutton, P.; Bashyal, A.; Davidson, N.; Hird, C.; Chhablani, M.; Phalod, G.; Kirkby, A.; Archer, S.; Netherton, K.; Reschreiter, H.; Camsooksai, J.; Patch, S.; Jenkins, S.; Pogson, D.; Rose, S.; Daly, Z.; Brimfield, L.; Claridge, H.; Parekh, D.; Bergin, C.; Bates, M.; Dasgin, J.; McGhee, C.; Sim, M.; Hay, S.K.; Henderson, S.; Phull, M.K.; Zaidi, A.; Pogreban, T.; Rosaroso, L.P.; Harvey, D.; Lowe, B.; Meredith, M.; Ryan, L.; Hormis, A.; Walker, R.; Collier, D.; Kimpton, S.; Oakley, S.; Rooney, K.; Rodden, N.; Hughes, E.; Thomson, N.; McGlynn, D.; Walden, A.; Jacques, N.; Coles, H.; Tilney, E.; Vowell, E.; Schuster-Bruce, M.; Pitts, S.; Miln, R.; Purandare, L.; Vamplew, L.; Spivey, M.; Bean, S.; Burt, K.; Moore, L.; Day, C.; Gibson, C.; Gordon, E.; Zitter, L.; Keenan, S.; Baker, E.; Cherian, S.; Cutler, S.; Roynon-Reed, A.; Harrington, K.; Raithatha, A.; Bauchmuller, K.; Ahmad, N.; Grecu, I.; Trodd, D.; Martin, J.; Wrey Brown, C.; Arias, A.M.; Craven, T.; Hope, D.; Singleton, J.; Clark, S.; Rae, N.; Welters, I.; Hamilton, D.O.; Williams, K.; Waugh, V.; Shaw, D.; Puthucheary, Z.; Martin, T.; Santos, F.; Uddin, R.; Somerville, A.; Tatham, K.C.; Jhanji, S.; Black, E.; Dela Rosa, A.; Howle, R.; Tully, R.; Drummond, A.; Dearden, J.; Philbin, J.; Munt, S.; Vuylsteke, A.; Chan, C.; Victor, S.; Matsa, R.; Gellamucho, M.; Creagh-Brown, B.; Tooley, J.; Montague, L.; De Beaux, F.; Bullman, L.; Kersiake, I.; Demetriou, C.; Mitchard, S.; Ramos, L.; White, K.; Donnison, P.; Johns, M.; Casey, R.; Mattocks, L.; Salisbury, S.; Dark, P.; Claxton, A.; McLachlan, D.; Slevin, K.; Lee, S.; Hulme, J.; Joseph, S.; Kinney, F.; Senya, H.J.; Oborska, A.; Kayani, A.; Hadebe, B.; Orath Prabakaran, R.; Nichols, L.; Thomas, M.; Worner, R.; Faulkner, B.; Gendall, E.; Hayes, K.; Hamilton-Davies, C.; Chan, C.; Mfuko, C.; Abbass, H.; Mandadapu, V.; Leaver, S.; Forton, D.; Patel, K.; Paramasivam, E.; Powell, M.; Gould, R.; Wilby, E.; Howcroft, C.; Banach, D.; Fernández de Pinedo Artaraz, Z.; Cabreros, L.; White, I.; Croft, M.; Holland, N.; Pereira, R.; Zaki, A.; Johnson, D.; Jackson, M.; Garrard, H.; Juhaz, V.; Roy, A.; Rostron, A.; Woods, L.; Cornell, S.; Pillai, S.; Harford, R.; Rees, T.; Ivatt, H.; Sundara Raman, A.; Davey, M.; Lee, K.; Barber, R.; Chablani, M.; Brohi, F.; Jagannathan, V.; Clark, M.; Purvis, S.; Wetherill, B.; Dushianthan, A.; Cusack, R.; de Courcy-Golder, K.; Smith, S.; Jackson, S.; Attwood, B.; Parsons, P.; Page, V.; Zhao, X.B.; Oza, D.; Rhodes, J.; Anderson, T.; Morris, S.; Xia Le Tai, C.; Thomas, A.; Keen, A.; Digby, S.; Cowley, N.; Wild, L.; Southern, D.; Reddy, H.; Campbell, A.; Watkins, C.; Smuts, S.; Touma, O.; Barnes, N.; Alexander, P.; Felton, T.; Ferguson, S.; Sellers, K.; Bradley-Potts, J.; Yates, D.; Birkinshaw, I.; Kell, K.; Marshall, N.; Carr-Knott, L.; Summers, C. Effect of hydrocortisone on mortality and organ support in patients with severe COVID-19: the REMAP-CAP COVID-19 corticosteroid domain randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2020, 324(13), 1317-1329.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.17022] [PMID: 32876697]
[78]
Horby, P.; Lim, W.S.; Emberson, J.R.; Mafham, M.; Bell, J.L. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID-19-preliminary report. N. Engl. J. Med., 2021, 384(8), 693-704.
[79]
Tomazini, B.M.; Maia, I.S.; Cavalcanti, A.B.; Berwanger, O.; Rosa, R.G.; Veiga, V.C.; Avezum, A.; Lopes, R.D.; Bueno, F.R.; Silva, M.V.A.O.; Baldassare, F.P.; Costa, E.L.V.; Moura, R.A.B.; Honorato, M.O.; Costa, A.N.; Damiani, L.P.; Lisboa, T.; Kawano-Dourado, L.; Zampieri, F.G.; Olivato, G.B.; Righy, C.; Amendola, C.P.; Roepke, R.M.L.; Freitas, D.H.M.; Forte, D.N.; Freitas, F.G.R.; Fernandes, C.C.F.; Melro, L.M.G.; Junior, G.F.S.; Morais, D.C.; Zung, S.; Machado, F.R.; Azevedo, L.C.P. Effect of dexamethasone on days alive and ventilator-free in patients with moderate or severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and COVID-19: the CoDEX randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2020, 324(13), 1307-1316.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.17021] [PMID: 32876695]
[80]
Jeronimo, C.M.P.; Farias, M.E.L.; Val, F.F.A.; Sampaio, V.S.; Alexandre, M.A.A.; Melo, G.C.; Safe, I.P.; Borba, M.G.S.; Netto, R.L.A.; Maciel, A.B.S.; Neto, J.R.S.; Oliveira, L.B.; Figueiredo, E.F.G.; Oliveira Dinelly, K.M.; de Almeida Rodrigues, M.G.; Brito, M.; Mourão, M.P.G.; Pivoto João, G.A.; Hajjar, L.A.; Bassat, Q.; Romero, G.A.S.; Naveca, F.G.; Vasconcelos, H.L.; de Araújo Tavares, M.; Brito-Sousa, J.D.; Costa, F.T.M.; Nogueira, M.L.; Baía-da-Silva, D.C.; Xavier, M.S.; Monteiro, W.M.; Lacerda, M.V.G.; de Lemos Vasconcelos, A.; Praia Marins, A.F.; de Oliveira Trindade, A.; Mendes Záu, A.S.; de Oliveira, A.C.; Azevedo Furtado, A.C.; Coelho Rocha, A.P.; da Silva Souza, A.; de Souza Dias, A.; Belém, A.; dos Santos, A.G.R.; da Silva Sousa, A.M.; da Silva, B.F.; Franco, B.L.; da Silva, B.M.; da Costa, B.L.G.; Sato Barros do Amaral, C.M.S.; Judice, C.C.; de Morais, C.E.P.; Camilo, C.C.; Sena da Silva, D.S.; Gomes Duarte, D.C.; da Silva, E.G.N.; da Silva Lemos, E.; de Fátima Ponte Frota, E.; do Nascimento, E.F.; de Almeida, E.S.; Marques, E.A.; de Almeida, E.M.M.; da Silva, E.L.; dos Santos, E.G.; da Silva Oliveira, E.; Martins Shimizu, F.M.; de Souza, F.R.F.; da Silva do Vale, F.; dos Santos de Almeida Lima, F.; da Fonseca, F.H.J.; Fontenelle, F.A.; de Azevedo Furtado, F.; Da Silva Pereira, G.; Bezerra, G.A.; Maciel Salazar, G.K.; da Silva Pereira, H.; de Melo, H.F.; Oliveira, I.N.; Pereira Filho, I.V.; Gomes, J.V.; e Silva Rosa, J.; Lemos, J.M.; Brutus, J.N.; Pessoa, K.P.; Costa Rodrigues, L.D.; Barros Cirino, L.E.; Mourão Filho, L.F.; Moura, L.; Barbosa, L.R.P.; de Souza, L.P.; Oliveira, L.B.; de Lima Ferreira, L.C.; dos Santos, M.M.; da Silva, M.V.R.; Rodrigues, M.P.; de Menezes, M.T.; dos Santos Mota, M.M.; Freire, M.; Corrêa, N.F.; Rocha, N.M.; Bittencourt, N.; de Melo Silva, N.G.; de Oliveira Saraiva, P.; de Sousa Monteiro, Q.; dos Santos, R.T.; Freire, R.S.; de Araújo Pinto, R.A.; Ferreira, R.B.; de Lima, R.S.; de Melo, R.F.T.; Saenz, S.T.; Alvarez Fernandes, S.S.; Vítor-Silva, S.; de Oliveira, T.M.R.; Tavella, T.A.; Câmara, T.T.; Santos, T.C.; Pinto, T.S.; dos Santos, T.W.R.; do Nascimento, V.A.; Sousa Barbosa, W.P.; de Melo, W.F.; Salgado Sobrinho, W.B. Methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; Metcovid): A randomized, double-blind, phase IIb, placebo-controlled trial. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2021, 72(9), e373-e381.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1177] [PMID: 32785710]
[81]
Zorzon, M.; Zivadinov, R.; Locatelli, L.; Giuntini, D.; Toncic, M.; Bosco, A.; Nasuelli, D.; Bratina, A.; Tommasi, M.A.; Rudick, R.A.; Cazzato, G. Long-term effects of intravenous high dose methylprednisolone pulses on bone mineral density in patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur. J. Neurol., 2005, 12(7), 550-556.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2005.00988.x] [PMID: 15958096]
[82]
Khiali, S.; Rezagholizadeh, A.; Entezari-Maleki, T. A comprehensive review on sarilumab in COVID-19. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther., 2021, 21(5), 615-626.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2021.1847269] [PMID: 33161757]
[83]
Lahiri, D.; Ardila, A. COVID-19 pandemic: A neurological perspective. Cureus, 2020, 12(4), e7889.
[PMID: 32489743]
[84]
Chatterjee, S.S.; Barikar C, M.; Mukherjee, A. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on pre-existing mental health problems. Asian J. Psychiatr., 2020, 51, 102071.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102071] [PMID: 32334407]
[85]
Zeng, L.; Zhang, H.; He, Y.; Lai, B.; Huang, Z.; Lin, L.; Zhong, Z.; Guo, X. A severe COVID-19 case with schizophrenia as well as other chronic diseases. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 2021, 54(3), e10426.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1414-431x202010426] [PMID: 33470392]
[86]
Wang, H.; Li, T.; Barbarino, P.; Gauthier, S.; Brodaty, H.; Molinuevo, J.L.; Xie, H.; Sun, Y.; Yu, E.; Tang, Y.; Weidner, W.; Yu, X. Dementia care during COVID-19. Lancet, 2020, 395(10231), 1190-1191.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30755-8] [PMID: 32240625]
[87]
Majila, K.; Lal, S.; Ahmad, M.F. COVID-19 pandemic: An overview of its origin, current status, and ongoing clinical trials. Coronaviruses, 2022, 3(3), e130921191206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2666796702666210208143656]
[88]
Wu, Y.; Xu, X.; Chen, Z.; Duan, J.; Hashimoto, K.; Yang, L.; Liu, C.; Yang, C. Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain Behav. Immun., 2020, 87, 18-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.031] [PMID: 32240762]
[89]
Mazereel, V.; Van Assche, K.; Detraux, J.; De Hert, M. COVID-19 vaccination for people with severe mental illness: Why, what, and how? Lancet Psychiatry, 2021, 8(5), 444-450.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30564-2] [PMID: 33548184]
[90]
Chiappini, S.; Guirguis, A.; John, A.; Corkery, J.M.; Schifano, F. COVID-19: The hidden impact on mental health and drug addiction. Front. Psychiatry, 2020, 11, 767.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00767] [PMID: 32848937]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy