Advances in Exercise Therapy in Hemodialysis: A Systematic Review

Iroegbu, C.; Lewis, L.; Matura, L.A. An integrative review: Chronic kidney disease awareness and the social determinants of health inequities. J. Adv. Nurs., 2022, 78(4), 918-928.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jan.15107] [PMID: 34910316]

Hamidi, M.; Roshangar, F.; Khosroshahi, H.T.; Hadi, H.; Ghafourifard, M.; Sarbakhsh, P. Comparison of the effect of linear and step-wise sodium and ultrafiltration profiling on dialysis adequacy in patients undergoing HD. Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transpl., 2020, 31(1), 44-52.

Bikbov, B.; Purcell, C.A.; Levey, A.S.; Smith, M.; Abdoli, A.; Abebe, M.; Adebayo, O.M.; Afarideh, M.; Agarwal, S.K.; Agudelo, B.M.; Ahmadian, E.; Al-Aly, Z.; Alipour, V.; Almasi, H.A.; Al-Raddadi, R.M.; Alvis, G.N.; Amini, S.; Andrei, T.; Andrei, C.L.; Andualem, Z.; Anjomshoa, M.; Arabloo, J.; Ashagre, A.F.; Asmelash, D.; Ataro, Z.; Atout, M.M.W.; Ayanore, M.A.; Badawi, A.; Bakhtiari, A.; Ballew, S.H.; Balouchi, A.; Banach, M.; Barquera, S.; Basu, S.; Bayih, M.T.; Bedi, N.; Bello, A.K.; Bensenor, I.M.; Bijani, A.; Boloor, A.; Borzì, A.M.; Cámera, L.A.; Carrero, J.J.; Carvalho, F.; Castro, F.; Catalá-López, F.; Chang, A.R.; Chin, K.L.; Chung, S.C.; Cirillo, M.; Cousin, E.; Dandona, L.; Dandona, R.; Daryani, A.; Das Gupta, R.; Demeke, F.M.; Demoz, G.T.; Desta, D.M.; Do, H.P.; Duncan, B.B.; Eftekhari, A.; Esteghamati, A.; Fatima, S.S.; Fernandes, J.C.; Fernandes, E.; Fischer, F.; Freitas, M.; Gad, M.M.; Gebremeskel, G.G.; Gebresillassie, B.M.; Geta, B.; Ghafourifard, M.; Ghajar, A.; Ghith, N.; Gill, P.S.; Ginawi, I.A.; Gupta, R.; Hafezi, N.N.; Haj-Mirzaian, A.; Haj-Mirzaian, A.; Hariyani, N.; Hasan, M.; Hasankhani, M.; Hasanzadeh, A.; Hassen, H.Y.; Hay, S.I.; Heidari, B.; Herteliu, C.; Hoang, C.L.; Hosseini, M.; Hostiuc, M.; Irvani, S.S.N.; Islam, S.M.S.; Jafari, B.N.; James, S.L.; Jassal, S.K.; Jha, V.; Jonas, J.B.; Joukar, F.; Jozwiak, J.J.; Kabir, A.; Kahsay, A.; Kasaeian, A.; Kassa, T.D.; Kassaye, H.G.; Khader, Y.S.; Khalilov, R.; Khan, E.A.; Khan, M.S.; Khang, Y.H.; Kisa, A.; Kovesdy, C.P.; Kuate, D.B.; Kumar, G.A.; Larsson, A.O.; Lim, L.L.; Lopez, A.D.; Lotufo, P.A.; Majeed, A.; Malekzadeh, R.; März, W.; Masaka, A.; Meheretu, H.A.A.; Miazgowski, T.; Mirica, A.; Mirrakhimov, E.M.; Mithra, P.; Moazen, B.; Mohammad, D.K.; Mohammadpourhodki, R.; Mohammed, S.; Mokdad, A.H.; Morales, L.; Moreno Velasquez, I.; Mousavi, S.M.; Mukhopadhyay, S.; Nachega, J.B.; Nadkarni, G.N.; Nansseu, J.R.; Natarajan, G.; Nazari, J.; Neal, B.; Negoi, R.I.; Nguyen, C.T.; Nikbakhsh, R.; Noubiap, J.J.; Nowak, C.; Olagunju, A.T.; Ortiz, A.; Owolabi, M.O.; Palladino, R.; Pathak, M.; Poustchi, H.; Prakash, S.; Prasad, N.; Rafiei, A.; Raju, S.B.; Ramezanzadeh, K.; Rawaf, S.; Rawaf, D.L.; Rawal, L.; Reiner, R.C., Jr; Rezapour, A.; Ribeiro, D.C.; Roever, L.; Rothenbacher, D.; Rwegerera, G.M.; Saadatagah, S.; Safari, S.; Sahle, B.W.; Salem, H.; Sanabria, J.; Santos, I.S.; Sarveazad, A.; Sawhney, M.; Schaeffner, E.; Schmidt, M.I.; Schutte, A.E.; Sepanlou, S.G.; Shaikh, M.A.; Sharafi, Z.; Sharif, M.; Sharifi, A.; Silva, D.A.S.; Singh, J.A.; Singh, N.P.; Sisay, M.M.M.; Soheili, A.; Sutradhar, I.; Teklehaimanot, B.F.; Tesfay, B.; Teshome, G.F.; Thakur, J.S.; Tonelli, M.; Tran, K.B.; Tran, B.X.; Tran Ngoc, C.; Ullah, I.; Valdez, P.R.; Varughese, S.; Vos, T.; Vu, L.G.; Waheed, Y.; Werdecker, A.; Wolde, H.F.; Wondmieneh, A.B.; Wulf Hanson, S.; Yamada, T.; Yeshaw, Y.; Yonemoto, N.; Yusefzadeh, H.; Zaidi, Z.; Zaki, L.; Zaman, S.B.; Zamora, N.; Zarghi, A.; Zewdie, K.A.; Ärnlöv, J.; Coresh, J.; Perico, N.; Remuzzi, G.; Murray, C.J.L.; Vos, T. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet, 2020, 395(10225), 709-733.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30045-3] [PMID: 32061315]

Lok, C.E.; Huber, T.S.; Lee, T.; Shenoy, S.; Yevzlin, A.S.; Abreo, K.; Allon, M.; Asif, A.; Astor, B.C.; Glickman, M.H.; Graham, J.; Moist, L.M.; Rajan, D.K.; Roberts, C.; Vachharajani, T.J.; Valentini, R.P. 2019 Update. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 2020, 75(4)(Suppl. 2), S1-S164.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.12.001] [PMID: 32778223]

Bi, S.H.; Mu, B.; Tang, Z.; Fan, M.; Wang, T.; Ahmad, S. The history of hemodialysis in China. Hemodial. Int., 2020, 24(3), 269-275.

Wang, Y.; Gao, L. Inflammation and cardiovascular disease associated with hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease. Front. Pharmacol., 2022, 13, 800950.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.800950] [PMID: 35222026]

Yang, C.; Yang, Z.; Wang, J.; Wang, H.Y.; Su, Z.; Chen, R.; Sun, X.; Gao, B.; Wang, F.; Zhang, L.; Jiang, B.; Zhao, M.H. Estimation of prevalence of kidney disease treated with dialysis in China: A study of insurance claims data. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 2021, 77(6), 889-897.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.11.021] [PMID: 33421457]

Zhang, F.; Wang, H.; Wang, W.; Zhang, H. The role of physical activity and mortality in hemodialysis patients: A review. Front. Public Health, 2022, 10, 818921.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.818921] [PMID: 35252096]

Bakaloudi, D.R.; Siargkas, A.; Poulia, K.A.; Dounousi, E.; Chourdakis, M. The effect of exercise on nutritional status and body composition in hemodialysis: A systematic review. Nutrients, 2020, 12(10), 3071.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12103071] [PMID: 33050111]

Pike, M.; Taylor, J.; Kabagambe, E.; Stewart, T.G.; Robinson, C.C.; Morse, J.; Akwo, E.; Abdel, K.K.; Siew, E.D.; Blot, W.J.; Ikizler, T.A.; Lipworth, L. The association of exercise and sedentary behaviours with incident end-stage renal disease: The Southern community cohort study. BMJ Open, 2019, 9(8), e030661.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030661] [PMID: 31471443]

Huang, M.; Lv, A.; Wang, J.; Xu, N.; Ma, G.; Zhai, Z.; Zhang, B.; Gao, J.; Ni, C. Exercise training and outcomes in hemodialysis patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Nephrol., 2019, 50(4), 240-254.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000502447] [PMID: 31454822]

McGuire, S.; Horton, E.J.; Renshaw, D.; Chan, K.; Jimenez, A.; Maddock, H.; Krishnan, N.; McGregor, G. Cardiac stunning during haemodialysis: The therapeutic effect of intra-dialytic exercise. Clin. Kidney J., 2021, 14(5), 1335-1344.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz159] [PMID: 33959263]

Dong, Z.J.; Zhang, H.L.; Yin, L.X. Effects of intradialytic resistance exercise on systemic inflammation in maintenance hemodialysis patients with sarcopenia: A randomized controlled trial. Int. Urol. Nephrol., 2019, 51(8), 1415-1424.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11255-019-02200-7] [PMID: 31270740]

Koufaki, P.; Greenwood, S.; Painter, P.; Mercer, T. The bases expert statement on exercise therapy for people with chronic kidney disease. J. Sports Sci., 2015, 33(18), 1902-1907.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1017733] [PMID: 25805155]

Ghafourifard, M.; Mehrizade, B.; Hassankhani, H.; Heidari, M. Hemodialysis patients perceived exercise benefits and barriers: The association with health-related quality of life. BMC Nephrol., 2021, 22(1), 94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12882-021-02292-3] [PMID: 33726689]

Yamada, S.; Tsuruya, K.; Kitazono, T.; Nakano, T. Emerging cross-talks between Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral And Bone Disorder (CKD–MBD) and Malnutrition–Inflammation Complex Syndrome (MICS) in patients receiving dialysis. Clin. Exp. Nephrol., 2022, 26(7), 613-629.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10157-022-02216-x] [PMID: 35353283]

Xie, L.; Hu, X.; Li, W.; Ouyang, Z. A retrospective study of end-stage kidney disease patients on maintenance hemodialysis with renal osteodystrophy-associated fragility fractures. BMC Nephrol., 2021, 22(1), 23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-02224-7] [PMID: 33430788]

Kim, C.S.; Bae, E.H.; Ma, S.K.; Han, S.H.; Choi, K.H.; Lee, J.; Chae, D.W.; Oh, K.H.; Ahn, C.; Kim, S.W. Association of serum osteoprotegerin levels with bone loss in chronic kidney disease: Insights from the Know-CKD study. PLoS One, 2016, 11(11), e0166792.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166792] [PMID: 27855207]

Liu, C.K.; Seo, J.; Lee, D.; Wright, K.; Tamura, M.K.; Moye, J.A.; Bean, J.F.; Weiner, D.E. Mobility in older adults receiving maintenance hemodialysis: A qualitative study. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 2022, 79(4), 539-548.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.07.010] [PMID: 34419517]

Yabe, H.; Kono, K.; Yamaguchi, T.; Yamada, N.; Ishikawa, Y.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Azekura, H. Effect of intradialytic exercise on geriatric issues in older patients undergoing hemodialysis: A single-center non-randomized controlled study. Int. Urol. Nephrol., 2022, 22(1), 23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11255-022-03205-5] [PMID: 35524833]

Wilkinson, T.J.; Smith, A.C. Physical activity and living well with kidney disease. Nat. Rev. Nephrol., 2021, 17(3), 145-146.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41581-021-00398-3] [PMID: 33473234]

Segura, O.E.; Pérez, D.B.; De Villar, P.O.L.; Meléndez, O.E.; Martínez, G.J.; García, M.R.; Gil, G.J.A. Virtual reality exercise intradialysis to improve physical function: A feasibility randomized trial. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports, 2019, 29(1), 89-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sms.13304] [PMID: 30230041]

Maynard, L.G.; De Menezes, D.L.; Lião, N.S.; De Jesus, E.M.; Andrade, N.L.S.; Santos, J.C.D.; Da Silva, Jr, W.M.; Bastos, K.A.; Barreto, F.J.A.S. Effects of exercise training combined with virtual reality in functionality and health-related quality of life of patients on hemodialysis. Games Health J., 2019, 8(5), 339-348.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2018.0066] [PMID: 31539293]

Schrauben, S.J.; Apple, B.J.; Chang, A.R. Modifiable Lifestyle Behaviors and CKD Progression: A narrative review. Kidney360, 2022, 3(4), 752-778.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.34067/KID.0003122021] [PMID: 35721622]

Ferreira, T.L.; Ribeiro, H.S.; Ribeiro, A.L.A.; Bonini, R.A.C.; Lucena, J.M.S.; De Oliveira, P.A.; Amorim, F.R.S.; Ferreira, A.P.; Magno, L.A.V.; Martins, W.R. Exercise interventions improve depression and anxiety in chronic kidney disease patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. Urol. Nephrol., 2021, 53(5), 925-933.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11255-020-02612-w] [PMID: 32869171]

Toprak, O.; Bozyel, E.A.; Alp, B. Discontinuing hemodialysis with patient care and a successful 9-year follow-up in a patient presumed to have end-stage kidney disease scheduled to lifelong hemodialysis: A case report. Clin. Pract., 2021, 11(1), 131-142.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/clinpract11010019] [PMID: 33652801]

Zhang, L.; Luo, H.; Kang, G. Longitudinal study of physical activity with various methods in maintenance HD patients. Hemodial. Int., 2021, 25(2), 249-256.

Song, Y.; Wang, J.; Chen, X.; Guo, Y.; Wang, X.; Liang, W. Facilitators and barriers to exercise influenced by traditional Chinese culture: A qualitative study of Chinese patients undergoing HD. J. Transcult. Nurs., 2019, 30(6), 558-568.

Hoshino, J. Renal rehabilitation: Exercise intervention and nutritional support in dialysis patients. Nutrients, 2021, 13(5), 1444.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051444] [PMID: 33923264]

Parker, K.; Bennett, P.N.; Tayler, C.; Lee, C.; MacRae, J. Reasons for nonparticipation in a sustained HD intradialytic exercise program. J. Ren. Nutr., 2021, 31(4), 421-426.

Li, T.; Lv, A.; Xu, N.; Huang, M.; Su, Y.; Zhang, B.; Li, X. Barriers and facilitators to exercise in haemodialysis patients: A systematic review of qualitative studies. J. Adv. Nurs., 2021, 77(12), 4679-4692.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jan.14960] [PMID: 34258784]

Ashby, D.; Borman, N.; Burton, J.; Corbett, R.; Davenport, A.; Farrington, K.; Flowers, K.; Fotheringham, J.; Andrea, F.R.N.; Franklin, G.; Gardiner, C.; Martin, G.R.N.; Greenwood, S.; Hothi, D.; Khares, A.; Koufaki, P.; Levy, J.; Lindley, E.; Macdonald, J.; Mafrici, B.; Mooney, A.; Tattersall, J.; Tyerman, K.; Villar, E.; Wilkie, M. Renal association clinical practice guideline on haemodialysis. BMC Nephrol., 2019, 20(1), 379.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12882-019-1527-3] [PMID: 31623578]

Andrassy, K.M. Comments on ‘KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease’. Kidney Int., 2013, 84(3), 622-623.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.243] [PMID: 23989362]

Arazi, H.; Mohabbat, M.; Saidie, P.; Falahati, A.; Suzuki, K. Effects of different types of exercise on kidney diseases. Sports, 2022, 10(3), 42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports10030042] [PMID: 35324651]

Hart, A.; Johansen, K.L. Cardiovascular protection and mounting evidence for the benefits of intradialytic exercise. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2019, 34(11), 1816-1818.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfz038] [PMID: 30830221]

Nakamura, T.N.; Horikawa, N.; Oka, F.; Igarashi, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Kato, S.; Enomoto, T.; Kimura, H.; Watanabe, Y.; Kumada, T.; Matsuyama, K.; Matsuoka, N.; Yoshimasu, H. Quasi-cluster randomized trial of a six-month low-intensity group-based resistance exercise for hemodialysis patients on depression and cognitive function: A 12-month follow-up. Health Psychol. Behav. Med., 2021, 9(1), 741-760.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2021.1966302] [PMID: 34484975]

Zhang, F.; Huang, L.; Wang, W.; Shen, Q.; Zhang, H. Effect of intradialytic progressive resistance exercise on physical fitness and quality of life in maintenance haemodialysis patients. Nurs. Open, 2020, 7(6), 1945-1953.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nop2.585] [PMID: 33072380]

Exel, A.L.; Lima, P.S.; Urtado, C.B.; Dibai, F.A.V.; Vilanova, C.L.; Sabino, E.F.P.; Cunha, T.M.; De Farias, F.F.T.; De Miranda, C.T.; Da Silva, R.S.; Bassi, D.D. Effectiveness of a resistance exercise program for lower limbs in chronic renal patients on HD: A randomized controlled trial. Hemodial. Int., 2021. [EPpub ahead of Print]

Grigoriou, S.S.; Krase, A.A.; Karatzaferi, C.; Giannaki, C.D.; Lavdas, E.; Mitrou, G.I.; Bloxham, S.; Stefanidis, I.; Sakkas, G.K. Long-term intradialytic hybrid exercise training on fatigue symptoms in patients receiving hemodialysis therapy. Int. Urol. Nephrol., 2021, 53(4), 771-784.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11255-020-02711-8] [PMID: 33387217]

Suhardjono; Umami, V.; Tedjasukmana, D.; Setiati, S. The effect of intradialytic exercise twice a week on the physical capacity, inflammation, and nutritional status of dialysis patients: A randomized controlled trial. Hemodial. Int., 2019, 23(4), 486-493.

Cardoso, R.K.; Araujo, A.M.; Del Vechio, F.B.; Bohlke, M.; Barcellos, F.C.; Oses, J.P.; De Freitas, M.P.; Rombaldi, A.J. Intradialytic exercise with blood flow restriction is more effective than conventional exercise in improving walking endurance in hemodialysis patients: A randomized controlled trial. Clin. Rehabil., 2020, 34(1), 91-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215519880235] [PMID: 31603002]

Song, Y.; Hu, R.; Diao, Y.; Chen, L.; Jiang, X. Effects of exercise training on restless legs syndrome, depression, sleep quality, and fatigue among hemodialysis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Pain Symptom Manage., 2018, 55(4), 1184-1195.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.12.472] [PMID: 29247753]

Rochmawati, E.; Utomo, E.K.; Makiyah, S.N.N. Improving dialysis adequacy and quality of life in patients undergoing hemodialysis with twice a week range of motion exercise. Ther. Apher. Dial., 2022, 26(1), 140-146.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13701] [PMID: 34129271]

Regolisti, G.; Sabatino, A.; Fiaccadori, E. Exercise in patients on chronic hemodialysis: Current evidence, knowledge gaps and future perspectives. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 2020, 23(3), 181-189.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000656] [PMID: 32235267]

Deligiannis, A.; D’Alessandro, C.; Cupisti, A. Exercise training in dialysis patients: Impact on cardiovascular and skeletal muscle health. Clin. Kidney J., 2021, 14(Suppl. 2), ii25-ii33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa273] [PMID: 33981417]

Kir, S. Kirhan, İ.; Dilek, M. Prevalence of sleep disorders and related factors in individuals undergoing HD. Cogn. Behav. Neurol., 2021, 34(3), 161-169.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061571] [PMID: 32178231]

Lin, C.H.; Hsu, Y.J.; Hsu, P.H.; Lee, Y.L.; Lin, C.H.; Lee, M.S.; Chiang, S.L. Effects of intradialytic exercise on dialytic parameters, health-related quality of life, and depression status in hemodialysis patients: A randomized controlled trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2021, 18(17), 9205.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179205] [PMID: 34501792]

Pu, J.; Jiang, Z.; Wu, W.; Li, L.; Zhang, L.; Li, Y.; Liu, Q.; Ou, S. Efficacy and safety of intradialytic exercise in haemodialysis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 2019, 9(1), e020633.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020633] [PMID: 30670499]

Bernier, J.A.; Beruni, N.A.; Bondonno, N.P.; Williams, G.; Teixeira, P.A.; Craig, J.C.; Wong, G. Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2022, 1(1) CD014653. PMID: 35018639.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179205] [PMID: 34501792]

Wu, Y.H.; Hsu, Y.J.; Tzeng, W.C. Correlation between physical activity and psychological distress in patients receiving hemodialysis with comorbidities: A cross-sectional study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2022, 19(7), 3972.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073972] [PMID: 35409654]

Rhee, S.Y.; Song, J.K.; Hong, S.C.; Choi, J.W.; Jeon, H.J.; Shin, D.H.; Ji, E.H.; Choi, E.H.; Lee, J.; Kim, A.; Choi, S.W.; Oh, J. Intradialytic exercise improves physical function and reduces intradialytic hypotension and depression in hemodialysis patients. Korean J. Intern. Med. (Korean. Assoc. Intern. Med.), 2019, 34(3), 588-598.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2017.020] [PMID: 28838226]

Wodskou, P.M.; Reinhardt, S.M.; Andersen, M.B.; Molsted, S.; Schou, L.H. Motivation, barriers, and suggestions for intradialytic exercises—A qualitative study among patients and nurses. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2021, 18(19) 10494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910494 PMID: 34639794.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jan.14960] [PMID: 34258784]

Wilund, K.R.; Jeong, J.H.; Greenwood, S.A. Addressing myths about exercise in hemodialysis patients. Semin. Dial., 2019, 32(4), 297-302.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sdi.12815] [PMID: 31025450]

Ribeiro, H.S.; Cunha, V.A.; Baiao, V.M.; Almeida, L.S.; Dourado, G.Í.; Carvalho, H.L.; Duarte, M.P.; Inda, F.A.; Viana, J.L.; Nóbrega, O.T.; Ferreira, A.P. Intradialytic isometric handgrip exercise does not cause hemodynamic instability: A randomized, CROSS OVER, pilot study. Ther. Apher. Dial., 2021, 25(3) 282-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13581 PMID: 32829526
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz159] [PMID: 33959263]

Michou, V.; Kouidi, E.; Liakopoulos, V.; Dounousi, E.; Deligiannis, A. Attitudes of HD patients, medical and nursing staff towards patients’ physical activity. Int. Urol. Nephrol., 2019, 51(7), 1249-1260.