Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Neuropharmacology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-159X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6190

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Does the Brain Matter? Cortical Alterations in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: A Critical Review of Structural and Functional Magnetic Resonance Studies

Author(s): Mario Luciano*, Matteo Di Vincenzo, Emiliana Mancuso, Niccolò Marafioti, Arcangelo Di Cerbo, Vincenzo Giallonardo, Gaia Sampogna and Andrea Fiorillo

Volume 21, Issue 6, 2023

Published on: 02 March, 2023

Page: [1302 - 1318] Pages: 17

DOI: 10.2174/1570159X20666220927114417

Price: $65

Abstract

Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) is associated with significant psychosocial impairment, high use of mental health services and a high number of relapses and hospitalization. Neuroimaging techniques provide the opportunity to study the neurodevelopmental processes underlying PBD, helping to identify the endophenotypic markers of illness and early biological markers of PBD. The aim of the study is to review available studies assessing structural and functional brain correlates associated with PBD. PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and PsychINFO databases have been searched. Studies were included if they enrolled patients aged 0-18 years with a main diagnosis of PBD according to ICD or DSM made by a mental health professional, adopted structural and/or functional magnetic resonance as the main neuroimaging method, were written in English and included a comparison with healthy subjects. Of the 400 identified articles, 46 papers were included. Patients with PBD present functional and anatomic alterations in structures normally affecting regulations and cognition. Structural neuroimaging revealed a significant reduction in gray matter, with cortical thinning in bilateral frontal, parietal and occipital cortices. Functional neuroimaging studies reported a reduced engagement of the frontolimbic and hyperactivation of the frontostriatal circuitry. Available studies on brain connectivity in PBD patients potentially indicate less efficient connections between regions involved in cognitive and emotional functions. A greater functional definition of alteration in brain functioning of PBD patients will be useful to set up a developmentally sensitive targeted pharmacological and nonpharmacological intervention.

Keywords: Pediatric bipolar disorder, functional magnetic resonance, structural magnetic resonance, brain, functional connectivity, MRI

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Pavuluri, M.N.; Birmaher, B.; Naylor, M.W. Pediatric bipolar disorder: A review of the past 10 years. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2005, 44(9), 846-871.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000170554.23422.c1] [PMID: 16113615]
[2]
Adleman, N.E.; Barnea-Goraly, N.; Chang, K.D. Review of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy studies in children with bipolar disorder. Expert Rev. Neurother., 2004, 4(1), 69-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737175.4.1.69] [PMID: 15853617]
[3]
Wozniak, J.; Biederman, J.; Richards, J.A. Diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas in the management of pediatric-onset bipolar disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2001, 62(Suppl. 14), 10-15.
[PMID: 11469669]
[4]
Perris, F; Fabrazzo, M; De Santis, V Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizotypal personality disorder: Clinical response and treatment resistance to pharmacotherapy in a 3-year follow-up naturalistic study. Front. Psychiatry, 2019, 10, 386.
[5]
Tortorella, A.; Fabrazzo, M.; Monteleone, A.M.; Steardo, L.; Monteleone, P. The role of drug therapies in the treatment of anorexia and bulimia nervosa: A review of the literature. J. Psychopathology, 2014, 20, 50-65.
[6]
Geller, B.; Bolhofner, K.; Craney, J.L.; Williams, M.; Delbello, M.P.; Gundersen, K. Psychosocial functioning in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2000, 39(12), 1543-1548.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200012000-00018] [PMID: 11128332]
[7]
Singh, M.K.; DelBello, M.P.; Kowatch, R.A.; Strakowski, S.M. Co-occurrence of bipolar and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders in children. Bipolar Disord., 2006, 8(6), 710-720.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00391.x] [PMID: 17156157]
[8]
Fabrazzo, M.; Monteleone, P.; Prisco, V.; Perris, F.; Catapano, F.; Tortorella, A.; Monteleone, A.M.; Steardo, L.; Maj, M. Olanzapine is faster than haloperidol in inducing metabolic abnormalities in schizophrenic and bipolar patients. Neuropsychobiology, 2015, 72(1), 29-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000437430] [PMID: 26337616]
[9]
Leibenluft, E. Rich, BA Pediatric bipolar disorder. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol., 2008, 4(1), 163-187.
[10]
Wilens, T.E.; Biederman, J.; Forkner, P.; Ditterline, J.; Morris, M.; Moore, H.; Galdo, M.; Spencer, T.J.; Wozniak, J. Patterns of comorbidity and dysfunction in clinically referred preschool and school-age children with bipolar disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol., 2003, 13(4), 495-505.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/104454603322724887] [PMID: 14977462]
[11]
Axelson, D.; Birmaher, B.; Strober, M.; Gill, M.K.; Valeri, S.; Chiappetta, L.; Ryan, N.; Leonard, H.; Hunt, J.; Iyengar, S.; Bridge, J.; Keller, M. Phenomenology of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2006, 63(10), 1139-1148.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.10.1139] [PMID: 17015816]
[12]
Correll, C.U.; Cortese, S.; Croatto, G.; Monaco, F.; Krinitski, D.; Arrondo, G.; Ostinelli, E.G.; Zangani, C.; Fornaro, M.; Estradé, A.; Fusar-Poli, P.; Carvalho, A.F.; Solmi, M. Efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological, psychosocial, and brain stimulation interventions in children and adolescents with mental disorders: An umbrella review. World Psychiatry, 2021, 20(2), 244-275.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20881] [PMID: 34002501]
[13]
Frazier, J.A.; Ahn, M.S.; DeJong, S.; Bent, E.K.; Breeze, J.L.; Giuliano, A.J. Magnetic resonance imaging studies in early-onset bipolar disorder: A critical review. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry, 2005, 13(3), 125-140.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10673220591003597] [PMID: 16020026]
[14]
Volkow, N.D.; Torrens, M.; Poznyak, V.; Sáenz, E.; Busse, A.; Kashino, W.; Krupchanka, D.; Kestel, D.; Campello, G.; Gerra, G. Managing dual disorders: A statement by the Informal Scientific Network, UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs. World Psychiatry, 2020, 19(3), 396-397.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20796] [PMID: 32931124]
[15]
McCutcheon, R.A.; Merritt, K.; Howes, O.D. Dopamine and glutamate in individuals at high risk for psychosis: A meta‐analysis of in vivo imaging findings and their variability compared to controls. World Psychiatry, 2021, 20(3), 405-416.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20893] [PMID: 34505389]
[16]
Sepede, G.; De Berardis, D.; Campanella, D.; Perrucci, M.G.; Ferretti, A.; Salerno, R.M.; Di Giannantonio, M.; Romani, G.L.; Gambi, F. Neural correlates of negative emotion processing in bipolar disorder. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2015, 60, 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.01.016] [PMID: 25661850]
[17]
Vellante, F.; Ferri, F.; Baroni, G.; Croce, P.; Migliorati, D.; Pettoruso, M.; De Berardis, D.; Martinotti, G.; Zappasodi, F.; Giannantonio, M.D. Euthymic bipolar disorder patients and EEG microstates: A neural signature of their abnormal self experience? J. Affect. Disord., 2020, 272, 326-334.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.175] [PMID: 32553374]
[18]
Sepede, G.; De Berardis, D.; Campanella, D.; Perrucci, M.G.; Ferretti, A.; Serroni, N.; Moschetta, F.S.; Del Gratta, C.; Salerno, R.M.; Ferro, F.M.; Di Giannantonio, M.; Onofrj, M.; Romani, G.L.; Gambi, F. Impaired sustained attention in euthymic bipolar disorder patients and non-affected relatives: An fMRI study. Bipolar Disord., 2012, 14(7), 764-779.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12007] [PMID: 23036083]
[19]
Sepede, G.; Chiacchiaretta, P.; Gambi, F.; Di Iorio, G.; De Berardis, D.; Ferretti, A.; Perrucci, M.G.; Di Giannantonio, M. Bipolar disorder with and without a history of psychotic features: FMRI correlates of sustained attention. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2020, 98, 109817.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109817] [PMID: 31756418]
[20]
Brooks, J.O., III; Vizueta, N. Diagnostic and clinical implications of functional neuroimaging in bipolar disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2014, 57, 12-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.05.018] [PMID: 25015683]
[21]
Shah, J.L.; Scott, J.; McGorry, P.D.; Cross, S.P.M.; Keshavan, M.S.; Nelson, B.; Wood, S.J.; Marwaha, S.; Yung, A.R.; Scott, E.M.; Öngür, D.; Conus, P.; Henry, C.; Hickie, I.B. Transdiagnostic clinical staging in youth mental health: A first international consensus statement. World Psychiatry, 2020, 19(2), 233-242.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20745] [PMID: 32394576]
[22]
Gao, W.; Jiao, Q.; Qi, R.; Zhong, Y.; Lu, D.; Xiao, Q.; Lu, S.; Xu, C.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, X.; Yang, F.; Lu, G.; Su, L. Combined analyses of gray matter voxel-based morphometry and white matter tract-based spatial statistics in pediatric bipolar mania. J. Affect. Disord., 2013, 150(1), 70-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.021] [PMID: 23477846]
[23]
Gao, W.; Cui, D.; Jiao, Q.; Su, L.; Yang, R.; Lu, G. Brain structural alterations in pediatric bipolar disorder patients with and without psychotic symptoms. J. Affect. Disord., 2021, 286(1), 87-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.077] [PMID: 33714175]
[24]
Chang, K.; Adleman, N.E.; Dienes, K.; Simeonova, D.I.; Menon, V.; Reiss, A. Anomalous prefrontal-subcortical activation in familial pediatric bipolar disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2004, 61(8), 781-792.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.61.8.781] [PMID: 15289277]
[25]
Blumberg, HP; Leung, H-C; Skudlarski, P A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of bipolar disorder: State- and trait-related dysfunction in ventral prefrontal cortices. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2003, 60(6), 601.
[26]
Gogtay, N.; Ordonez, A.; Herman, D.H.; Hayashi, K.M.; Greenstein, D.; Vaituzis, C.; Lenane, M.; Clasen, L.; Sharp, W.; Giedd, J.N.; Jung, D.; Nugent, T.F., III; Toga, A.W.; Leibenluft, E.; Thompson, P.M.; Rapoport, J.L. Dynamic mapping of cortical development before and after the onset of pediatric bipolar illness. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 2007, 48(9), 852-862.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01747.x] [PMID: 17714370]
[27]
Adleman, N.E.; Fromm, S.J.; Razdan, V.; Kayser, R.; Dickstein, D.P.; Brotman, M.A.; Pine, D.S.; Leibenluft, E. Cross-sectional and longitudinal abnormalities in brain structure in children with severe mood dysregulation or bipolar disorder. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 2012, 53(11), 1149-1156.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02568.x] [PMID: 22650379]
[28]
Frazier, J.A.; Breeze, J.L.; Makris, N.; Giuliano, A.S.; Herbert, M.R.; Seidman, L.; Biederman, J.; Hodge, S.M.; Dieterich, M.E.; Gerstein, E.D.; Kennedy, D.N.; Rauch, S.L.; Cohen, B.M.; Caviness, V.S. Cortical gray matter differences identified by structural magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord., 2005, 7(6), 555-569.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00258.x] [PMID: 16403181]
[29]
James, A.; Hough, M.; James, S.; Burge, L.; Winmill, L.; Nijhawan, S.; Matthews, P.M.; Zarei, M. Structural brain and neuropsychometric changes associated with pediatric bipolar disorder with psychosis. Bipolar Disord., 2011, 13(1), 16-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00891.x] [PMID: 21320249]
[30]
Simonetti, A.; Kurian, S.; Saxena, J.; Verrico, C.D.; Restaino, A.; Di Nicola, M.; Soares, J.C.; Sani, G.; Saxena, K. Cortical correlates of impulsive aggressive behavior in pediatric bipolar disorder. Front. Psychiatry, 2021, 12, 674707.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.674707] [PMID: 34366914]
[31]
Cabeen, R.P.; Laidlaw, D.H.; Ruggieri, A.; Dickstein, D.P. Preliminary mapping of the structural effects of age in pediatric bipolar disorder with multimodal MR imaging. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging, 2018, 273, 54-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.12.006] [PMID: 29361347]
[32]
Wilke, M.; Kowatch, R.A.; DelBello, M.P.; Mills, N.P.; Holland, S.K. Voxel-based morphometry in adolescents with bipolar disorder: First results. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging, 2004, 131(1), 57-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.01.004] [PMID: 15246455]
[33]
Xiao, Q.; Zhong, Y.; Jiao, Q.; Lu, G.; Su, Y. Gray matter voxel-based morphometry in mania and remission states of children with bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord., 2020, 268, 47-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.02.042] [PMID: 32158006]
[34]
Dickstein, D.P.; Milham, M.P.; Nugent, A.C.; Drevets, W.C.; Charney, D.S.; Pine, D.S.; Leibenluft, E. Frontotemporal alterations in pediatric bipolar disorder: Results of a voxel-based morphometry study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2005, 62(7), 734-741.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.7.734] [PMID: 15997014]
[35]
Baloch, H.A.; Hatch, J.P.; Olvera, R.L.; Nicoletti, M.; Caetano, S.C.; Zunta-Soares, G.B.; Soares, J.C. Morphology of the subgenual prefrontal cortex in pediatric bipolar disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2010, 44(15), 1106-1110.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.04.005] [PMID: 20488457]
[36]
Sanches, M.; Sassi, R.B.; Axelson, D.; Nicoletti, M.; Brambilla, P.; Hatch, J.P.; Keshavan, M.S.; Ryan, N.D.; Birmaher, B.; Soares, J.C. Subgenual prefrontal cortex of child and adolescent bipolar patients: A morphometric magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging, 2005, 138(1), 43-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.11.004] [PMID: 15708300]
[37]
Fernandes, H.M.; Cabral, J.; van Hartevelt, T.J.; Lord, L.D.; Gleesborg, C.; Møller, A.; Deco, G.; Whybrow, P.C.; Petrovic, P.; James, A.C.; Kringelbach, M.L. Disrupted brain structural connectivity in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder with psychosis. Sci. Rep., 2019, 9(1), 13638.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50093-4] [PMID: 31541155]
[38]
Kuang, L.; Cui, D.; Jiao, Q.; Guo, Y.; Cao, W.; Gao, W.; Qiu, J.; Su, L.; Lu, G. Alterations of cognition and cerebral ventricle volume in manic and euthymic pediatric bipolar disorder. Front. Psychiatry, 2020, 11, 593629.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.593629] [PMID: 33381058]
[39]
Krueger, R.F.; Hobbs, K.A.; Conway, C.C.; Dick, D.M.; Dretsch, M.N.; Eaton, N.R.; Forbes, M.K.; Forbush, K.T.; Keyes, K.M.; Latzman, R.D.; Michelini, G.; Patrick, C.J.; Sellbom, M.; Slade, T.; South, S.C.; Sunderland, M.; Tackett, J.; Waldman, I.; Waszczuk, M.A.; Wright, A.G.C.; Zald, D.H.; Watson, D.; Kotov, R. Validity and utility of hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP): II. Externalizing superspectrum. World Psychiatry, 2021, 20(2), 171-193.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20844] [PMID: 34002506]
[40]
Cui, D.; Guo, Y.; Cao, W.; Gao, W.; Qiu, J.; Su, L.; Jiao, Q.; Lu, G. Correlation between decreased amygdala subnuclei volumes and impaired cognitive functions in pediatric bipolar disorder. Front. Psychiatry, 2020, 11, 612.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00612] [PMID: 32670120]
[41]
Frazier, J.A.; Chiu, S.; Breeze, J.L.; Makris, N.; Lange, N.; Kennedy, D.N.; Herbert, M.R.; Bent, E.K.; Koneru, V.K.; Dieterich, M.E.; Hodge, S.M.; Rauch, S.L.; Grant, P.E.; Cohen, B.M.; Seidman, L.J.; Caviness, V.S.; Biederman, J. Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging of limbic and thalamic volumes in pediatric bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2005, 162(7), 1256-1265.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1256] [PMID: 15994707]
[42]
Ahn, M.S.; Breeze, J.L.; Makris, N.; Kennedy, D.N.; Hodge, S.M.; Herbert, M.R.; Seidman, L.J.; Biederman, J.; Caviness, V.S.; Frazier, J.A. Anatomic brain magnetic resonance imaging of the basal ganglia in pediatric bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord., 2007, 104(1-3), 147-154.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.04.015] [PMID: 17532475]
[43]
Pavuluri, M.N.; Yang, S.; Kamineni, K.; Passarotti, A.M.; Srinivasan, G.; Harral, E.M.; Sweeney, J.A.; Zhou, X.J. Diffusion tensor imaging study of white matter fiber tracts in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry, 2009, 65(7), 586-593.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.015] [PMID: 19027102]
[44]
Saxena, K.; Tamm, L.; Walley, A.; Simmons, A.; Rollins, N.; Chia, J.; Soares, J.C.; Emslie, G.J.; Fan, X.; Huang, H. A preliminary investigation of corpus callosum and anterior commissure aberrations in aggressive youth with bipolar disorders. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol., 2012, 22(2), 112-119.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cap.2011.0063] [PMID: 22375854]
[45]
Teixeira, A.M.A.; Kleinman, A.; Zanetti, M.; Jackowski, M.; Duran, F.; Pereira, F.; Lafer, B.; Busatto, G.F.; Caetano, S.C. Preserved white matter in unmedicated pediatric bipolar disorder. Neurosci. Lett., 2014, 579, 41-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2014.06.061] [PMID: 25017827]
[46]
Yang, H.; Lu, L.H.; Wu, M.; Stevens, M.; Wegbreit, E.; Fitzgerald, J.; Levitan, B.; Shankman, S.; Pavuluri, M.N. Time course of recovery showing initial prefrontal cortex changes at 16 weeks, extending to subcortical changes by 3 years in pediatric bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord., 2013, 150(2), 571-577.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.007] [PMID: 23517886]
[47]
Pavuluri, M.N.; Passarotti, A. Neural bases of emotional processing in pediatric bipolar disorder. Expert Rev. Neurother., 2008, 8(9), 1381-1387.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737175.8.9.1381] [PMID: 18759550]
[48]
Lopez-Larson, M.P.; Shah, L.M.; Weeks, H.R.; King, J.B.; Mallik, A.K.; Yurgelun-Todd, D.A.; Anderson, J.S. Abnormal functional connectivity between default and salience networks in pediatric bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging, 2017, 2(1), 85-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.10.001] [PMID: 29560889]
[49]
Zhang, X.; Gao, W.; Cao, W.; Kuang, L.; Niu, J.; Guo, Y.; Cui, D.; Jiao, Q.; Qiu, J.; Su, L.; Lu, G. Pallidal volume reduction and prefrontal-striatal-thalamic functional connectivity disruption in pediatric bipolar disorders. J. Affect. Disord., 2022, 301, 281-288.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.049] [PMID: 35031334]
[50]
Lu, D.; Jiao, Q.; Zhong, Y.; Gao, W.; Xiao, Q.; Liu, X.; Lin, X.; Cheng, W.; Luo, L.; Xu, C.; Lu, G.; Su, L. Altered baseline brain activity in children with bipolar disorder during mania state: A resting-state study. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., 2014, 10, 317-323.
[PMID: 24570585]
[51]
Guo, Y.; Wang, J.; Jiao, Q.; Cao, W.; Cui, D.; Gao, W.; Qiu, J.; Su, L.; Lu, G. Altered spatiotemporal consistency of corticolimbic circuitry in euthymic pediatric bipolar disorder. Brain Imaging Behav., 2021, 15(3), 1290-1299.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11682-020-00327-1] [PMID: 32712799]
[52]
Gao, W.; Jiao, Q.; Lu, S.; Zhong, Y.; Qi, R.; Lu, D.; Xiao, Q.; Yang, F.; Lu, G.; Su, L. Alterations of regional homogeneity in pediatric bipolar depression: A resting-state fMRI study. BMC Psychiatry, 2014, 14(1), 222.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-014-0222-y] [PMID: 25095790]
[53]
Xiao, Q.; Zhong, Y.; Lu, D.; Gao, W.; Jiao, Q.; Lu, G.; Su, L. Altered regional homogeneity in pediatric bipolar disorder during manic state: A resting-state fMRI study. PLoS One, 2013, 8(3), e57978.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057978] [PMID: 23526961]
[54]
Dickstein, D.P.; Finger, E.C.; Skup, M.; Pine, D.S.; Blair, J.R.; Leibenluft, E. Altered neural function in pediatric bipolar disorder during reversal learning. Bipolar Disord., 2010, 12(7), 707-719.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00863.x] [PMID: 21040288]
[55]
Xiao, Q.; Cui, D.; Jiao, Q.; Zhong, Y.; Cao, W.; Lu, G.; Su, L. Altered regional homogeneity in pediatric bipolar disorder during manic and euthymic state: A resting-state fMRI study. Brain Imaging Behav., 2019, 13(6), 1789-1798.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11682-019-00117-4] [PMID: 31123970]
[56]
Gao, W.; Cui, D.; Jiao, Q. Altered spatiotemporal consistency in pediatric bipolar disorder patients with and without psychotic symptoms. BMC Psychiatry, 2021, 21(1), 506.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03524-4]
[57]
Guo, Y.B.; Gao, W.J.; Long, Z.L.; Cao, W.F.; Cui, D.; Guo, Y.X.; Jiao, Q.; Qiu, J.F.; Su, L.Y.; Lu, G.M. Shared and specific patterns of structural and functional thalamo-frontal disturbances in manic and euthymic pediatric bipolar disorder. Brain Imaging Behav., 2021, 15(5), 2671-2680.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11682-021-00539-z] [PMID: 34432228]
[58]
Torrisi, S.; Moody, T.D.; Vizueta, N.; Thomason, M.E.; Monti, M.M.; Townsend, J.D.; Bookheimer, S.Y.; Altshuler, L.L. Differences in resting corticolimbic functional connectivity in bipolar I euthymia. Bipolar Disord., 2013, 15(2), 156-166.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12047] [PMID: 23347587]
[59]
Calhoun, V.D.; Maciejewski, P.K.; Pearlson, G.D.; Kiehl, K.A. Temporal lobe and “default” hemodynamic brain modes discriminate between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Hum. Brain Mapp., 2008, 29(11), 1265-1275.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20463] [PMID: 17894392]
[60]
Menon, V. Brain networks and cognitive impairment in psychiatric disorders. World Psychiatry, 2020, 19(3), 309-310.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20799] [PMID: 32931097]
[61]
Cao, W.; Chen, H.; Jiao, Q.; Cui, D.; Guo, Y.; Gao, W.; Qiu, J.; Su, L.; Lu, G. Altered functional integration in the salience and default mode networks in euthymic pediatric bipolar disorder. Neural Plast., 2020, 2020, 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5853701] [PMID: 33133177]
[62]
Passarotti, A.M.; Ellis, J.; Wegbreit, E.; Stevens, M.C.; Pavuluri, M.N. Reduced functional connectivity of prefrontal regions and amygdala within affect and working memory networks in pediatric bipolar disorder. Brain Connect., 2012, 2(6), 320-334.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/brain.2012.0089] [PMID: 23035965]
[63]
Passarotti, A.M.; Sweeney, J.A.; Pavuluri, M.N. Differential engagement of cognitive and affective neural systems in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc., 2010, 16(1), 106-117.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355617709991019] [PMID: 19849880]
[64]
Wegbreit, E.; Ellis, J.A.; Nandam, A.; Fitzgerald, J.M.; Passarotti, A.M.; Pavuluri, M.N.; Stevens, M.C. Amygdala functional connectivity predicts pharmacotherapy outcome in pediatric bipolar disorder. Brain Connect., 2011, 1(5), 411-422.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/brain.2011.0035] [PMID: 22432455]
[65]
Garrett, A.S.; Reiss, A.L.; Howe, M.E.; Kelley, R.G.; Singh, M.K.; Adleman, N.E.; Karchemskiy, A.; Chang, K.D. Abnormal amygdala and prefrontal cortex activation to facial expressions in pediatric bipolar disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2012, 51(8), 821-831.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.06.005] [PMID: 22840553]
[66]
Pavuluri, M.N.; Passarotti, A.M.; Harral, E.M.; Sweeney, J.A. An fMRI study of the neural correlates of incidental versus directed emotion processing in pediatric bipolar disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2009, 48(3), 308-319.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181948fc7] [PMID: 19242292]
[67]
Pavuluri, M.N.; O’Connor, M.M.; Harral, E.M.; Sweeney, J.A. An fMRI study of the interface between affective and cognitive neural circuitry in pediatric bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging, 2008, 162(3), 244-255.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.10.003] [PMID: 18294820]
[68]
Rich, B.A.; Fromm, S.J.; Berghorst, L.H.; Dickstein, D.P.; Brotman, M.A.; Pine, D.S.; Leibenluft, E. Neural connectivity in children with bipolar disorder: Impairment in the face emotion processing circuit. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 2008, 49(1), 88-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01819.x] [PMID: 18181882]
[69]
Xiao, Q.; Wu, Z.; Hui, X.; Jiao, Q.; Zhong, Y.; Su, L.; Lu, G. Manic and euthymic states in pediatric bipolar disorder patients during an emotional Go/Nogo task: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J. Affect. Disord., 2021, 282, 82-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.105] [PMID: 33401127]
[70]
Xiao, Q.; Wu, Z.; Jiao, Q.; Zhong, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Lu, G. Children with euthymic bipolar disorder during an emotional go/nogo task: Insights into the neural circuits of cognitive-emotional regulation. J. Affect. Disord., 2021, 282, 669-676.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.157] [PMID: 33445090]
[71]
Nelson, E.E.; Vinton, D.T.; Berghorst, L.; Towbin, K.E.; Hommer, R.E.; Dickstein, D.P.; Rich, B.A.; Brotman, M.A.; Pine, D.S.; Leibenluft, E. Brain systems underlying response flexibility in healthy and bipolar adolescents: An event-related fMRI study. Bipolar Disord., 2007, 9(8), 810-819.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00419.x] [PMID: 18076530]
[72]
Passarotti, A.M.; Sweeney, J.A.; Pavuluri, M.N. Neural correlates of response inhibition in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (vol 181, pg 36, 2010). Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging, 2014, 222(3), 172-172.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.03.007]
[73]
Passarotti, A.M.; Sweeney, J.A.; Pavuluri, M.N. Emotion processing influences working memory circuits in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2010, 49(10), 1064-1080.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.07.009] [PMID: 20855051]
[74]
Lee, T.Y.; Kim, M.; Kwon, J.S. Early identification of psychiatric disorders. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 2019, 1192, 341-352.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_18] [PMID: 31705504]
[75]
Lahey, B.B.; Moore, T.M.; Kaczkurkin, A.N.; Zald, D.H. Hierarchical models of psychopathology: Empirical support, implications, and remaining issues. World Psychiatry, 2021, 20(1), 57-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20824] [PMID: 33432749]
[76]
Serafini, G.; Pompili, M.; Borgwardt, S.; Houenou, J.; Geoffroy, P.A.; Jardri, R.; Girardi, P.; Amore, M. Brain changes in early-onset bipolar and unipolar depressive disorders: A systematic review in children and adolescents. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2014, 23(11), 1023-1041.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0614-z] [PMID: 25212880]
[77]
Squeglia, L.M. Alcohol and the developing adolescent brain. World Psychiatry, 2020, 19(3), 393-394.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20786] [PMID: 32931114]
[78]
Otten, M.; Meeter, M. Hippocampal structure and function in individuals with bipolar disorder: A systematic review. J. Affect. Disord., 2015, 174, 113-125.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.001] [PMID: 25496759]
[79]
Fanselow, M.S.; Dong, H.W. Are the dorsal and ventral hippocampus functionally distinct structures? Neuron, 2010, 65(1), 7-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.11.031] [PMID: 20152109]
[80]
DelBello, M.P.; Zimmerman, M.E.; Mills, N.P.; Getz, G.E.; Strakowski, S.M. Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of amygdala and other subcortical brain regions in adolescents with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord., 2004, 6(1), 43-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1399-5618.2003.00087.x] [PMID: 14996140]
[81]
Maj, M.; Stein, D.J.; Parker, G.; Zimmerman, M.; Fava, G.A.; De Hert, M.; Demyttenaere, K.; McIntyre, R.S.; Widiger, T.; Wittchen, H.U. The clinical characterization of the adult patient with depression aimed at personalization of management. World Psychiatry, 2020, 19(3), 269-293.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20771] [PMID: 32931110]
[82]
Kotov, R.; Jonas, K.G.; Carpenter, W.T.; Dretsch, M.N.; Eaton, N.R.; Forbes, M.K.; Forbush, K.T.; Hobbs, K.; Reininghaus, U.; Slade, T.; South, S.C.; Sunderland, M.; Waszczuk, M.A.; Widiger, T.A.; Wright, A.G.C.; Zald, D.H.; Krueger, R.F.; Watson, D. Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): I. Psychosis superspectrum. World Psychiatry, 2020, 19(2), 151-172.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20730] [PMID: 32394571]
[83]
Maj, M.; Os, J.; De Hert, M.; Gaebel, W.; Galderisi, S.; Green, M.F.; Guloksuz, S.; Harvey, P.D.; Jones, P.B.; Malaspina, D.; McGorry, P.; Miettunen, J.; Murray, R.M.; Nuechterlein, K.H.; Peralta, V.; Thornicroft, G.; Winkel, R.; Ventura, J. The clinical characterization of the patient with primary psychosis aimed at personalization of management. World Psychiatry, 2021, 20(1), 4-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20809] [PMID: 33432763]
[84]
McCutcheon, R.A.; Krystal, J.H.; Howes, O.D. Dopamine and glutamate in schizophrenia: Biology, symptoms and treatment. World Psychiatry, 2020, 19(1), 15-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20693] [PMID: 31922684]
[85]
Conforti, R.; Porto, A.M.; Capasso, R.; Cirillo, M.; Fontanella, G.; Salzano, A.; Fabrazzo, M.; Cappabianca, S. Magnetic resonance imaging of a transient splenial lesion of the corpus callosum resolved within a week. Radiography, 2016, 22(1), 97-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2015.03.001]
[86]
Flückiger, C.; Paul, J.; Hilpert, P.; Vîslă, A.; Gómez, P.J.M.; Probst, G.H.; Wampold, B.E. Estimating the reproducibility of psychotherapy effects in mood and anxiety disorders: The possible utility of multicenter trials. World Psychiatry, 2021, 20(3), 445-446.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20901] [PMID: 34505364]
[87]
Barlow, D.H.; Harris, B.A.; Eustis, E.H.; Farchione, T.J. The unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders. World Psychiatry, 2020, 19(2), 245-246.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20748] [PMID: 32394551]
[88]
Hayes, S.C.; Hofmann, S.G. “Third‐wave” cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process‐based approach to intervention in psychiatry. World Psychiatry, 2021, 20(3), 363-375.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20884] [PMID: 34505370]
[89]
Galderisi, S.; Rucci, P.; Mucci, A.; Rossi, A.; Rocca, P.; Bertolino, A.; Aguglia, E.; Amore, M.; Bellomo, A.; Bozzatello, P.; Bucci, P.; Carpiniello, B.; Collantoni, E.; Cuomo, A.; Dell’Osso, L.; Di Fabio, F.; Giannantonio, M.; Gibertoni, D.; Giordano, G.M.; Marchesi, C.; Monteleone, P.; Oldani, L.; Pompili, M.; Roncone, R.; Rossi, R.; Siracusano, A.; Vita, A.; Zeppegno, P.; Maj, M.; Catapano, F.; Piegari, G.; Aiello, C.; Brando, F.; Giuliani, L.; Pietrafesa, D.; Papalino, M.; Mercadante, G.; Di Palo, P.; Barlati, S.; Deste, G.; Valsecchi, P.; Pinna, F.; Olivieri, B.; Manca, D.; Signorelli, M.S.; Fusar Poli, L.; De Berardis, D.; Fraticelli, S.; Corbo, M.; Pallanti, S.; Altamura, M.; Carnevale, R.; Malerba, S.; Calcagno, P.; Zampogna, D.; Corso, A.; Giusti, L.; Salza, A.; Ussorio, D.; Talevi, D.; Socci, V.; Pacitti, F.; Bartolomeis, A.; Gramaglia, C.; Gambaro, E.; Gattoni, E.; Favaro, A.; Tenconi, E.; Meneguzzo, P.; Tonna, M.; Ossola, P.; Gerra, M.L.; Carmassi, C.; Cremone, I.; Carpita, B.; Girardi, N.; Frascarelli, M.; Buzzanca, A.; Brugnoli, R.; Comparelli, A.; Corigliano, V.; Di Lorenzo, G.; Niolu, C.; Ribolsi, M.; Corrivetti, G.; Cascino, G.; Buono, G.; Bolognesi, S.; Fagiolini, A.; Goracci, A.; Bellino, S.; Montemagni, C.; Brasso, C. The interplay among psychopathology, personal resources, context‐related factors and real‐life functioning in schizophrenia: Stability in relationships after 4 years and differences in network structure between recovered and non‐recovered patients. World Psychiatry, 2020, 19(1), 81-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20700] [PMID: 31922687]
[90]
Hasler, G. Understanding mood in mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 2020, 19(1), 56-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20719] [PMID: 31922695]
[91]
Cuijpers, P.; Smit, F.; Furukawa, T.A. Most at‐risk individuals will not develop a mental disorder: The limited predictive strength of risk factors. World Psychiatry, 2021, 20(2), 224-225.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20852] [PMID: 34002526]
[92]
Keshavan, M.; Lizano, P.; Prasad, K. The synaptic pruning hypothesis of schizophrenia: Promises and challenges. World Psychiatry, 2020, 19(1), 110-111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20725] [PMID: 31922664]
[93]
Freedman, R.; Hunter, S.K.; Law, A.J.; Hoffman, M.C. Prenatal prevention of psychiatric illness and childhood development population‐wide. World Psychiatry, 2021, 20(2), 226-227.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20853] [PMID: 34002528]
[94]
Cazala, F.; Suchting, R.; Zeni, C.P.; Bauer, I.E.; Mwangi, B.; Wu, M.J.; Passos, I.C.; Spiker, D.E.; Zunta-Soares, G.B.; Soares, J.C. Effects of valproate on brain volumes in pediatric bipolar disorder: A preliminary study. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging, 2018, 278, 65-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.05.006] [PMID: 29907438]
[95]
Baykara, B.; Inal-Emiroglu, N.; Karabay, N.; Çakmakçı, H.; Cevher, N.; Şentürk Pilan, B.; Alşen, S. Increased hippocampal volumes in lithium treated adolescents with bipolar disorders: A structural MRI study. J. Affect. Disord., 2012, 138(3), 433-439.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.047] [PMID: 22325693]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy