Generic placeholder image

Current Neuropharmacology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-159X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6190

General Review Article

Monoamine-oxidase Type B Inhibitors and Cognitive Functions in Parkinson’s Disease: Beyond the Primary Mechanism of Action

Author(s): Domiziana Rinaldi, Marika Alborghetti, Edoardo Bianchini, Michela Sforza, Silvia Galli and Francesco E. Pontieri*

Volume 21, Issue 5, 2023

Published on: 08 November, 2022

Page: [1214 - 1223] Pages: 10

DOI: 10.2174/1570159X20666220905102144

Price: $65

Abstract

Symptoms of cognitive impairment are rather common since the early stage of Parkinson’s disease (PD); they aggravate with disease progression and may lead to dementia in a significant proportion of cases. Worsening of cognitive symptoms in PD patients depends on the progression of subcortical dopaminergic damage as well as the involvement of other brain neurotransmitter systems in cortical and subcortical regions. Beyond the negative impact on disability and quality of life, the presence and severity of cognitive symptoms may limit adjustments of dopamine replacement therapy along the disease course.

This review focuses on the consequences of the administration of monoamine-oxidase type Binhibitors (MAOB-I) on cognition in PD patients. Two drugs (selegiline and rasagiline) are available for the treatment of motor symptoms of PD as monotherapy or in combination with L-DOPA or dopamine agonists in stable and fluctuating patients; a further drug (safinamide) is usable in fluctuating subjects solely.

The results of available studies indicate differential effects according to disease stage and drug features. In early, non-fluctuating patients, selegiline and rasagiline ameliorated prefrontal executive functions, similarly to other dopaminergic drugs. Benefit on some executive functions was maintained in more advanced, fluctuating patients, despite the tendency of worsening prefrontal inhibitory control activity. Interestingly, high-dose safinamide improved inhibitory control in fluctuating patients. The benefit of high-dose safinamide on prefrontal inhibitory control mechanisms may stem from its dual mechanism of action, allowing reduction of excessive glutamatergic transmission, in turn secondary to increased cortical dopaminergic input.

Keywords: Cognition, Parkinson’s disease, MAOB inhibitors, Rasagiline, Safinamide, Selegiline.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Kalia, L.V.; Lang, A.E. Parkinson’s disease. Lancet, 2015, 386(9996), 896-912.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61393-3] [PMID: 25904081]
[2]
Schapira, A.H.V.; Chaudhuri, K.R.; Jenner, P. Non-motor features of Parkinson disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2017, 18(7), 435-450.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.62] [PMID: 28592904]
[3]
Poewe, W.; Seppi, K.; Tanner, C.M.; Halliday, G.M.; Brundin, P.; Volkmann, J.; Schrag, A.E.; Lang, A.E. Parkinson disease. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers, 2017, 3(1), 17013.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.13] [PMID: 28332488]
[4]
Hiseman, J.P.; Fackrell, R. Caregiver burden and the nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Int. Rev. Neurobiol., 2017, 133, 479-497.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.035] [PMID: 28802929]
[5]
Aarsland, D.; Brønnick, K.; Fladby, T. Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep., 2011, 11(4), 371-378.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11910-011-0203-1] [PMID: 21487730]
[6]
Kudlicka, A.; Clare, L.; Hindle, J.V. Executive functions in Parkinson’s disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov. Disord., 2011, 26(13), 2305-2315.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.23868] [PMID: 21971697]
[7]
Emre, M. Dementia in Parkinson’s disease: Cause and treatment. Curr. Opin. Neurol., 2004, 17(4), 399-404.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wco.0000137529.30750.ab] [PMID: 15247534]
[8]
Aarsland, D.; Creese, B.; Politis, M.; Chaudhuri, K.R. ffytche, D.H.; Weintraub, D.; Ballard, C. Cognitive decline in Parkinson disease. Nat. Rev. Neurol., 2017, 13(4), 217-231.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2017.27] [PMID: 28257128]
[9]
Matsumoto, M. Dopamine signals and physiological origin of cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord., 2015, 30(4), 472-483.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.26177] [PMID: 25773863]
[10]
McGuigan, S.; Zhou, S.H.; Brosnan, M.B.; Thyagarajan, D.; Bellgrove, M.A.; Chong, T.T.J. Dopamine restores cognitive motivation in Parkinson’s disease. Brain, 2019, 142(3), 719-732.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy341] [PMID: 30689734]
[11]
Pillon, B.; Czernecki, V.; Dubois, B. Dopamine and cognitive function. Curr. Opin. Neurol., 2003, 16(Suppl. 2), S17-S22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019052-200312002-00004] [PMID: 15129846]
[12]
Chaudhuri, K.R.; Healy, D.G.; Schapira, A.H.V. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: Diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurol., 2006, 5(3), 235-245.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70373-8] [PMID: 16488379]
[13]
Armstrong, M.J.; Okun, M.S. Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease. JAMA, 2020, 323(6), 548-560.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.22360] [PMID: 32044947]
[14]
Braak, H.; Tredici, K.D.; Rüb, U.; de Vos, R.A.I.; Jansen Steur, E.N.H.; Braak, E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging, 2003, 24(2), 197-211.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0197-4580(02)00065-9] [PMID: 12498954]
[15]
Buongiorno, M.; Compta, Y.; Martí, M.J. Amyloid-β and τ biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease–dementia. J. Neurol. Sci., 2011, 310(1-2), 25-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2011.06.046] [PMID: 21764078]
[16]
Siepel, F.J.; Brønnick, K.S.; Booij, J.; Ravina, B.M.; Lebedev, A.V.; Pereira, J.B.; Grüner, R.; Aarsland, D. Cognitive executive impairment and dopaminergic deficits in de novo Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord., 2014, 29(14), 1802-1808.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.26051] [PMID: 25284687]
[17]
Bohnen, N.I.; Albin, R.L. The cholinergic system and Parkinson disease. Behav. Brain Res., 2011, 221(2), 564-573.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.048] [PMID: 20060022]
[18]
Liu, A.K.L.; Chang, R.C.C.; Pearce, R.K.B.; Gentleman, S.M. Nucleus basalis of Meynert revisited: Anatomy, history and differential involvement in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neuropathol., 2015, 129(4), 527-540.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-015-1392-5] [PMID: 25633602]
[19]
Bocanegra García, Y.; Trujillo Orrego, N.; Pineda Salazar, D.A. Demencia y deterioro cognitivo leve en la enfermedad de Parkinson: Una revisión. Rev. Neurol., 2014, 59(12), 555-569.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.33588/rn.5912.2014082] [PMID: 25501454]
[20]
Holland, N.; Robbins, T.W.; Rowe, J.B. The role of noradrenaline in cognition and cognitive disorders. Brain, 2021, 144(8), 2243-2256.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab111] [PMID: 33725122]
[21]
Riekkinen, M.; Kejonen, K.; Jäkälä, P.; Soininen, H.; Riekkinen, P., Jr Reduction of noradrenaline impairs attention and dopamine depletion slows responses in Parkinson’s disease. Eur. J. Neurosci., 1998, 10(4), 1429-1435.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00145.x] [PMID: 9749797]
[22]
Ballanger, B.; Strafella, A.P.; van Eimeren, T.; Zurowski, M.; Rusjan, P.M.; Houle, S.; Fox, S.H. Serotonin 2A receptors and visual hallucinations in Parkinson disease. Arch. Neurol., 2010, 67(4), 416-421.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2010.35] [PMID: 20385906]
[23]
Fox, S.H.; Chuang, R.; Brotchie, J.M. Serotonin and Parkinson’s disease: On movement, mood, and madness. Mov. Disord., 2009, 24(9), 1255-1266.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.22473] [PMID: 19412960]
[24]
Cacabelos, R.; Takeda, M.; Winblad, B. The glutamatergic system and neurodegeneration in dementia: Preventive strategies in Alzheimer’s disease. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 1999, 14(1), 3-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199901)14:1<3:AID-GPS897>3.0.CO;2-7] [PMID: 10029935]
[25]
Wesnes, K.A.; Aarsland, D.; Ballard, C.; Londos, E. Memantine improves attention and episodic memory in Parkinson’s disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2015, 30(1), 46-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4109] [PMID: 24737460]
[26]
Bandini, F.; Pierantozzi, M.; Bodis-Wollner, I. The visuo-cognitive and motor effect of amantadine in non-Caucasian patients with Parkinson’s disease. A clinical and electrophysiological study. J. Neural Transm. (Vienna), 2002, 109(1), 41-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s702-002-8235-5] [PMID: 11793161]
[27]
Fox, S.H.; Katzenschlager, R.; Lim, S.Y.; Barton, B.; de Bie, R.M.A.; Seppi, K.; Coelho, M.; Sampaio, C. International Parkinson and movement disorder society evidence-based medicine review: Update on treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord., 2018, 33(8), 1248-1266.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.27372] [PMID: 29570866]
[28]
Widnell, K. Pathophysiology of motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord., 2005, 20(S11)(Suppl. 11), S17-S22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.20459] [PMID: 15822108]
[29]
Cilia, R.; Cereda, E.; Akpalu, A.; Sarfo, F.S.; Cham, M.; Laryea, R.; Obese, V.; Oppon, K.; Del Sorbo, F.; Bonvegna, S.; Zecchinelli, A.L.; Pezzoli, G. Natural history of motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease and the long-duration response to levodopa. Brain, 2020, 143(8), 2490-2501.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa181] [PMID: 32844196]
[30]
Espay, A.J.; Morgante, F.; Merola, A.; Fasano, A.; Marsili, L.; Fox, S.H.; Bezard, E.; Picconi, B.; Calabresi, P.; Lang, A.E. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson disease: Current and evolving concepts. Ann. Neurol., 2018, 84(6), 797-811.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.25364] [PMID: 30357892]
[31]
Wirdefeldt, K.; Odin, P.; Nyholm, D. Levodopa–carbidopa intestinal gel in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review. CNS Drugs, 2016, 30(5), 381-404.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40263-016-0336-5] [PMID: 27138916]
[32]
Jenner, P.; Katzenschlager, R. Apomorphine - pharmacological properties and clinical trials in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2016, 33(Suppl. 1), S13-S21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.12.003] [PMID: 27979722]
[33]
Parkinson Study Group. DATATOP: A multicenter controlled clinical trial in early Parkinson’s disease. Arch. Neurol., 1989, 46(10), 1052-1060.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1989.00520460028009] [PMID: 2508608]
[34]
Sivertsen, B.; Dupont, E.; Mikkelsen, B.; Mogensen, P.; Rasmussen, C.; Boesen, F.; Heinonen, E. Selegiline and levodopa in early or moderately advanced Parkinson’s disease: A double-blind controlled short- and long-term study. Acta Neurol. Scand., 1989, 80, 147-152.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1989.tb01794.x] [PMID: 2515720]
[35]
Parkinson Study Group. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of rasagiline in levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations: The PRESTO study. Arch. Neurol., 2005, 62(2), 241-248.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.62.2.241] [PMID: 15710852]
[36]
Elmer, L.W. Rasagiline adjunct therapy in patients with Parkinson’s disease: Post hoc analyses of the PRESTO and LARGO trials. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2013, 19(11), 930-936.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.06.001] [PMID: 23849501]
[37]
Hattori, N.; Takeda, A.; Takeda, S.; Nishimura, A.; Kato, M.; Mochizuki, H.; Nagai, M.; Takahashi, R. Efficacy and safety of adjunctive rasagiline in Japanese Parkinson’s disease patients with wearing-off phenomena: A phase 2/3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2018, 53, 21-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.04.025] [PMID: 29748109]
[38]
Schapira, A.H.V.; Fox, S.H.; Hauser, R.A.; Jankovic, J.; Jost, W.H.; Kenney, C.; Kulisevsky, J.; Pahwa, R.; Poewe, W.; Anand, R. Assessment of safety and efficacy of safinamide as a levodopa adjunct in patients with Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations. JAMA Neurol., 2017, 74(2), 216-224.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.4467] [PMID: 27942720]
[39]
Borgohain, R.; Szasz, J.; Stanzione, P.; Meshram, C.; Bhatt, M.; Chirilineau, D.; Stocchi, F.; Lucini, V.; Giuliani, R.; Forrest, E.; Rice, P.; Anand, R. Randomized trial of safinamide add‐on to levodopa in Parkinson’s disease with motor fluctuations. Mov. Disord., 2014, 29(2), 229-237.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.25751] [PMID: 24323641]
[40]
Hattori, N.; Tsuboi, Y.; Yamamoto, A.; Sasagawa, Y.; Nomoto, M. Efficacy and safety of safinamide as an add-on therapy to L-DOPA for patients with Parkinson’s disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II/III study. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2020, 75, 17-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.04.012] [PMID: 32446176]
[41]
Gray, R.; Patel, S.; Ives, N.; Rick, C.; Woolley, R.; Muzerengi, S.; Gray, A.; Jenkinson, C.; McIntosh, E.; Wheatley, K.; Williams, A.; Clarke, C.E.; Young, K.; Price, H.; Price, J.; Lambert, A.; Reeve, R.; Sewell, M.; Broome, S.; Williams, A.; Baker, M.; Clarke, C.; Fitzpatrick, R.; Gray, A.; Greenhall, R.; Jenkinson, C.; Mant, D.; McIntosh, E.; Sandercock, P.; Baugent, C.; Crome, P.; Au, P.; Boodell, T.; Cheed, V.C.; Daniels, J.; Dowling, F.; Evans, L.; Hawker, R.; Kaur, S.; Rick, C.; Wheatley, K.; Winkles, N.; Hingley, D.; Sturdy, L.; Wooley, R.; Ottridge, R.; Peto, L.; Hilken, N.; Counsell, C.; Caie, L.; Caslake, R.; Coleman, R.; Crowley, P.; Gerrie, L.; Gordon, J.; Harris, C.; Leslie, V.; MacLeod, M.A.; Taylor, K.; Worth, P.; Barker, R.A.; Forsyth, D.; Halls, M.; Young, J.; Phillips, W.; Manford, M.; Thangarajah, N.; Blake, D.; Prescott, R.; Carr, P.; Cochrane, L.; Rose, A.; McLaren, A.; Drover, M.; Karunaratne, P.; Eady, A.; Wislocka-Kryjak, M.; Ghaus, N.; Grueger, A.; Mallinson, B.; Wihl, G.; Ballantyne, S.; Hutchinson, S.; Lewthwaite, A.; Nicholl, D.; Ritch, A.; Coyle, S.; Hornabrook, R.; Irfan, H.; Poxon, S.; Nath, U.; Davison, J.; Dodds, S.; Robinson, G.; Gray, C.; Fletcher, P.; Morrow, P.; Sliva, M.; Folkes, E.; Gilbert, A.; Hayes, H.; Burrows, E.; Donaldson, S.; Lawrence, J.; Rhind, G.; Baxter, G.; Bell, J.; Gorman, J.; Guptha, S.; Noble, C.; Hindle, J.; Jones, S.; Ohri, P.; Subashchandran, R.; Roberts, E.; Raw, J.; Wadhwa, U.; Aspden, L.; Partington, L.; Vanek, H.; Whone, A.; Barber, R.; Haywood, B.; Heywood, P.; Lewis, H.; O’Sullivan, K.; Prout, K.; Whelan, L.; Medcalf, P.; Sliva, M.; Fuller, G.; Morrish, P.; Wales, E.; Dalziel, J.; Overstall, P.; Bouifraden, K.; Evans, C.; Ward, G.; Matheson, P.; Lockington, T.; Graham, A.; Grimmer, S.F.M.; Sheehan, L.J.; Williams, H.; Hubbard, I.; Walters, R.; Glasspool, R.; Critchley, P.; Abbott, R.; Kendall, B.; Lawden, M.; Lo, N.; Rajaally, Y.; Simpson, B.; Martey, J.; Wray, L.G.; Omar, M.; Sharma, A.; Gale, A.; Phirii, D.; Sekaran, L.; Wijayasiri, S.; Silverdale, M.; Walker, D.; Fleary, H.; Monaghan, A.; Senthil, V.; Reynolds, S.; Chong, M.S.; Diem, D.; Kundu, B.; Arnold, D.; Quinn, N.; Benamer, H.; Billings, J.; Corston, R.; D’Costa, D.; Green, M.; Shuri, J.; Noble, J.M.; Cassidy, T.; Gani, A.; Lawson, R.; Nirubin, A.; Cochius, J.; Dick, D.; Lee, M.; Payne, B.; Roche, M.; Sabanathan, K.; Shields, S.; Hipperson, M.; Reading, F.; Saunders, J.; Harper, G.; Honan, W.; Gill, L.; Stanley, J.; Vernon, N.; Skinner, A.; McCann, P.; Walker, R.; Edmonds, P.; O’Hanlon, S.; Wood, B.; Hand, A.; Robinson, L.; Liddle, J.; Bolam, D.; Raha, S.; Ebebezer, L.; Thompson, S.; Pall, H.; Praamstra, P.; Crouch, R.; Healy, K.; Johnson, M.; Jenkinson, M.; Abdel-Hafiz, A.; Al-Modaris, F.; Dutta, S.; Mallik, T.; Mondal, B.; Roberts, J.; Sinha, S.; Amar, K.; Atkins, S.; Devadason, G.; Martin, A.; Cox, C.; Malone, T.; Fenwick, G.; Gormley, K.; Gutowski, N.; Harris, S.; Harrower, T.; Hemsley, A.; James, M.; Jeffreys, M.O.; Pearce, V.; Sheridan, R.; Sword, J.; Zeman, A.; Soper, C.; Vassallo, J.; Bennett, J.; Lyell, V.; Robertson, D.; Howcroft, D.; Mugweni, K.; Stephens, A.; Whelan, E.; Wright, A.; Chamberlain, J.; Padiachy, D.; Marigold, J.; Lee, J.; Roberts, H.; Adams, J.; Dulay, J.; Evans, S.; Frankel, J.; Gove, R.; Turner, G.; Mallik, N.; McElwaine, T.; Morgan, S.; Phipps, H.; Pressly, V.; Queen, V.; Tan, R.; Grossett, D.; Macphee, G.; Vennard, C.; Rektorova, I.; Dhakam, Z.; Carey, G.; Castledon, B.; Sunderland, C.; Kalcantera, E.; Long, C.; Mandal, B.; Martin, V.; Nari, R.; Nicholas, V.; Moffitt, V.; Hammans, S.; Rice-Oxley, M.; Webb, J.; Franks, S.; Cooper, S.; Hussain, M.; Solanki, T.; Darch, W.; Homan, J.; Sharratt, D.; Griggs, G.; Kendall, G.; Ford, A.; Stocker, K.; Strens, L.; Grubneac, A.; Ponsford, J.; Teare, L.; Moore, A.P.; O’Brien, I.; Watling, D.; Wyatt, L.; Rizvi, S.; Walker, E.; Berry, G.; Russell, N.; Rashed, K.; Baker, K.; Qadiri, M.R.; Buckley, C.; Bulley, S.; Gibbons, D.; Goodland, R.; Heywood, P.; Jones, L.; Martin, L.; Rowland-Axe, R.; Stone, A.; Whittuck, M.R. Long-term effectiveness of adjuvant treatment with catechol-O-methyltransferase or monoamine oxidase B inhibitors compared with dopamine agonists among patients with Parkinson disease uncontrolled by levodopa therapy. JAMA Neurol., 2022, 79(2), 131-140.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.4736] [PMID: 34962574]
[42]
Csanda, E.; Tárczy, M. Selegiline in the early and late phases of Parkinson’s disease. J. Neural Transm. Suppl., 1987, 25, 105-113.
[PMID: 3123597]
[43]
Parkinson Study Group. A controlled trial of rasagiline in early Parkinson disease: The TEMPO Study. Arch. Neurol., 2002, 59(12), 1937-1943.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.59.12.1937] [PMID: 12470183]
[44]
Jankovic, J.; Berkovich, E.; Eyal, E.; Tolosa, E. Symptomatic efficacy of rasagiline monotherapy in early Parkinson’s disease: Post-hoc analyses from the ADAGIO trial. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2014, 20(6), 640-643.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.02.024] [PMID: 24637126]
[45]
Magyar, K. The pharmacology of selegiline. Int. Rev. Neurobiol., 2011, 100, 65-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386467-3.00004-2] [PMID: 21971003]
[46]
Alborghetti, M.; Nicoletti, F. Different generations of type-B monoamine oxidase inhibitors in Parkinson’s disease: From bench to bedside. Curr. Neuropharmacol., 2019, 17(9), 861-873.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X16666180830100754] [PMID: 30160213]
[47]
Hietanen, M.H. Selegiline and cognitive function in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurol. Scand., 1991, 84(5), 407-410.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1991.tb04978.x] [PMID: 1776388]
[48]
Dalrymple-Alford, J.C.; Jamieson, C.F.; Donaldson, I.M. Effects of selegiline (deprenyl) on cognition in early Parkinson’s disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 1995, 18(4), 348-359.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199508000-00007] [PMID: 8665548]
[49]
Murakami, H.; Momma, Y.; Nohara, T.; Mori, Y.; Futamura, A.; Sugita, T.; Ishigaki, S.; Katoh, H.; Kezuka, M.; Ono, K.; Miller, M.W.; Kawamura, M. Improvement in language function correlates with gait improvement in drug-naïve Parkinson’s disease patients taking dopaminergic medication. J. Parkinsons Dis., 2016, 6(1), 209-217.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JPD-150702] [PMID: 26889633]
[50]
Portin, R.; Rinne, U.K. The effect of deprenyl (selegiline) on cognition and emotion in parkinsonian patients undergoing long-term levodopa treatment. Acta Neurol. Scand., 1983, 68, 135-144.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1983.tb01528.x] [PMID: 6428146]
[51]
Barone, P.; Santangelo, G.; Morgante, L.; Onofrj, M.; Meco, G.; Abbruzzese, G.; Bonuccelli, U.; Cossu, G.; Pezzoli, G.; Stanzione, P.; Lopiano, L.; Antonini, A.; Tinazzi, M. A randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effects of rasagiline on depressive symptoms in non‐demented Parkinson’s disease patients. Eur. J. Neurol., 2015, 22(8), 1184-1191.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.12724] [PMID: 25962410]
[52]
Hanagasi, H.A.; Gurvit, H.; Unsalan, P.; Horozoglu, H.; Tuncer, N.; Feyzioglu, A.; Gunal, D.I.; Yener, G.G.; Cakmur, R.; Sahin, H.A.; Emre, M. The effects of rasagiline on cognitive deficits in Parkinson’s disease patients without dementia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Mov. Disord., 2011, 26(10), 1851-1858.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.23738] [PMID: 21500280]
[53]
Rinaldi, D.; Assogna, F.; Sforza, M.; Tagliente, S.; Pontieri, F.E. Rasagiline for dysexecutive symptoms during wearing-off in Parkinson’s disease: A pilot study. Neurol. Sci., 2018, 39(1), 141-143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-017-3123-2] [PMID: 28956175]
[54]
Weintraub, D.; Hauser, R.A.; Elm, J.J.; Pagan, F.; Davis, M.D.; Choudhry, A. Rasagiline for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: A placebo-controlled trial. Mov. Disord., 2016, 31(5), 709-714.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.26617] [PMID: 27030249]
[55]
Frakey, L.L.; Friedman, J.H. Cognitive effects of rasagiline in mild-to-moderate stage Parkinson’s disease without dementia. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 2017, 29(1), 22-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.15050118] [PMID: 27829318]
[56]
Salvati, P.; Maj, R.; Caccia, C.; Cervini, M.A.; Fornaretto, M.G.; Lamberti, E.; Pevarello, P.; Skeen, G.A.; White, H.S.; Wolf, H.H.; Faravelli, L.; Mazzanti, M.; Mancinelli, E.; Varasi, M.; Fariello, R.G. Biochemical and electrophysiological studies on the mechanism of action of PNU-151774E, a novel antiepileptic compound. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1999, 288(3), 1151-1159.
[PMID: 10027853]
[57]
Morari, M.; Brugnoli, A.; Pisanò, C.A.; Novello, S.; Caccia, C.; Melloni, E.; Padoani, G.; Vailati, S.; Sardina, M. Safinamide differentially modulates in vivo glutamate and GABA release in the rat hippocampus and basal ganglia. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2018, 364(2), 198-206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.117.245100] [PMID: 29167350]
[58]
Onofrj, M.; Bonanni, L.; Thomas, A. An expert opinion on safinamide in Parkinson’s disease. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2008, 17(7), 1115-1125.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543784.17.7.1115] [PMID: 18549347]
[59]
Conn, P.J.; Battaglia, G.; Marino, M.J.; Nicoletti, F. Metabotropic glutamate receptors in the basal ganglia motor circuit. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2005, 6(10), 787-798.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1763] [PMID: 16276355]
[60]
Cattaneo, C.; Sardina, M.; Bonizzoni, E. Safinamide as add-on therapy to levodopa in mid- to late-stage Parkinson’s disease fluctuating patients: Post hoc analysesof studies 016 and SETTLE. J. Parkinsons Dis., 2016, 6(1), 165-173.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JPD-150700] [PMID: 26889632]
[61]
Borgohain, R.; Szasz, J.; Stanzione, P.; Meshram, C.; Bhatt, M.H.; Chirilineau, D.; Stocchi, F.; Lucini, V.; Giuliani, R.; Forrest, E.; Rice, P.; Anand, R. Two‐year, randomized, controlled study of safinamide as add‐on to levodopa in mid to late Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord., 2014, 29(10), 1273-1280.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.25961] [PMID: 25044402]
[62]
Abbruzzese, G.; Kulisevsky, J.; Bergmans, B.; Gomez-Esteban, J.C.; Kägi, G.; Raw, J.; Stefani, A.; Warnecke, T.; Jost, W.H. A European observational study to evaluate the safety and the effectiveness of safinamide in routine clinical practice: The SYNAPSES Trial1. J. Parkinsons Dis., 2021, 11(1), 187-198.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JPD-202224] [PMID: 33104040]
[63]
Cattaneo, C.; Müller, T.; Bonizzoni, E.; Lazzeri, G.; Kottakis, I.; Keywood, C. Long-term effects of safinamide on mood fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease. J. Parkinsons Dis., 2017, 7(4), 629-634.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JPD-171143] [PMID: 28777756]
[64]
Cattaneo, C.; Barone, P.; Bonizzoni, E.; Sardina, M. Effects of safinamide on pain in fluctuating Parkinson’s disease patients: A post-hoc analysis. J. Parkinsons Dis., 2017, 7(1), 95-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JPD-160911] [PMID: 27802242]
[65]
Cattaneo, C.; Kulisevsky, J.; Tubazio, V.; Castellani, P. Long-term efficacy of safinamide on Parkinson’s disease chronic pain. Adv. Ther., 2018, 35(4), 515-522.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12325-018-0687-z] [PMID: 29542008]
[66]
Liguori, C.; Mercuri, N.B.; Stefani, A.; Pierantozzi, M. Effective treatment of restless legs syndrome by safinamide in Parkinson’s disease patients. Sleep Med., 2018, 41, 113-114.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2017.09.017] [PMID: 29268951]
[67]
Bianchi, M.L.E.; Riboldazzi, G.; Mauri, M.; Versino, M. Efficacy of safinamide on non-motor symptoms in a cohort of patients affected by idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Neurol. Sci., 2019, 40(2), 275-279.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-018-3628-3] [PMID: 30382437]
[68]
De Micco, R.; Satolli, S.; Siciliano, M.; De Mase, A.; Giordano, A.; Tedeschi, G.; Tessitore, A. Effects of safinamide on non-motor, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms in fluctuating Parkinson’s disease patients: A prospective longitudinal study. Neurol. Sci., 2022, 43(1), 357-364.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05324-w] [PMID: 34031800]
[69]
Rinaldi, D.; Sforza, M.; Assogna, F.; Savini, C.; Salvetti, M.; Caltagirone, C.; Spalletta, G.; Pontieri, F.E. Safinamide improves executive functions in fluctuating Parkinson’s disease patients: An exploratory study. J. Neural Transm. (Vienna), 2021, 128(2), 273-277.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-020-02259-y] [PMID: 33068177]
[70]
Bundgaard, C.; Montezinho, L.P.; Anderson, N.; Thomsen, C.; Mørk, A. Selegiline induces a wake promoting effect in rats which is related to formation of its active metabolites. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2016, 150-151, 147-152.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2016.10.003] [PMID: 27984094]
[71]
Yasar, S.; Goldberg, J.P.; Goldberg, S.R. Are metabolites of l-deprenyl (selegiline) useful or harmful? Indications from preclinical research. J. Neural Transm. Suppl., 1996, 48, 61-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7494-4_6] [PMID: 8988462]
[72]
Biundo, R.; Weis, L.; Antonini, A. Cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease: The complex picture. NPJ Parkinsons Dis., 2016, 2(1), 16018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npjparkd.2016.18] [PMID: 28725699]
[73]
Narayanan, N.S.; Rodnitzky, R.L.; Uc, E.Y. Prefrontal dopamine signaling and cognitive symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Rev. Neurosci., 2013, 24(3), 267-278.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2013-0004] [PMID: 23729617]
[74]
Borovac, J.A. Side effects of a dopamine agonist therapy for Parkinson’s disease: A mini-review of clinical pharmacology. Yale J. Biol. Med., 2016, 89(1), 37-47.
[PMID: 27505015]
[75]
Fenu, S.; Wardas, J.; Morelli, M. Impulse control disorders and dopamine dysregulation syndrome associated with dopamine agonist therapy in Parkinson’s disease. Behav. Pharmacol., 2009, 20(5-6), 363-379.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0b013e32833109a0] [PMID: 19724195]
[76]
Martinez-Martin, P.; Wan, Y.M.; Ray Chaudhuri, K.; Schrag, A.E.; Weintraub, D. Impulse control and related behaviors in Parkinson’s disease with dementia. Eur. J. Neurol., 2020, 27(6), 944-950.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.14169] [PMID: 32048392]
[77]
Anderson, K.E. Behavioral disturbances in Parkinson’s disease. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci., 2004, 6(3), 323-332.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2004.6.3/kanderson] [PMID: 22033600]
[78]
Trojano, L.; Papagno, C. Cognitive and behavioral disorders in Parkinson’s disease: An update. II: Behavioral disorders. Neurol. Sci., 2018, 39(1), 53-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-017-3155-7] [PMID: 29038946]
[79]
Merims, D.; Giladi, N. Dopamine dysregulation syndrome, addiction and behavioral changes in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2008, 14(4), 273-280.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.09.007] [PMID: 17988927]
[80]
Antonelli, F.; Strafella, A.P. Behavioral disorders in Parkinson’s disease: The role of dopamine. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2014, 20(Suppl. 1), S10-S12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1353-8020(13)70005-1] [PMID: 24262157]
[81]
Nyholm, D.; Jost, W.H. An updated calculator for determining levodopa-equivalent dose. Neurol. Res. Pract., 2021, 3(1), 58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42466-021-00157-6] [PMID: 34689840]
[82]
Verber, D.; Novak, D.; Borovič, M.; Dugonik, J.; Flisar, D. EQUIDopa: A responsive web application for the levodopa equivalent dose calculator. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed., 2020, 196, 105633.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105633] [PMID: 32653677]
[83]
Schade, S.; Mollenhauer, B.; Trenkwalder, C. Levodopa equivalent dose conversion factors: An updated proposal including opicapone and safinamide. Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract. (Hoboken), 2020, 7(3), 343-345.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.12921] [PMID: 32258239]
[84]
Geroin, C.; Di Vico, I.A.; Squintani, G.; Segatti, A.; Bovi, T.; Tinazzi, M. Effects of safinamide on pain in Parkinson’s disease with motor fluctuations: An exploratory study. J. Neural Transm. (Vienna), 2020, 127(8), 1143-1152.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-020-02218-7] [PMID: 32572581]
[85]
Gómez-López, A.; Sánchez-Sánchez, A.; Natera-Villalba, E.; Ros-Castelló, V.; Beltrán-Corbellini, Á.; Fanjul-Arbós, S.; Pareés, M.I.; López-Sendon Moreno, J.L.; Martínez Castrillo, J.C.; Alonso-Canovas, A. SURINPARK: Safinamide for Urinary Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease. Brain Sci., 2021, 11(1), 57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010057] [PMID: 33418858]
[86]
Gardoni, F.; Morari, M.; Kulisevsky, J.; Brugnoli, A.; Novello, S.; Pisanò, C.A.; Caccia, C.; Mellone, M.; Melloni, E.; Padoani, G.; Sosti, V.; Vailati, S.; Keywood, C. Safinamide modulates striatal glutamatergic signaling in a rat model of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2018, 367(3), 442-451.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.118.251645] [PMID: 30291173]
[87]
Morin, N.; Morissette, M.; Grégoire, L.; Di Paolo, T. mGlu5, Dopamine D2 and Adenosine A2A Receptors in L-DOPA-induced Dyskinesias. Curr. Neuropharmacol., 2016, 14(5), 481-493.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X14666151201185652] [PMID: 26639458]
[88]
Litim, N.; Morissette, M.; Di Paolo, T. Metabotropic glutamate receptors as therapeutic targets in Parkinson’s disease: An update from the last 5 years of research. Neuropharmacology, 2017, 115, 166-179.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.036] [PMID: 27055772]
[89]
Calabresi, P.; Giacomini, P.; Centonze, D.; Bernardi, G. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia: A pathological form of striatal synaptic plasticity? Ann. Neurol., 2000, 47(4)(Suppl. 1), S60-S68.
[PMID: 10762133]
[90]
Tozzi, A.; Sciaccaluga, M.; Loffredo, V.; Megaro, A.; Ledonne, A.; Cardinale, A.; Federici, M.; Bellingacci, L.; Paciotti, S.; Ferrari, E.; La Rocca, A.; Martini, A.; Mercuri, N.B.; Gardoni, F.; Picconi, B.; Ghiglieri, V.; De Leonibus, E.; Calabresi, P. Dopamine-dependent early synaptic and motor dysfunctions induced by α-synuclein in the nigrostriatal circuit. Brain, 2021, 144(11), 3477-3491.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab242] [PMID: 34297092]
[91]
Guerra, A.; Suppa, A.; D’Onofrio, V.; Di Stasio, F.; Asci, F.; Fabbrini, G.; Berardelli, A. Abnormal cortical facilitation and L-dopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease. Brain Stimul., 2019, 12(6), 1517-1525.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2019.06.012] [PMID: 31217080]
[92]
Guerra, A.; Asci, F.; Zampogna, A.; D’Onofrio, V.; Suppa, A.; Fabbrini, G.; Berardelli, A. Long-term changes in short-interval intracortical facilitation modulate motor cortex plasticity and L-dopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease. Brain Stimul., 2022, 15(1), 99-108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2021.11.016] [PMID: 34823038]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy