Abstract
For the past 20 years cytokines have been the mainstay of treatment for advanced renal cell cancer (RCC), despite low response rates achieved and the high toxicity profile observed. The recent advances in molecular biology and the greater understanding of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-hypoxia-induced gene pathway have paved the way for a plethora of novel agents that selectively inhibit key molecular events which allow the malignant process to continue. The high specificity of targeted agents should allow sparing of healthy cells thereby making them less toxic and well tolerated. However, new and unanticipated toxicities have been described with virtually all new agents, some of which may even be of a similar magnitude to cytokine therapy. Although several agents have demonstrated promising results in clinical trials, especially in terms of disease stabilization, and achieved clinical licences, issues of optimal administration regimens as well as the possible synergy when combined together are currently being explored. In this new era, IL-2 may still have a relevant role in selected subgroups of patients as well in combination with novel agents. Our review describes thoroughly the existing targeted therapies for RCC, presenting the recent clinical data and discussing the perspectives.
Keywords: Endothelium, cytokines, VEGF, TGF-a, m-TOR, targeted therapy, angiogenesis
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: Targeted Therapy for Advanced Renal Cell Cancer: Cytokines and Beyond
Volume: 14 Issue: 22
Author(s): George S. Papaetis, Lena M. Karapanagiotou, Hardev Pandha and Kostas N. Syrigos
Affiliation:
Keywords: Endothelium, cytokines, VEGF, TGF-a, m-TOR, targeted therapy, angiogenesis
Abstract: For the past 20 years cytokines have been the mainstay of treatment for advanced renal cell cancer (RCC), despite low response rates achieved and the high toxicity profile observed. The recent advances in molecular biology and the greater understanding of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-hypoxia-induced gene pathway have paved the way for a plethora of novel agents that selectively inhibit key molecular events which allow the malignant process to continue. The high specificity of targeted agents should allow sparing of healthy cells thereby making them less toxic and well tolerated. However, new and unanticipated toxicities have been described with virtually all new agents, some of which may even be of a similar magnitude to cytokine therapy. Although several agents have demonstrated promising results in clinical trials, especially in terms of disease stabilization, and achieved clinical licences, issues of optimal administration regimens as well as the possible synergy when combined together are currently being explored. In this new era, IL-2 may still have a relevant role in selected subgroups of patients as well in combination with novel agents. Our review describes thoroughly the existing targeted therapies for RCC, presenting the recent clinical data and discussing the perspectives.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Papaetis S. George, Karapanagiotou M. Lena, Pandha Hardev and Syrigos N. Kostas, Targeted Therapy for Advanced Renal Cell Cancer: Cytokines and Beyond, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2008; 14 (22) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161208785740153
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161208785740153 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Selectins as Targets in Inflammatory Diseases
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and Glial Support: Mechanisms that can be Targeted for Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Stroke
Current Pharmaceutical Design Idiopathic “Cyclic” Edema: A Frustrating and Poorly Understood Clinical Problem
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Regulation of Insulin Synthesis and Secretion and Pancreatic Beta-Cell Dysfunction in Diabetes
Current Diabetes Reviews Encountering and Advancing Through Antiangiogenesis Therapy for Gliomas
Current Pharmaceutical Design Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Sepsis: A Potential Therapy with Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants
Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets Trojan Microparticles Potential for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery
Current Medicinal Chemistry Regenerative Therapies for Improving Myocardial Perfusion in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: Failure to Meet Expectations but Optimism for the Future
Current Vascular Pharmacology Management of Acute Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning: Has Anything Changed?
Drug Metabolism Letters Nucleoprotein-Derived and Unbound Ribonucleosides: Bioactivity and Potential Applications
Current Pharmaceutical Design Nasal Polyposis: An Overview of Differential Diagnosis and Treatment
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery Appraisal of AβPP Transgenic Mice as Models for Alzheimers Disease Amyloid Cascade
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents Novel Pharmacologic Approaches to the Prevention and Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Role of Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters in Antiretroviral Therapy
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Shear Stress-sensitive Carriers for Localized Drug Delivery
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Role of Catecholamines in Formation and Resolution of Pulmonary Oedema
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Targeting Death Receptors to Fight Cancer: From Biological Rational to Clinical Implementation
Current Medicinal Chemistry Prolyl Oligopeptidase: A Rising Star on the Stage of Neuroinflammation Research
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Graphene Oxide Membrane: Recent Advancement in Waste Water Treatment and its Applications
Current Nanomaterials A Review of the Management of Lymphangiomas
Current Pediatric Reviews