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Current Protein & Peptide Science

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ISSN (Print): 1389-2037
ISSN (Online): 1875-5550

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Mini-Review Article

COVID-19 and L-arginine Supplementations: Yet to Find the Missed Key

Author(s): Hayder M. Al-Kuraishy, Ali I. Al-Gareeb, Athanasios Alexiou* and Gaber El-Saber Batiha*

Volume 23, Issue 3, 2022

Published on: 31 May, 2022

Page: [166 - 169] Pages: 4

DOI: 10.2174/1389203723666220512104039

Price: $65

Abstract

Current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is regarded as a primary respiratory and vascular disease leading to acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and endothelial dysfunction (ED) in severe cases. The causative virus of COVID-19 is SARS-CoV-2, which binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for its entry. It has been shown that ED is linked to various COVID-19 complications since endothelial cells are regarded as the chief barrier against SARS-CoV- 2 invasion. SARS-CoV-2-indued ED leads to endotheliitis and thrombosis due to endothelial nitric oxide (NO) inhibition with subsequent vasoconstriction and tissue hypoxia. Loss of vasodilator NO and anti-thrombin factor from endothelial SARS-CoV-2 infection contribute to the progression of vascular dysfunction and coagulopathy. Therefore, NO restoration improves pulmonary function and hinders viral replication during respiratory viral infections, including COVID-19. L-arginine is a semiessential amino acid that has antiviral and immunomodulatory effects as well as improves the biosynthesis of NO in endothelial cells. L-arginine may reduce the risk of ALI through inhibition of generation of peroxynitrite and suppression of the release of proinflammatory cytokines from alveolar macrophages. Of interest, restoration of NO by L-arginine may attenuate SARS-CoV-2 infection through different mechanisms, including reduction binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2, inhibition of transmembrane protease serine-type 2 (TMPRSS2), critical for the activation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and cellular entry, inhibition proliferation and replication of SARS-CoV-2, and prevention of SARS-CoV-2-induced coagulopathy. In conclusion, through antiviral and immunomodulatory effects, L-arginine and released NO have mutual and interrelated actions against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, L-arginine, antiviral effects, immunomodulatory effects, endothelial nitric oxide.

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