Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1568-0266
ISSN (Online): 1873-4294

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Mini-Review Article

Personalization of Pharmacological Treatments for ADHD: Why it is Advisable and Possible Options to Achieve it

Author(s): Wendy Verónica Herrera-Morales, Leticia Ramírez-Lugo, Roger Cauich-Kumul, Eric Murillo-Rodríguez and Luis Núñez-Jaramillo*

Volume 22, Issue 15, 2022

Published on: 02 June, 2022

Page: [1236 - 1249] Pages: 14

DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220509155413

Price: $65

Abstract

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed primarily in children, although it is also present in adults. Patients present inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity symptoms that create difficulties in their daily lives. Pharmacological treatment with stimulants or non-stimulants is used most commonly to reduce ADHD symptoms. Although generally effective and safe, pharmacological treatments have different effects among patients, including lack of response and adverse reactions. The reasons for these differences are not fully understood, but they may derive from the highly diverse etiology of ADHD. Strategies to guide optimal pharmacological treatment selection based on individual patients’ physiological markers are being developed. In this review, we describe the main pharmacological ADHD treatments used and their main drawbacks. We present alternatives under study that would allow the customization of pharmacological treatments to overcome these drawbacks and achieve more reliable improvement of ADHD symptoms.

Keywords: ADHD, Treatment personalization, Methylphenidate, Atomoxetine, Adverse reaction, Non-responder, qEEGguided drug selection.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Posner, J.; Polanczyk, G.V.; Sonuga-Barke, E. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet, 2020, 395(10222), 450-462.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)33004-1] [PMID: 31982036]
[2]
Kaye, A.D.; Liu, H.; Fox, C.; Baluch, A.; Sutker, P.B. Psychiatric and behavioral disorders.In: Anesthesia and Uncommon Diseases, 6th ed; Fleisher, L.A., Ed.; Elsevier Inc.: Amsterdam, 2012, pp. 444-469.
[3]
Austerman, J. ADHD and behavioral disorders: Assessment, management, and an update from DSM-5. Cleve. Clin. J. Med., 2015, 82(11)(Suppl. 1), S2-S7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.82.s1.01] [PMID: 26555810]
[4]
Leahy, L.G. Diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in children vs. adults: What nurses should know. Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs., 2018, 32(6), 890-895.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2018.06.013] [PMID: 30454634]
[5]
CDC. Data and Statistics About ADHD., 2021. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html (Accessed on: June 28 2021.
[6]
Montagna, A.; Karolis, V.; Batalle, D.; Counsell, S.; Rutherford, M.; Arulkumaran, S.; Happe, F.; Edwards, D.; Nosarti, C. ADHD symp-toms and their neurodevelopmental correlates in children born very preterm. PLoS One, 2020, 15(3), e0224343.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224343] [PMID: 32126073]
[7]
Bridgett, D.J.; Walker, M.E. Intellectual functioning in adults with ADHD: A meta-analytic examination of full scale IQ differences be-tween adults with and without ADHD. Psychol. Assess., 2006, 18(1), 1-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.18.1.1] [PMID: 16594807]
[8]
Drechsler, R.; Brem, S.; Brandeis, D.; Grünblatt, E.; Berger, G.; Walitza, S. ADHD: Current concepts and treatments in children and ado-lescents. Neuropediatrics, 2020, 51(5), 315-335.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1701658] [PMID: 32559806]
[9]
Magnin, E.; Maurs, C. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during adulthood. Rev. Neurol. (Paris), 2017, 173(7-8), 506-515.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2017.07.008] [PMID: 28844700]
[10]
Doernberg, E.; Hollander, E. Neurodevelopmental Disorders (ASD and ADHD): DSM-5, ICD-10, and ICD-11. CNS Spectr., 2016, 21(4), 295-299.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1092852916000262] [PMID: 27364515]
[11]
Reimherr, F.W.; Marchant, B.K.; Gift, T.E.; Steans, T.A. ADHD and anxiety: Clinical significance and treatment implications. Curr. Psychiatry Rep., 2017, 19(12), 109.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0859-6] [PMID: 29152677]
[12]
Polanczyk, G.; de Lima, M.S.; Horta, B.L.; Biederman, J.; Rohde, L.A. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2007, 164(6), 942-948.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942] [PMID: 17541055]
[13]
Polanczyk, G.V.; Salum, G.A.; Sugaya, L.S.; Caye, A.; Rohde, L.A. Annual research review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide preva-lence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 2015, 56(3), 345-365.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12381] [PMID: 25649325]
[14]
Arnett, A.B.; Pennington, B.F.; Willcutt, E.G.; DeFries, J.C.; Olson, R.K. Sex differences in ADHD symptom severity. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 2015, 56(6), 632-639.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12337] [PMID: 25283790]
[15]
Mowlem, F.; Agnew-Blais, J.; Taylor, E.; Asherson, P. Do different factors influence whether girls versus boys meet ADHD diagnostic criteria? Sex differences among children with high ADHD symptoms. Psychiatry Res., 2019, 272, 765-773.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.128] [PMID: 30832197]
[16]
Parke, E.M.; Becker, M.L.; Graves, S.J.; Baily, A.R.; Paul, M.G.; Freeman, A.J.; Allen, D.N. Social Cognition in Children With ADHD. J. Atten. Disord., 2021, 25(4), 519-529.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054718816157] [PMID: 30541372]
[17]
Staikova, E.; Gomes, H.; Tartter, V.; McCabe, A.; Halperin, J.M. Pragmatic deficits and social impairment in children with ADHD. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 2013, 54(12), 1275-1283.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12082] [PMID: 23682627]
[18]
Harpin, V.A. The effect of ADHD on the life of an individual, their family, and community from preschool to adult life. Arch. Dis. Child., 2005, 90(Suppl. 1), i2-i7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2004.059006]
[19]
Muñoz-Silva, A.; Lago-Urbano, R.; Sanchez-Garcia, M.; Carmona-Márquez, J. Child/Adolescent’s ADHD and parenting stress: The me-diating role of family impact and conduct problems. Front. Psychol., 2017, 8, 2252.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02252] [PMID: 29312090]
[20]
Wilson, J.J.; Levin, F.R. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and early-onset substance use disorders. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol., 2005, 15(5), 751-763.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cap.2005.15.751] [PMID: 16262592]
[21]
Zalsman, G.; Shilton, T. Adult ADHD: A new disease? Int. J. Psychiatry Clin. Pract., 2016, 20(2), 70-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13651501.2016.1149197] [PMID: 27052374]
[22]
Elliott, J.; Johnston, A.; Husereau, D.; Kelly, S.E.; Eagles, C.; Charach, A.; Hsieh, S.C.; Bai, Z.; Hossain, A.; Skidmore, B.; Tsakonas, E.; Chojecki, D.; Mamdani, M.; Wells, G.A. Pharmacologic treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A systematic re-view and network meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2020, 15(10), e0240584.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240584] [PMID: 33085721]
[23]
Feldman, H.M.; Reiff, M.I. Clinical practice. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. N. Engl. J. Med., 2014, 370(9), 838-846.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1307215] [PMID: 24571756]
[24]
Manzon, L.; Nappe, T.M.; DelMaestro, C.; Maguire, N.J. Clonidine Toxicity; StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, USA, 2021.
[25]
Cortese, S.; Adamo, N.; Del Giovane, C.; Mohr-Jensen, C.; Hayes, A.J.; Carucci, S.; Atkinson, L.Z.; Tessari, L.; Banaschewski, T.; Coghill, D.; Hollis, C.; Simonoff, E.; Zuddas, A.; Barbui, C.; Purgato, M.; Steinhausen, H.C.; Shokraneh, F.; Xia, J.; Cipriani, A. Compar-ative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry, 2018, 5(9), 727-738.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30269-4] [PMID: 30097390]
[26]
Cortese, S. Pharmacologic treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 383(11), 1050-1056.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1917069] [PMID: 32905677]
[27]
Hall, C.L.; Taylor, J.A.; Newell, K.; Baldwin, L.; Sayal, K.; Hollis, C. The challenges of implementing ADHD clinical guidelines and re-search best evidence in routine clinical care settings: Delphi survey and mixed-methods study. BJPsych Open, 2016, 2(1), 25-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.002386] [PMID: 27703750]
[28]
Arnold, V.K.; Feifel, D.; Earl, C.Q.; Yang, R.; Adler, L.A. A 9-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-finding study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of modafinil as treatment for adults with ADHD. J. Atten. Disord., 2014, 18(2), 133-144.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054712441969] [PMID: 22617860]
[29]
Singh, J. Pharmacotherapeutic options for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Int. J. Res. Med. Sci., 2017, 5(11), 4677-4682.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20174915]
[30]
DuPaul, G.; Barkley, R.; Connor, D. Stimulant medications for ADHD children. In: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment; Ra, B., Ed.; APA Psycnet: New York, 1998, pp. 510-551.
[31]
Coghill, D.R.; Seth, S.; Pedroso, S.; Usala, T.; Currie, J.; Gagliano, A. Effects of methylphenidate on cognitive functions in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Evidence from a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Biol. Psychiatry, 2014, 76(8), 603-615.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.10.005] [PMID: 24231201]
[32]
Kambeitz, J.; Romanos, M.; Ettinger, U. Meta-analysis of the association between dopamine transporter genotype and response to methylphenidate treatment in ADHD. Pharmacogenomics J., 2014, 14(1), 77-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tpj.2013.9] [PMID: 23588108]
[33]
Schwartz, S.; Correll, C.U. Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Results from a comprehensive meta-analysis and metaregression. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2014, 53(2), 174-187.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.11.005] [PMID: 24472252]
[34]
Handen, B.L.; Aman, M.G.; Arnold, L.E.; Hyman, S.L.; Tumuluru, R.V.; Lecavalier, L.; Corbett-Dick, P.; Pan, X.; Hollway, J.A.; Buch-an-Page, K.A.; Silverman, L.B.; Brown, N.V.; Rice, R.R., Jr; Hellings, J.; Mruzek, D.W.; McAuliffe-Bellin, S.; Hurt, E.A.; Ryan, M.M.; Levato, L.; Smith, T. Atomoxetine, parent training, and their combination in children with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2015, 54(11), 905-915.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.08.013] [PMID: 26506581]
[35]
Padilha, S.C.O.S.; Virtuoso, S.; Tonin, F.S.; Borba, H.H.L.; Pontarolo, R. Efficacy and safety of drugs for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A network meta-analysis. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2018, 27(10), 1335-1345.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1125-0] [PMID: 29460165]
[36]
Zetterqvist, J.; Asherson, P.; Halldner, L.; Långström, N.; Larsson, H. Stimulant and non-stimulant attention deficit/hyperactivity disor-der drug use: Total population study of trends and discontinuation patterns 2006-2009. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 2013, 128(1), 70-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acps.12004] [PMID: 22943458]
[37]
Castells, X.; Ramos-Quiroga, J.A.; Rigau, D.; Bosch, R.; Nogueira, M.; Vidal, X.; Casas, M. Efficacy of methylphenidate for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-regression analysis. CNS Drugs, 2011, 25(2), 157-169.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11539440-000000000-00000] [PMID: 21254791]
[38]
Briars, L.; Todd, T. A review of pharmacological management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Pediatr. Pharmacol. Ther., 2016, 21(3), 192-206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-21.3.192] [PMID: 27453697]
[39]
Stahl, S. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In: Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applica-tions; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2008, pp. 863-897.
[40]
Stuhec, M.; Munda, B.; Svab, V.; Locatelli, I. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of atomoxetine, lisdexamfetamine, bupropion and methylphenidate in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis with focus on bu-propion. J. Affect. Disord., 2015, 178, 149-159.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.006] [PMID: 25813457]
[41]
Ren, J.; Xu, H.; Choi, J.K.; Jenkins, B.G.; Chen, Y.I. Dopaminergic response to graded dopamine concentration elicited by four amphet-amine doses. Synapse, 2009, 63(9), 764-772.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.20659] [PMID: 19484725]
[42]
Schouw, M.L.; Kaag, A.M.; Caan, M.W.; Heijtel, D.F.; Majoie, C.B.; Nederveen, A.J.; Booij, J.; Reneman, L. Mapping the hemodynamic response in human subjects to a dopaminergic challenge with dextroamphetamine using ASL-based pharmacological MRI. Neuroimage, 2013, 72, 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.12.056] [PMID: 23296186]
[43]
Caye, A.; Swanson, J.M.; Coghill, D.; Rohde, L.A. Treatment strategies for ADHD: An evidence-based guide to select optimal treatment. Mol. Psychiatry, 2019, 24(3), 390-408.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0116-3] [PMID: 29955166]
[44]
Finnema, S. Hughes, Z.; Haaparanta, S.; Stepanov, V.; Nakao, R.; Varnas, K. al., e., Amphetamine decreases alpha2C-adrenoceptor binding of [11C]ORM-13070: A PET study in the primate brain. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2015, 18(3), 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyu081]
[45]
Yu, G.; Li, G.F.; Markowitz, J.S. Atomoxetine: A Review of Its Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics Relative to Drug Disposition. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol., 2016, 26(4), 314-326.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cap.2015.0137] [PMID: 26859445]
[46]
Morón, J.A.; Brockington, A.; Wise, R.A.; Rocha, B.A.; Hope, B.T. Dopamine uptake through the norepinephrine transporter in brain regions with low levels of the dopamine transporter: Evidence from knock-out mouse lines. J. Neurosci., 2002, 22(2), 389-395.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-02-00389.2002] [PMID: 11784783]
[47]
Pievsky, M.A.; McGrath, R.E. Neurocognitive effects of methylphenidate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2018, 90, 447-455.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.012] [PMID: 29751051]
[48]
Storebø, O.J.; Pedersen, N.; Ramstad, E.; Kielsholm, M.L.; Nielsen, S.S.; Krogh, H.B.; Moreira-Maia, C.R.; Magnusson, F.L.; Holmskov, M.; Gerner, T.; Skoog, M.; Rosendal, S.; Groth, C.; Gillies, D.; Buch Rasmussen, K.; Gauci, D.; Zwi, M.; Kirubakaran, R.; Håkonsen, S.J.; Aagaard, L.; Simonsen, E.; Gluud, C. Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adoles-cents - assessment of adverse events in non-randomised studies. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2018, 5, CD012069.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012069.pub2] [PMID: 29744873]
[49]
Brown, K.A.; Samuel, S.; Patel, D.R. Pharmacologic management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A review for practitioners. Transl. Pediatr., 2018, 7(1), 36-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tp.2017.08.02] [PMID: 29441281]
[50]
Dela Peña, I.; Gevorkiana, R.; Shi, W.X. Psychostimulants affect dopamine transmission through both dopamine transporter-dependent and independent mechanisms. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2015, 764, 562-570.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.07.044] [PMID: 26209364]
[51]
Faraone, S.V. The pharmacology of amphetamine and methylphenidate: Relevance to the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2018, 87, 255-270.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.001] [PMID: 29428394]
[52]
Fernández-Mayoralas, D.; Fernández-Perrone, A.; Muñoz-Jareño, N.; Fernández-Jaén, A. Actualización en el tratamiento farmacológico del trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad: Lisdexanfetamina y guanfacina de liberación retardada. Rev. Neurol., 2017, 64(Suppl. 2), S1-S8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.33588/rn.64S02.2017069]
[53]
Pliszka, S.; Issues, A.W.G.Q. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2007, 46(7), 894-921.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e318054e724] [PMID: 17581453]
[54]
Banaschewski, T.; Brandeis, D.; Heinrich, H.; Albrecht, B.; Brunner, E.; Rothenberger, A. Association of ADHD and conduct disorder--brain electrical evidence for the existence of a distinct subtype. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 2003, 44(3), 356-376.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00127] [PMID: 12635966]
[55]
Savill, N.C.; Buitelaar, J.K.; Anand, E.; Day, K.A.; Treuer, T.; Upadhyaya, H.P.; Coghill, D. The efficacy of atomoxetine for the treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A comprehensive review of over a decade of clinical research. CNS Drugs, 2015, 29(2), 131-151.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40263-014-0224-9] [PMID: 25698145]
[56]
Perugi, G.; Pallucchini, A.; Rizzato, S.; Pinzone, V.; De Rossi, P. Current and emerging pharmacotherapy for the treatment of adult atten-tion deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 2019, 20(12), 1457-1470.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2019.1618270] [PMID: 31112441]
[57]
Childress, A.C. A critical appraisal of atomoxetine in the management of ADHD. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag., 2015, 12, 27-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S59270] [PMID: 26730199]
[58]
Bernknopf, A. Guanfacine (Intuniv) for attention-deficit/hyper-activity Disorder. Am. Fam. Physician, 2011, 83(4), 474-475.
[59]
Childress, A.; Hoo-Cardiel, A.; Lang, P. Evaluation of the current data on guanfacine extended release for the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents. Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 2020, 21(4), 417-426.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2019.1706480] [PMID: 31971448]
[60]
Ozbaran, B.; Kose, S.; Yuzuguldu, O.; Atar, B.; Aydin, C. Combined methylphenidate and atomoxetine pharmacotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. World J. Biol. Psychiatry, 2015, 16(8), 619-624.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2015.1051109] [PMID: 26223958]
[61]
Verbeeck, W.; Bekkering, G.E.; Van den Noortgate, W.; Kramers, C. Bupropion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2017, 10(10), CD009504.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009504.pub2] [PMID: 28965364]
[62]
Biederman, J.; Spencer, T. Non-stimulant treatments for ADHD. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2000, 9(S1)(Suppl. 1), I51-I59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007870070019] [PMID: 11140780]
[63]
Schneider, J.; Patterson, M.; Jimenez, X.F. Beyond depression: Other uses for tricyclic antidepressants. Cleve. Clin. J. Med., 2019, 86(12), 807-814.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.86a.19005] [PMID: 31821138]
[64]
Bell, G.; Efron, D. Tricyclic antidepressants - third-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in school-aged children. J. Paediatr. Child Health, 2015, 51(12), 1232-1234.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13031] [PMID: 26633610]
[65]
Sharma, A.; Couture, J. A review of the pathophysiology, etiology, and treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Ann. Pharmacother., 2014, 48(2), 209-225.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028013510699] [PMID: 24259638]
[66]
Cerrillo-Urbina, A.J.; García-Hermoso, A.; Pardo-Guijarro, M.J.; Sánchez-López, M.; Santos-Gómez, J.L.; Martínez-Vizcaíno, V. The effects of long-acting stimulant and nonstimulant medications in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol., 2018, 28(8), 494-507.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cap.2017.0151] [PMID: 29897263]
[67]
Holmskov, M.; Storebø, O.J.; Moreira-Maia, C.R.; Ramstad, E.; Magnusson, F.L.; Krogh, H.B.; Groth, C.; Gillies, D.; Zwi, M.; Skoog, M.; Gluud, C.; Simonsen, E. Gastrointestinal adverse events during methylphenidate treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of randomised clinical trials. PLoS One, 2017, 12(6), e0178187.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178187] [PMID: 28617801]
[68]
Carucci, S.; Balia, C.; Gagliano, A.; Lampis, A.; Buitelaar, J.K.; Danckaerts, M.; Dittmann, R.W.; Garas, P.; Hollis, C.; Inglis, S.; Konrad, K.; Kovshoff, H.; Liddle, E.B.; McCarthy, S.; Nagy, P.; Panei, P.; Romaniello, R.; Usala, T.; Wong, I.C.K.; Banaschewski, T.; Sonuga-Barke, E.; Coghill, D.; Zuddas, A.; Consortium, A. Long term methylphenidate exposure and growth in children and adolescents with ADHD. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2021, 120, 509-525.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.031] [PMID: 33080250]
[69]
Reed, V.A.; Buitelaar, J.K.; Anand, E.; Day, K.A.; Treuer, T.; Upadhyaya, H.P.; Coghill, D.R.; Kryzhanovskaya, L.A.; Savill, N.C. The safety of atomoxetine for the treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a comprehensive review of over a decade of research. CNS Drugs, 2016, 30(7), 603-628.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40263-016-0349-0] [PMID: 27290715]
[70]
Yang, R.; Li, R.; Gao, W.; Zhao, Z. Tic symptoms induced by atomoxetine in treatment of ADHD: A case report and literature review. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr., 2017, 38(2), 151-154.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000371] [PMID: 27922902]
[71]
Meridor, K.; Levy, Y. Systemic sclerosis induced by CNS stimulants for ADHD: A case series and review of the literature. Autoimmun. Rev., 2020, 19(1), 102439.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102439] [PMID: 31734401]
[72]
Fay, T.B.; Alpert, M.A. Cardiovascular effects of drugs used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder part 2: Impact on cardiovas-cular events and recommendations for evaluation and monitoring. Cardiol. Rev., 2019, 27(4), 173-178.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000000234] [PMID: 30531411]
[73]
Catalá-López, F.; Hutton, B.; Núñez-Beltrán, A.; Page, M.J.; Ridao, M.; Macías Saint-Gerons, D.; Catalá, M.A.; Tabarés-Seisdedos, R.; Moher, D. The pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adoles-cents: A systematic review with network meta-analyses of randomised trials. PLoS One, 2017, 12(7), e0180355.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180355] [PMID: 28700715]
[74]
Wang, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Du, Y.; Song, D.H.; Shin, Y.J.; Cho, S.C.; Kim, B.N.; Ahn, D.H.; Marquez-Caraveo, M.E.; Gao, H.; Williams, D.W.; Levine, L.R. Atomoxetine versus methylphenidate in paediatric outpatients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, double-blind comparison trial. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry, 2007, 41(3), 222-230.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670601057767] [PMID: 17464703]
[75]
Cortese, S.; Panei, P.; Arcieri, R.; Germinario, E.A.; Capuano, A.; Margari, L.; Chiarotti, F.; Curatolo, P. Safety of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Data from the Italian National ADHD Registry. CNS Drugs, 2015, 29(10), 865-877.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40263-015-0266-7] [PMID: 26293742]
[76]
Garg, J.; Arun, P.; Chavan, B.S. Comparative short term efficacy and tolerability of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Indian Pediatr., 2014, 51(7), 550-554.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13312-014-0445-5] [PMID: 25031133]
[77]
Wigal, S.; Chappell, P.; Palumbo, D.; Lubaczewski, S.; Ramaker, S.; Abbas, R. Diagnosis and treatment options for preschoolers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol., 2020, 30(2), 104-118.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cap.2019.0116] [PMID: 31967914]
[78]
Oh, Y.; Joung, Y.S.; Choi, J. Incidence of neutropenia with valproate, antipsychotics, and ADHD medication combination treatment in children and adolescents. J. Korean Med. Sci., 2020, 35(28), e226.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e226] [PMID: 32686368]
[79]
Shim, S.H.; Yoon, H.J.; Bak, J.; Hahn, S.W.; Kim, Y.K. Clinical and neurobiological factors in the management of treatment refractory attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2016, 70, 237-244.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.04.007] [PMID: 27103462]
[80]
Weiss, M.D.; Surman, C.B.H.; Elbe, D. Stimulant ‘rapid metabolizers’: Wrong label, real phenomena. Atten. Defic. Hyperact. Disord., 2018, 10(2), 113-118.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12402-017-0242-9] [PMID: 29103196]
[81]
Arns, M.; Vollebregt, M.A.; Palmer, D.; Spooner, C.; Gordon, E.; Kohn, M.; Clarke, S.; Elliott, G.R.; Buitelaar, J.K. Electroencephalo-graphic biomarkers as predictors of methylphenidate response in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2018, 28(8), 881-891.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.06.002] [PMID: 29937325]
[82]
Ogrim, G.; Kropotov, J.D. Predicting clinical gains and side effects of stimulant medication in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder by combining measures from qEEG and ERPs in a cued GO/NOGO task. Clin. EEG Neurosci., 2019, 50(1), 34-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550059418782328] [PMID: 29940782]
[83]
Contini, V.; Victor, M.M.; Bertuzzi, G.P.; Salgado, C.A.; Picon, F.A.; Grevet, E.H.; Rohde, L.A.; Belmonte-de-Abreu, P.; Bau, C.H. No significant association between genetic variants in 7 candidate genes and response to methylphenidate treatment in adult patients with ADHD. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 2012, 32(6), 820-823.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e318270e727] [PMID: 23131881]
[84]
Bushe, C.; Sobanski, E.; Coghill, D.; Berggren, L.; De Bruyckere, K.; Leppämäki, S. Post Hoc analysis of potential predictors of response to atomoxetine for the treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using an integrated database. CNS Drugs, 2016, 30(4), 317-334.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40263-016-0323-x] [PMID: 27055440]
[85]
Viggiano, D.; Vallone, D.; Welzl, H.; Sadile, A.G. The Naples High- and Low-Excitability rats: Selective breeding, behavioral profile, morphometry, and molecular biology of the mesocortical dopamine system. Behav. Genet., 2002, 32(5), 315-333.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020210221156] [PMID: 12405514]
[86]
Sontag, T.A.; Tucha, O.; Walitza, S.; Lange, K.W. Animal models of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A critical review. Atten. Defic. Hyperact. Disord., 2010, 2(1), 1-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12402-010-0019-x] [PMID: 21432586]
[87]
Gainetdinov, R.R. Dopamine transporter mutant mice in experimental neuropharmacology. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 2008, 377(4-6), 301-313.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00210-007-0216-0] [PMID: 18057916]
[88]
Leo, D.; Gainetdinov, R.R. Transgenic mouse models for ADHD. Cell Tissue Res., 2013, 354(1), 259-271.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-013-1639-1] [PMID: 23681253]
[89]
Cinque, S.; Zoratto, F.; Poleggi, A.; Leo, D.; Cerniglia, L.; Cimino, S.; Tambelli, R.; Alleva, E.; Gainetdinov, R.R.; Laviola, G.; Adriani, W. Behavioral phenotyping of dopamine transporter knockout rats: compulsive traits, motor stereotypies, and Anhedonia. Front. Psychiatry, 2018, 9, 43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00043] [PMID: 29520239]
[90]
Leo, D.; Sukhanov, I.; Zoratto, F.; Illiano, P.; Caffino, L.; Sanna, F.; Messa, G.; Emanuele, M.; Esposito, A.; Dorofeikova, M.; Budygin, E.A.; Mus, L.; Efimova, E.V.; Niello, M.; Espinoza, S.; Sotnikova, T.D.; Hoener, M.C.; Laviola, G.; Fumagalli, F.; Adriani, W.; Gainetdi-nov, R.R. Pronounced hyperactivity, cognitive dysfunctions, and BDNF dysregulation in dopamine transporter knock-out rats. J. Neurosci., 2018, 38(8), 1959-1972.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1931-17.2018] [PMID: 29348190]
[91]
Wilson, M.C. Coloboma mouse mutant as an animal model of hyperkinesis and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2000, 24(1), 51-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00064-0] [PMID: 10654661]
[92]
Hess, E.J.; Collins, K.A.; Wilson, M.C. Mouse model of hyperkinesis implicates SNAP-25 in behavioral regulation. J. Neurosci., 1996, 16(9), 3104-3111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-09-03104.1996] [PMID: 8622140]
[93]
Yan, T.C.; Hunt, S.P.; Stanford, S.C. Behavioural and neurochemical abnormalities in mice lacking functional tachykinin-1 (NK1) recep-tors: A model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropharmacology, 2009, 57(7-8), 627-635.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.08.021] [PMID: 19748515]
[94]
Magara, F.; Ricceri, L.; Wolfer, D.P.; Lipp, H.P. The acallosal mouse strain I/LnJ: A putative model of ADHD? Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2000, 24(1), 45-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00051-2] [PMID: 10654660]
[95]
Kostrzewa, J.P.; Kostrzewa, R.A.; Kostrzewa, R.M.; Brus, R.; Nowak, P. Perinatal 6-hydroxydopamine modeling of ADHD. Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci., 2016, 29, 279-293.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7854_2015_397] [PMID: 26475157]
[96]
Bouchatta, O.; Manouze, H.; Bouali-Benazzouz, R.; Kerekes, N.; Ba-M’hamed, S.; Fossat, P.; Landry, M.; Bennis, M. Neonatal 6-OHDA lesion model in mouse induces Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)-like behaviour. Sci. Rep., 2018, 8(1), 15349.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33778-0] [PMID: 30337626]
[97]
Miller, E.M.; Pomerleau, F.; Huettl, P.; Russell, V.A.; Gerhardt, G.A.; Glaser, P.E. The spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar Kyoto rat models of ADHD exhibit sub-regional differences in dopamine release and uptake in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. Neuropharmacology, 2012, 63(8), 1327-1334.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.08.020] [PMID: 22960443]
[98]
Adriani, W.; Caprioli, A.; Granstrem, O.; Carli, M.; Laviola, G. The spontaneously hypertensive-rat as an animal model of ADHD: Evi-dence for impulsive and non-impulsive subpopulations. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2003, 27(7), 639-651.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.007] [PMID: 14624808]
[99]
Russell, V.A.; Sagvolden, T.; Johansen, E.B. Animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav. Brain Funct., 2005, 1(1), 9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-1-9] [PMID: 16022733]
[100]
Ko, I.G.; Kim, S.E.; Kim, T.W.; Ji, E.S.; Shin, M.S.; Kim, C.J.; Hong, M.H.; Bahn, G.H. Swimming exercise alleviates the symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in spontaneous hypertensive rats. Mol. Med. Rep., 2013, 8(2), 393-400.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2013.1531] [PMID: 23779147]
[101]
Kim, H.; Heo, H.I.; Kim, D.H.; Ko, I.G.; Lee, S.S.; Kim, S.E.; Kim, B.K.; Kim, T.W.; Ji, E.S.; Kim, J.D.; Shin, M.S.; Choi, Y.W.; Kim, C.J. Treadmill exercise and methylphenidate ameliorate symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder through enhancing dopa-mine synthesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in spontaneous hypertensive rats. Neurosci. Lett., 2011, 504(1), 35-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.08.052] [PMID: 21907264]
[102]
Robinson, A.M.; Bucci, D.J. Individual and combined effects of physical exercise and methylphenidate on orienting behavior and social interaction in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Behav. Neurosci., 2014, 128(6), 703-712.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bne0000015] [PMID: 25150541]
[103]
Pamplona, F.A.; Pandolfo, P.; Savoldi, R.; Prediger, R.D.; Takahashi, R.N. Environmental enrichment improves cognitive deficits in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR): Relevance for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2009, 33(7), 1153-1160.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.06.012] [PMID: 19549550]
[104]
Söderlund, G.B.; Eckernäs, D.; Holmblad, O.; Bergquist, F. Acoustic noise improves motor learning in spontaneously hypertensive rats, a rat model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav. Brain Res., 2015, 280, 84-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.032] [PMID: 25454351]
[105]
Pires, V.A.; Pamplona, F.A.; Pandolfo, P.; Fernandes, D.; Prediger, R.D.; Takahashi, R.N. Adenosine receptor antagonists improve short-term object-recognition ability of spontaneously hypertensive rats: A rodent model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav. Pharmacol., 2009, 20(2), 134-145.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0b013e32832a80bf] [PMID: 19307960]
[106]
Prediger, R.D.; Pamplona, F.A.; Fernandes, D.; Takahashi, R.N. Caffeine improves spatial learning deficits in an animal model of atten-tion deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) -- the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2005, 8(4), 583-594.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1461145705005341] [PMID: 15877934]
[107]
Pires, V.A.; Pamplona, F.A.; Pandolfo, P.; Prediger, R.D.; Takahashi, R.N. Chronic caffeine treatment during prepubertal period confers long-term cognitive benefits in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), an animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Behav. Brain Res., 2010, 215(1), 39-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.06.022] [PMID: 20600342]
[108]
Caballero, M.; Núñez, F.; Ahern, S.; Cuffí, M.L.; Carbonell, L.; Sánchez, S.; Fernández-Dueñas, V.; Ciruela, F. Caffeine improves atten-tion deficit in neonatal 6-OHDA lesioned rats, an animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neurosci. Lett., 2011, 494(1), 44-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.02.050] [PMID: 21362462]
[109]
Yuan, H.; Yang, M.; Han, X.; Ni, X. The Therapeutic effect of the Chinese Herbal Medicine, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder via reversal of structural abnormalities in the cortex. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2018, 2018, 3052058.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3052058] [PMID: 30405737]
[110]
Yuan, H.; Ni, X.; Zheng, M.; Han, X.; Song, Y.; Yu, M. Effect of catalpol on behavior and neurodevelopment in an ADHD rat model. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2019, 118, 109033.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109033] [PMID: 31545235]
[111]
Bhattamisra, S.K.; Yap, K.H.; Rao, V.; Choudhury, H. Multiple biological effects of an iridoid glucoside, catalpol and its underlying mo-lecular mechanisms. Biomolecules, 2019, 10(1), E32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10010032] [PMID: 31878316]
[112]
dela Peña, I.; Gonzales, E.L.; de la Peña, J.B.; Kim, B.N.; Han, D.H.; Shin, C.Y.; Cheong, J.H. Individual differences in novelty-seeking behavior in spontaneously hypertensive rats: Enhanced sensitivity to the reinforcing effect of methylphenidate in the high novelty-preferring subpopulation. J. Neurosci. Methods, 2015, 252, 48-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.08.019] [PMID: 25169048]
[113]
Vendruscolo, L.F.; Izídio, G.S.; Takahashi, R.N.; Ramos, A. Chronic methylphenidate treatment during adolescence increases anxiety-related behaviors and ethanol drinking in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats. Behav. Pharmacol., 2008, 19(1), 21-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0b013e3282f3cfbe] [PMID: 18195591]
[114]
Robinson, A.M.; Hopkins, M.E.; Bucci, D.J. Effects of physical exercise on ADHD-like behavior in male and female adolescent sponta-neously hypertensive rats. Dev. Psychobiol., 2011, 53(4), 383-390.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.20530] [PMID: 21305542]
[115]
Hopkins, M.E.; Sharma, M.; Evans, G.C.; Bucci, D.J. Voluntary physical exercise alters attentional orienting and social behavior in a rat model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behav. Neurosci., 2009, 123(3), 599-606.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0015632] [PMID: 19485566]
[116]
França, A.P.; Schamne, M.G.; de Souza, B.S.; da Luz Scheffer, D.; Bernardelli, A.K.; Corrêa, T.; de Souza Izídio, G.; Latini, A.; da Silva-Santos, J.E.; Canas, P.M.; Cunha, R.A.; Prediger, R.D. Caffeine consumption plus physical exercise improves behavioral impairments and stimulates neuroplasticity in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR): an animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol. Neurobiol., 2020, 57(9), 3902-3919.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-02002-4] [PMID: 32621279]
[117]
Elsayed, N.A.; Yamamoto, K.M.; Froehlich, T.E. Genetic influence on efficacy of pharmacotherapy for pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Overview and current status of research. CNS Drugs, 2020, 34(4), 389-414.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40263-020-00702-y] [PMID: 32133580]
[118]
Ching, C.; Eslick, G.D.; Poulton, A.S. Evaluation of methylphenidate safety and maximum-dose titration rationale in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr., 2019, 173(7), 630-639.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0905] [PMID: 31135892]
[119]
Contini, V.; Rovaris, D.L.; Victor, M.M.; Grevet, E.H.; Rohde, L.A.; Bau, C.H. Pharmacogenetics of response to methylphenidate in adult patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A systematic review. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2013, 23(6), 555-560.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.05.006] [PMID: 22709890]
[120]
Tan-Kam, T.; Suthisisang, C.; Pavasuthipaisit, C.; Limsila, P.; Puangpetch, A.; Sukasem, C. Importance of pharmacogenetics in the treat-ment of children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder: A case report. Pharm. Genomics Pers. Med., 2013, 6, 3-7.
[PMID: 23526481]
[121]
Patel, J.N.; Mueller, M.K.; Guffey, W.J.; Stegman, J. Drug prescribing and outcomes after pharmacogenomic testing in a developmental and behavioral health pediatric clinic. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr., 2020, 41(1), 65-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000746] [PMID: 31688658]
[122]
Homberg, J.R.; Kyzar, E.J.; Nguyen, M.; Norton, W.H.; Pittman, J.; Poudel, M.K.; Gaikwad, S.; Nakamura, S.; Koshiba, M.; Yamanouchi, H.; Scattoni, M.L.; Ullman, J.F.; Diamond, D.M.; Kaluyeva, A.A.; Parker, M.O.; Klimenko, V.M.; Apryatin, S.A.; Brown, R.E.; Song, C.; Gainetdinov, R.R.; Gottesman, I.I.; Kalueff, A.V. Understanding autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders through experimental translational neurobehavioral models. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2016, 65, 292-312.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.013] [PMID: 27048961]
[123]
Ogrim, G.; Kropotov, J.; Brunner, J.F.; Candrian, G.; Sandvik, L.; Hestad, K.A. Predicting the clinical outcome of stimulant medication in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Data from quantitative electroencephalography, event-related potentials, and a go/no-go test. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., 2014, 10, 231-242.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S56600] [PMID: 24523588]
[124]
Sari Gokten, E.; Tulay, E.E.; Beser, B.; Elagoz Yuksel, M.; Arikan, K.; Tarhan, N.; Metin, B. Predictive value of slow and fast EEG oscil-lations for methylphenidate response in ADHD. Clin. EEG Neurosci., 2019, 50(5), 332-338.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550059419863206] [PMID: 31304784]
[125]
Leuchter, A.F.; McGough, J.J.; Korb, A.S.; Hunter, A.M.; Glaser, P.E.; Deldar, A.; Durell, T.M.; Cook, I.A. Neurophysiologic predictors of response to atomoxetine in young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A pilot project. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2014, 54, 11-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.03.009] [PMID: 24726639]
[126]
Chiarenza, G.A.; Chabot, R.; Isenhart, R.; Montaldi, L.; Chiarenza, M.P.; Torto, M.G.; Prichep, L.S. The quantified EEG characteristics of responders and non-responders to long-term treatment with atomoxetine in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. Int. J. Psychophysiol., 2016, 104, 44-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.04.004] [PMID: 27108364]
[127]
Weiss, M.D.; Childress, A.C.; Donnelly, G.A.E. Efficacy and safety of PRC-063, extended-release multilayer methylphenidate in adults with ADHD Including 6-month open-label extension. J. Atten. Disord., 2021, 25(10), 1417-1428.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054719896853] [PMID: 31916473]
[128]
Weiss, M.D.; Cutler, A.J.; Kollins, S.H.; Donnelly, G.A.E. Efficacy and Safety of a long-acting multilayer-release methylphenidate for-mulation (PRC-063) in the treatment of adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial with a 6-month open-label extension. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol., 2021, 31(9), 610-622.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cap.2021.0034] [PMID: 34637343]
[129]
Nasser, A.; Liranso, T.; Adewole, T.; Fry, N.; Hull, J.T.; Chowdhry, F.; Busse, G.D.; Melyan, Z.; Cutler, A.J.; Findling, R.L.; Schwabe, S. Once-daily SPN-812 200 and 400 mg in the treatment of ADHD in school-aged children: A phase III randomized, controlled trial. Clin. Ther., 2021, 43(4), 684-700.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.01.027] [PMID: 33750646]
[130]
Iwanami, A.; Saito, K.; Fujiwara, M.; Okutsu, D.; Ichikawa, H. Efficacy and safety of guanfacine extended-release in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2020, 81(3), 19m12979.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.19m12979] [PMID: 32297719]
[131]
Núñez-Jaramillo, L.; Herrera-Solís, A.; Herrera-Morales, W.V. ADHD: Reviewing the causes and evaluating solutions. J. Pers. Med., 2021, 11(3), 166.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11030166] [PMID: 33804365]
[132]
Smith, T.; Sharp, S.; Manzardo, A.M.; Butler, M.G. Pharmacogenetics informed decision making in adolescent psychiatric treatment: A clinical case report. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2015, 16(3), 4416-4428.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms16034416] [PMID: 25710722]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
25
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy