Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2772-4328
ISSN (Online): 2772-4336

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Meta-Analysis

Standard Triple Therapy as a Remedy for Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Author(s): Faezeh Kiani, Sara Khademolhosseini, Mobina Fathi, Arian Tavasol, Jasem Mohammadi, Majid Dousti and Jalal Eshagh Hoseini*

Volume 18, Issue 2, 2023

Published on: 25 May, 2022

Page: [167 - 181] Pages: 15

DOI: 10.2174/2772432817666220317152544

Price: $65

conference banner
Abstract

Background: H. pylori infection, one of the most prevalent infectious diseases, can cause severe health problems. Therefore, it seems to be crucial to effectively counter the H. pylori infection with a well-tolerated eradication regimen. However, since the discovery of H. pylori, the optimal treatment for this disease is still unclear and remains controversial.

Objectives: The present study aims to estimate the efficacy of standard triple therapy for eradicating H. pylori by systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods: We identified randomized clinical trials [RCTs] involving triple therapy PPIAC/M [Omeprazole, Amoxicillin, and Clarithromycin/Metronidazole] in the first-line treatment of H. pylori infection and reported eradication rate through electronic and manual searches in PubMed, ISI, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register, and Scopus databases. Data were analyzed using the random effect model, and the Cochrane Q test and I2 statistics were used to assess heterogeneity. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA version 12.

Results: Forty-seven RCTs [PPIAC: 40 RCTs and PPIAM: 7 RCTs] with 4,938 patients selected as eligible for the final analysis. Per-protocol eradication rate was 80% [95% CI: 74-84] and 80% [95% CI: 73-87] for PPIAC and PPIAM regimens, respectively. The eradication rate for PPIAC and PPIAM regimens was 83% [95% CI: 70%-95%] and 83% [95% CI: 75%-90%] and also 77% [95% CI: 68%- 88%] and 78% [95% CI: 69%-88%], respectively. Based on different treatment durations, the pooled estimates of PP [per-protocol analysis] treatment outcomes were found the highest in 14-day treatment in both regimens.

Conclusion: Standard triple therapy PPIAC/M is recommended to be an effective and safe regimen, although adequate data are not available to suggest PPIAC/M as the first-line therapy for H. Pylori infection. Interestingly, our analysis demonstrated that PPIAC/M regimens were more effective in Asian than European populations.

Keywords: Helicobacter Pylori eradication, first-line treatment, standard triple therapy, infection therapy, gastrointestinal diseases, lymphoma.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Marin AC, McNicholl AG, Gisbert JP. A review of rescue regimens after clarithromycin-containing triple therapy failure (for Helicobacter pylori eradication). Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 14(7): 843-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2013.782286] [PMID: 23537368]
[2]
Venerito M, Krieger T, Ecker T, Leandro G, Malfertheiner P. Meta-analysis of bismuth quadruple therapy versus clarithromycin triple therapy for empiric primary treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Digestion 2013; 88(1): 33-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000350719] [PMID: 23880479]
[3]
Ma HJ, Wang JL. Quadruple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19(6): 931-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i6.931] [PMID: 23429422]
[4]
Nagini S. Carcinoma of the stomach: A review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, molecular genetics and chemoprevention. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2012; 4(7): 156-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v4.i7.156] [PMID: 22844547]
[5]
Gisbert JP, Calvet X, O’Connor A, Mégraud F, O’Morain CA. Sequential therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: A critical review. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 44(5): 313-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181c8a1a3] [PMID: 20054285]
[6]
Gisbert JP, Calvet X. Review article: Non-bismuth quadruple (concomitant) therapy for eradication of Helicobater pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34(6): 604-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04770.x] [PMID: 21745241]
[7]
Delchier JC, Malfertheiner P, Thieroff-Ekerdt R. Use of a combination formulation of bismuth, metronidazole and tetracycline with omeprazole as a rescue therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40(2): 171-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apt.12808] [PMID: 24863854]
[8]
Megraud F, Coenen S, Versporten A, et al. Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Europe and its relationship to antibiotic consumption. Gut 2013; 62(1): 34-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302254] [PMID: 22580412]
[9]
Selgrad M, Meissle J, Bornschein J, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori in central Germany and its relationship with the number of eradication therapies. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 25(11): 1257-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0b013e3283643491] [PMID: 23863261]
[10]
Fuccio L, Zagari RM, Eusebi LH, et al. Meta-analysis: Can Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment reduce the risk for gastric cancer? Ann Intern Med 2009; 151(2): 121-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-2-200907210-00009] [PMID: 19620164]
[11]
Vafaeimanesh J, Rajabzadeh R, Ahmadi A, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on glycaemia control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and comparison of two therapeutic regimens. Arab J Gastroenterol 2013; 14(2): 55-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajg.2013.03.002] [PMID: 23820501]
[12]
Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O’Morain CA, et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection--the Maastricht IV/Florence Consensus Report. Gut 2012; 61(5): 646-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302084] [PMID: 22491499]
[13]
O’Connor A, Molina-Infante J, Gisbert JP, O’Morain C. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Helicobacter 2013; 1: 58-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hel.12075] [PMID: 24011247]
[14]
Gisbert JP, Calvet X, Cosme A, et al. Long-term follow-up of 1,000 patients cured of Helicobacter pylori infection following an episode of peptic ulcer bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107(8): 1197-204.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2012.132] [PMID: 22613904]
[15]
Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JP. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151(4): 65-94.
[16]
Essa AS, Kramer JR, Graham DY, Treiber G. Meta-analysis: Four-drug, three-antibiotic, non-bismuth-containing “concomitant therapy” versus triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Helicobacter 2009; 14(2): 109-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00671.x] [PMID: 19298338]
[17]
Fattahi E, Azargoon A, Fakhrju A. Comparison of 7 days versus 14 days treatment with clarithromycin, amox1cilin and omeprazole for eradication of Helicobacter Pylori 2004. Studies Med Sci 2004; 15: 85-91.
[18]
Rafeey M, Ghojazadeh M, Mohamadi-Azar A. Evaluation of triple therapy regimens with metronidazole or clarithromycin for Helicobacter pylori eradication in children. Govaresh 2009; 13(4): 233-8.
[19]
Khaleghi S, Talebi Taher M, Parhizkar B, Entezari AH. Comparison of response to treatment in both groups of patients with and without Helicobacter pylori Cag A Ab. Kurdistan University Med Sci 2009; 14: 59-64.
[20]
Lind T, Mégraud F, Unge P, et al. The MACH2 study: Role of omeprazole in eradication of Helicobacter pylori with 1-week triple therapies. Gastroenterology 1999; 116(2): 248-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70119-8] [PMID: 9922303]
[21]
Lee JM, Breslin NP, Hyde DK, Buckley MJ, O’Morain CA. Treatment options for Helicobacter pylori infection when proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapy fails in clinical practice. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13(4): 489-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00504.x] [PMID: 10215733]
[22]
Seyedmajidi S, Mirsattari D, Zojaji H, et al. Penbactam for Helicobacter pylori eradication: A randomised comparison of quadruple and triple treatment schedules in an Iranian population. Arab J Gastroenterol 2013; 14(1): 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajg.2012.12.004] [PMID: 23622801]
[23]
Guo CY, Wu Y-B, Liu H-L, Wu J-Y, Zhong M-ZH. Clinical evaluation of four one-week triple therapy regimens in eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10(5): 747-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v10.i5.747] [PMID: 14991953]
[24]
Vonkeman HE, deLeest HTJI. DeLaar M Jv, et al. Assessment of Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients on NSAID treatment. BMC Gastroenterol 2012; 12: 133.
[25]
Aminian K, Farsad F, Ghanbari A, Fakhreih S, Hasheminasab SM. A randomized trial comparing four Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens: Standard triple therapy, ciprofloxacin based triple therapy, quadruple and sequential therapy. Trop Gastroenterol 2010; 31(4): 303-7.
[PMID: 21568147]
[26]
Rinaldi V, Zullo A, De Francesco V, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication with proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapies and re-treatment with ranitidine bismuth citrate-based triple therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13(2): 163-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00462.x] [PMID: 10102945]
[27]
Chan FKL, Sung JJY, Suen R, Wu JCY, Ling TKW, Chung SCS. Salvage therapies after failure of Helicobacter pylori eradication with ranitidine bismuth citrate-based therapies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14(1): 91-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00674.x] [PMID: 10632651]
[28]
Molina-Infante J, Perez-Gallardo B, Fernandez-Bermejo M, et al. Clinical trial: Clarithromycin vs. levofloxacin in first-line triple and sequential regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31(10): 1077-84.
[PMID: 20180787]
[29]
Choi KH, Chung WCh, Lee KM, et al. Efficacy of levofloxacin and rifaximin based quadruple therapy in Helicobacter pylori associated gastroduodenal disease: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial. J Korean Med Sci 2011; 26(6): 785-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2011.26.6.785] [PMID: 21655065]
[30]
Kang MS, Park DI, Yun JW, et al. Levofloxacin-azithromycin combined triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Korean J Gastroenterol 2006; 47(1): 30-6.
[PMID: 16434866]
[31]
Blum AL, Talley NJ, Omorani C, Van Zanten SV. Lake of effect of treating Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1875-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199812243392602] [PMID: 9862942]
[32]
Gao X-Zh, Qiao X-L, Song W-Ch, Wang X-F, Liu F. Standard triple, bismuth pectin quadruple and sequential therapies for Helicobacter pylori eradication. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16(34): 4357-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v16.i34.4357] [PMID: 20818821]
[33]
Marko D, Calvet X, Ducons J, Guardiola J, Tito L, Bory F. Comparison of two management strategies for Helicobacter pylori treatment: Clinical study and cost-effectiveness analysis. Helicobacter 2005; 10(1): 22-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2005.00288.x] [PMID: 15691312]
[34]
Paoluzi P, Iacopini F, Crispino P, et al. 2-week triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection is better than 1-week in clinical practice: A large prospective single-center randomized study. Helicobacter 2006; 11(6): 562-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2006.00459.x] [PMID: 17083378]
[35]
Subei IM, Cardona HJ, Bachelet E, et al. One week of esomeprazole triple therapy vs 1 week of omeprazole triple therapy plus 3 weeks of omeprazole for duodenal ulcer healding in Helicobacter pylori-positive patients. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52(6): 1505-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-006-9522-5] [PMID: 17464561]
[36]
Rokkas T, Sechopoulos P, Robotis I, Margantinis G, Pistiolas D. Cumulative H. pylori eradication rates in clinical practice by adopting first and second-line regimens proposed by the Maastricht III consensus and a third-line empirical regimen. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104(1): 21-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2008.87] [PMID: 19098844]
[37]
Dehghani SM, Erjaee A, Imanieh MH, Haghighat M. Efficacy of the standard quadruple therapy versus triple therapies containing proton pump inhibitor plus amoxicillin and clarithromycin or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and metronidazole for Helicobacter pylori eradication in children. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54(8): 1720-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-008-0547-9] [PMID: 19005755]
[38]
Feng LY, Yao XX, Jiang SL. Effects of killing Helicobacter pylori quadruple therapy on peptic ulcer: A randomized double-blind clinical trial. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11(7): 1083-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v11.i7.1083] [PMID: 15742421]
[39]
Lai YC, Wang TH, Huang SH, et al. Density of Helicobacter pylori may affect the efficacy of eradication therapy and ulcer healing in patients with active duodenal ulcers. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9(7): 1537-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v9.i7.1537] [PMID: 12854158]
[40]
Lai YC, Yang JC, Huang SH. Pre-treatment urea breath test results predict the efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in patients with active duodenal ulcers. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10(7): 991-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v10.i7.991] [PMID: 15052680]
[41]
Lara LF, Cisneros G, Gurney M, et al. One-day quadruple therapy compared with 7-day triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163(17): 2079-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.17.2079] [PMID: 14504122]
[42]
Morgan DR, Torres J, Sexton R, et al. Risk of recurrent Helicobacter pylori infection 1 year after initial eradication therapy in 7 Latin American communities. JAMA 2013; 309(6): 578-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.311] [PMID: 23403682]
[43]
Uygun A, Kadayifci A, Safali M, Ilgan S, Bagci S. The efficacy of bismuth containing quadruple therapy as a first-line treatment option for Helicobacter pylori. J Dig Dis 2007; 8(4): 211-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2980.2007.00308.x] [PMID: 17970879]
[44]
Nagahara A, Miwa H, Yamada T, et al. Five-day proton pump inhibitor-based quadruple therapy regimen is more effective than 7-day triple therapy regimen for Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15(3): 417-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.00929.x] [PMID: 11207518]
[45]
Nagahara A, Miwa H, Ogawa K, et al. Addition of metronidazole to rabeprazole-amoxicillin-clarithromycin regimen for Helicobacter pylori infection provides an excellent cure rate with five-day therapy. Helicobacter 2000; 5(2): 88-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-5378.2000.00013.x] [PMID: 10849057]
[46]
Zheng Q, Chen WJ, Lu H, Sun QJ, Xiao SD. Comparison of the efficacy of triple versus quadruple therapy on the eradication of Helicobacter pylori and antibiotic resistance. J Dig Dis 2010; 11(5): 313-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2980.2010.00457.x] [PMID: 20883428]
[47]
Zullo A, De Francesco V, Scaccianoce G, et al. Quadruple therapy with lactoferrin for Helicobacter pylori eradication: A randomised, multicentre study. Dig Liver Dis 2005; 37(7): 496-500.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2005.01.017] [PMID: 15975536]
[48]
Antos D, Schneider-Brachert W, Bästlein E, et al. 7-day triple therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection with levofloxacin, amoxicillin, and high-dose esomeprazole in patients with known antimicrobial sensitivity. Helicobacter 2006; 11(1): 39-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0083-8703.2006.00375.x] [PMID: 16423088]
[49]
Ang TL, Wang L, Ang D, Chiam P, Fock KM, Teo EK. Is there still a role for empiric first-line triple therapy using proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin and clarithromycin for Helicobacter pylori infection in Singapore? Results of a time trend analysis. J Dig Dis 2013; 14(2): 100-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1751-2980.12024] [PMID: 23253473]
[50]
Usta Y, Saltik-Temizel IN, Demir H, et al. Comparison of short- and long-term treatment protocols and the results of second-line quadruple therapy in children with Helicobacter pylori infection. J Gastroenterol 2008; 43(6): 429-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00535-008-2187-4] [PMID: 18600386]
[51]
Francavilla R, Lionetti E, Castellaneta SP, et al. Improved efficacy of 10-Day sequential treatment for Helicobacter pylori eradication in children: a randomized trial. Gastroenterology 2005; 129(5): 1414-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2005.09.007] [PMID: 16285942]
[52]
Katelaris PH, Adamthwaite D, Midolo P, Yeomans ND, Davidson G, Lambert J. Randomized trial of omeprazole and metronidazole with amoxycillin or clarithromycin for Helicobacter pylori eradication, in a region of high primary metronidazole resistance: The HERO study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14(6): 751-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00776.x] [PMID: 10848659]
[53]
Laurent J, Mégraud F, Fléjou JF, Caekaert A, Barthélemy P. A randomized comparison of four omeprazole-based triple therapy regimens for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15(11): 1787-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.01104.x] [PMID: 11683693]
[54]
McColl K, Murray L, El-Omar E, et al. Symptomatic benefit from eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia. N Engl J Med 1998; 339(26): 1869-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199812243392601] [PMID: 9862941]
[55]
Isomoto H, Inoue K, Furusu H, et al. High-dose rabeprazole-amoxicillin versus rabeprazole-amoxicillin-metronidazole as second-line treatment after failure of the Japanese standard regimen for Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 18(1): 101-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01659.x] [PMID: 12848631]
[56]
Ueki N, Miyake K, Kusunoki M, et al. Impact of quadruple regimen of clarithromycin added to metronidazole-containing triple therapy against Helicobacter pylori infection following clarithromycin-containing triple-therapy failure. Helicobacter 2009; 14(2): 91-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00664.x] [PMID: 19298336]
[57]
Wenzhen Y, Kehu Y, Bin M, et al. Moxifloxacin-based triple therapy versus clarithromycin-based triple therapy for first-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Intern Med 2009; 48(24): 2069-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.48.2344] [PMID: 20009394]
[58]
Zhang G, Zou J, Liu F, et al. The efficacy of moxifloxacin-based triple therapy in treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46(7): 607-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1414-431X20132817] [PMID: 23903685]
[59]
Graham DY, Lu H, Yamaoka Y. Therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection can be improved: Sequential therapy and beyond. Drugs 2008; 68(6): 725-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200868060-00001] [PMID: 18416582]
[60]
Graham DY, Shiotani A. New concepts of resistance in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 5(6): 321-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncpgasthep1138] [PMID: 18446147]
[61]
Snaith A, El-Omar EM. Helicobacter pylori: Host genetics and disease outcomes. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 2(4): 577-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/17474124.2.4.577] [PMID: 19072405]
[62]
Selgrad M, Malfertheiner P. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2011; 27(6): 565-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MOG.0b013e32834bb818] [PMID: 21946029]
[63]
Selgrad M, Bornschein J, Malfertheiner P. Guidelines for treatment of Helicobacter pylori in the East and West. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011; 9(8): 581-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/eri.11.80] [PMID: 21819326]
[64]
Chuah SK, Tsay FW, Hsu PI, Wu DC. A new look at anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17(35): 3971-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v17.i35.3971] [PMID: 22046084]
[65]
De Francesco V, Giorgio F, Hassan C, et al. Worldwide H. pylori antibiotic resistance: A systematic review. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2010; 19(4): 409-14.
[PMID: 21188333]
[66]
McNulty CA, Lasseter G, Shaw I, et al. Is Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance surveillance needed and how can it be delivered? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35(10): 1221-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05083.x] [PMID: 22469191]
[67]
Laheij RJ, Rossum LG, Jansen JB, Straatman H, Verbeek AL. Evaluation of treatment regimens to cure Helicobacter pylori infection--a meta-analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13(7): 857-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00542.x] [PMID: 10383518]
[68]
van der Hulst RW, Keller JJ, Rauws EA, Tytgat GN. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: A review of the world literature. Helicobacter 1996; 1(1): 6-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.1996.tb00003.x] [PMID: 9398908]
[69]
Fischbach LA, van Zanten S, Dickason J. Meta-analysis: The efficacy, adverse events, and adherence related to first-line anti-Helicobacter pylori quadruple therapies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20(10): 1071-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02248.x] [PMID: 15569109]
[70]
Graham DY, Lu H, Yamaoka Y. A report card to grade Helicobacter pylori therapy. Helicobacter 2007; 12(4): 275-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2007.00518.x] [PMID: 17669098]
[71]
Mégraud F. H pylori antibiotic resistance: prevalence, importance, and advances in testing. Gut 2004; 53(9): 1374-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2003.022111] [PMID: 15306603]
[72]
Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O’Morain C, et al. Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection: The Maastricht III Consensus Report. Gut 2007; 56(6): 772-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2006.101634] [PMID: 17170018]
[73]
de Boer WA. Bismuth triple therapy: Still a very important drug regimen for curing Helicobacter pylori infection. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 11(7): 697-700.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042737-199907000-00002] [PMID: 10445785]
[74]
Rimbara E, Fischbach LA, Graham DY. Optimal therapy for Helicobacter pylori infections. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 8(2): 79-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2010.210] [PMID: 21293508]
[75]
Graham DY, Fischbach L. Helicobacter pylori treatment in the era of increasing antibiotic resistance. Gut 2010; 59(8): 1143-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2009.192757] [PMID: 20525969]
[76]
Bruce MG, Maaroos HI. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2008; 13 (Suppl. 1): 1-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2008.00631.x] [PMID: 18783514]
[77]
Goh KL, Chan WK, Shiota S, Yamaoka Y. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and public health implications. Helicobacter 2011; 16 (Suppl. 1): 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00874.x] [PMID: 21896079]
[78]
Hori K, Miwa H, Matsumoto T. Efficacy of 2-week, second-line Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy using rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and metronidazole for the Japanese population. Helicobacter 2011; 16(3): 234-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00842.x] [PMID: 21585610]
[79]
Calvet X, García N, López T, Gisbert JP, Gené E, Roque M. A meta-analysis of short versus long therapy with a proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin and either metronidazole or amoxycillin for treating Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14(5): 603-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00744.x] [PMID: 10792124]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
7
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy