Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1871-5273
ISSN (Online): 1996-3181

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Hair Cortisol Concentration as a Biomarker of Symptoms of Depression in the Perinatal Period

Author(s): Nisrin El Mlili, Hanan Ahabrach and Omar Cauli*

Volume 22, Issue 1, 2023

Published on: 11 April, 2022

Page: [71 - 83] Pages: 13

DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220316122605

open access plus

Abstract

Pregnancy is a sensitive period when women experience major hormonal and psychological changes. A high prevalence of the symptoms of depression and manifested major depression rates have been reported during this period, leading to negative outcomes both for mothers and the offspring. Despite its prevalence, the aetiology of depression is not yet fully understood. Nonetheless, alterations in cortisol levels have been proposed as a reliable biomarker to identify pregnant women at risk of perinatal depression. Hair cortisol has recently been extensively used in bio-psychological studies as a suitable non-invasive biomarker for several neuropsychiatric disorders. Various studies have published evidence regarding the relationship between cortisol fluctuations during the perinatal period, measured both in hair and in other substrates, and the onset of perinatal symptoms of depression. This current review provides an overview of cortisol level changes measured in women’s hair during pregnancy or the postpartum period and its association with perinatal symptoms of depression. Further studies, including repetitive measurement of both hair cortisol and depression throughout the prenatal period, must be performed to clarify the relationship between cortisol levels and perinatal symptoms of depression.

Keywords: Depression, hypothalamus, adrenal glands, pregnancy, antidepressant drugs, anxiety, sleep.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Burt VK, Stein K. Epidemiology of depression throughout the female life cycle. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63 (Suppl. 7): 9-15.
[2]
Marcus SM, Flynn HA, Blow FC, Barry KL. Depressive symptoms among pregnant women screened in obstetrics settings. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2003; 12(4): 373-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/154099903765448880] [PMID: 12804344]
[3]
Nonacs R, Cohen LS. Depression during pregnancy: Diagnosis and treatment options. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63 (Suppl. 7): 24-30.
[4]
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (5th ed.), Arlington, VA, USA: American Psychiatric Association 2013.
[5]
Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA 2003; 289(23): 3095-105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.23.3095] [PMID: 12813115]
[6]
Wittchen HU, Jacobi F. Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe-a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2005; 15(4): 357-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.04.012] [PMID: 15961293]
[7]
Gavin CM, Gray JT. 15 assessment and management of neurological problems (2). Emerg Med J 2005; 22(8): 564-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.2005.027722] [PMID: 16046762]
[8]
Zunszain PA, Anacker C, Cattaneo A, Carvalho LA, Pariante CM. Glucocorticoids, cytokines and brain abnormalities in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35(3): 722-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.04.011] [PMID: 20406665]
[9]
Raedler TJ. Inflammatory mechanisms in major depressive disorder. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2011; 24(6): 519-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e32834b9db6] [PMID: 21897249]
[10]
Cowen PJ. Not fade away: The HPA axis and depression. Psychol Med 2010; 40(1): 1-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709005558] [PMID: 19335939]
[11]
Nemeroff CB, Widerlöv E, Bissette G, et al. Elevated concentrations of CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients. Science 1984; 226(226): 226-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.6334362]
[12]
Nemeroff CB, Krishnan KRR, Reed D, Leder R, Beam C, Dunnick NR. Adrenal gland enlargement in major depression. A computed tomographic study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49(5): 384-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820050048008] [PMID: 1586274]
[13]
Dettenborn L, Muhtz C, Skoluda N, et al. Introducing a novel method to assess cumulative steroid concentrations: Increased hair cortisol concentrations over 6 months in medicated patients with depression. Stress 2012; 15(3): 348-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2011.619239] [PMID: 22043813]
[14]
Johnson SA, Fournier NM, Kalynchuk LE. Effect of different doses of corticosterone on depression-like behavior and HPA axis responses to a novel stressor. Behav Brain Res 2006; 168(2): 280-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2005.11.019] [PMID: 16386319]
[15]
Shapero BG, McClung G, Bangasser DA, Abramson LY, Alloy LB. Interaction of biological stress recovery and cognitive vulnerability for depression in adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 46(1): 91-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0451-0] [PMID: 26923989]
[16]
Steudte-Schmiedgen S, Wichmann S, Stalder T, et al. Hair cortisol concentrations and cortisol stress reactivity in generalized anxiety disorder, major depression and their comorbidity. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 84: 184-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.024] [PMID: 27744230]
[17]
Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE, Rivier J, Vale WW. Organization of ovine corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactive cells and fibers in the rat brain: An immunohistochemical study. Neuroendocrinology 1983; 36(3): 165-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000123454] [PMID: 6601247]
[18]
Conaglen JV, Donald RA, Espiner EA, Livesey JH, Nicholls MG. The effect of ovine corticotropin-releasing factor on catecholamine, vasopressin, and aldosterone secretion in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984; 58(3): 463-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem-58-3-463] [PMID: 6319453]
[19]
Kalsbeek A, Palm IF, La Fleur SE, et al. SCN outputs and the hypothalamic balance of life. J Biol Rhythms 2006; 21(6): 458-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748730406293854] [PMID: 17107936]
[20]
Clow A, Hucklebridge F, Stalder T, Evans P, Thorn L. The cortisol awakening response: More than a measure of HPA axis function. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 35(1): 97-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.12.011] [PMID: 20026350]
[21]
Carr BR, Parker CR Jr, Madden JD, MacDonald PC, Porter JC. Maternal plasma adrenocorticotropin and cortisol relationships throughout human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981; 139(4): 416-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(81)90318-5] [PMID: 6258436]
[22]
Cousins L, Rigg L, Hollingsworth D, et al. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of the circadian rhythm of cortisol in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 145(4): 411-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(83)90309-5] [PMID: 6297302]
[23]
Demey-Ponsart E, Foidart JM, Sulon J, Sodoyez JC. Serum CBG, free and total cortisol and circadian patterns of adrenal function in normal pregnancy. J Steroid Biochem 1982; 16(2): 165-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4731(82)90163-7] [PMID: 7078155]
[24]
Ho JT, Lewis JG, O’Loughlin P, et al. Reduced maternal corticosteroid-binding globulin and cortisol levels in pre-eclampsia and gamete recipient pregnancies. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 66(6): 869-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02826.x] [PMID: 17437519]
[25]
Potter JM, Mueller UW, Hickman PE, Michael CA. Corticosteroid binding globulin in normotensive and hypertensive human pregnancy. Clin Sci (Lond) 1987; 72(6): 725-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0720725] [PMID: 3595077]
[26]
Lindholm J, Schultz-Möller N. Plasma and urinary cortisol in pregnancy and during estrogen-gestagen treatment. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1973; 31(1): 119-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365517309082426] [PMID: 4687772]
[27]
Scott EM, McGarrigle HH, Lachelin GC. The increase in plasma and saliva cortisol levels in pregnancy is not due to the increase in corticosteroid-binding globulin levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 71(3): 639-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem-71-3-639] [PMID: 2394772]
[28]
Crowley P. Prophylactic corticosteroids for preterm birth Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 1996.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000065]
[29]
Glynn LM, Davis EP, Sandman CA. New insights into the role of perinatal HPA-axis dysregulation in postpartum depression. Neuropeptides 2013; 47(6): 363-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.007] [PMID: 24210135]
[30]
Kapoor A, Dunn E, Kostaki A, Andrews MH, Matthews SG. Fetal programming of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function: Prenatal stress and glucocorticoids. J Physiol 2006; 572(Pt 1): 31-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.105254] [PMID: 16469780]
[31]
Glynn LM, Sandman CA. Sex moderates associations between prenatal glucocorticoid exposure and human fetal neurological development. Dev Sci 2012; 15(5): 601-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01159.x] [PMID: 22925508]
[32]
Jung C, Ho JT, Torpy DJ, et al. A longitudinal study of plasma and urinary cortisol in pregnancy and postpartum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96(5): 1533-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2395] [PMID: 21367926]
[33]
Kammerer M, Adams D, Castelberg Bv B, Glover V. Pregnant women become insensitive to cold stress. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2002; 2(1): 8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-2-8] [PMID: 12437774]
[34]
de Weerth C, Buitelaar JK. Physiological stress reactivity in human pregnancy-a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005; 29(2): 295-312.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.10.005] [PMID: 15811500]
[35]
Wadhwa PD, Sandman CA, Chicz-DeMet A, Porto M. Placental CRH modulates maternal pituitary adrenal function in human pregnancy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 814: 276-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb46163.x] [PMID: 9160977]
[36]
Hahn-Holbrook J, Schetter CD, Arora C, Hobel CJ. Placental corticotropin-releasing hormone mediates the association between prenatal social support and postpartum depression. Clin Psychol Sci 2013; 1(3): 253-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702612470646] [PMID: 23997996]
[37]
Yim IS, Glynn LM, Schetter CD, Hobel CJ, Chicz-DeMet A, Sandman CA. Elevated corticotropin- releasing hormone in human pregnancy increases the risk of postpartum depressive symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009; 66(2): 162-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.533] [PMID: 19188538]
[38]
Mastorakos G, Ilias I. Maternal and fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes during pregnancy and postpartum. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 997: 136-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1290.016] [PMID: 14644820]
[39]
Thompson LA, Trevathan WR. Cortisol reactivity, maternal sensitivity, and learning in 3-month-old infants. Infant Behav Dev 2008; 31(1): 92-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2007.07.007] [PMID: 17716739]
[40]
Skalkidou A, Hellgren C, Comasco E, Sylvén S, Sundström Poromaa I. Biological aspects of postpartum depression. Womens Health (Lond Engl) 2012; 8(6): 659-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/WHE.12.55] [PMID: 23181531]
[41]
Magiakou MA, Mastorakos G, Rabin D, Dubbert B, Gold PW, Chrousos GP. Hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone suppression during the postpartum period: Implications for the increase in psychiatric manifestations at this time. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81(5): 1912-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.81.5.8626857] [PMID: 8626857]
[42]
Bloch M, Rubinow DR, Schmidt PJ, Lotsikas A, Chrousos GP, Cizza G. Cortisol response to ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone in a model of pregnancy and parturition in euthymic women with and without a history of postpartum depression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90(2): 695-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-1388] [PMID: 15546899]
[43]
Pedersen CA, Stern RA, Pate J, Senger MA, Bowes WA, Mason GA. Thyroid and adrenal measures during late pregnancy and the puerperium in women who have been major depressed or who become dysphoric postpartum. J Affect Disord 1993; 29(2-3): 201-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(93)90034-H] [PMID: 8300979]
[44]
Taylor A, Glover V, Marks M, Kammerer M. Diurnal pattern of cortisol output in postnatal depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34(8): 1184-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.03.004] [PMID: 19406580]
[45]
Majzoub JA, McGregor JA, Lockwood CJ, Smith R, Taggart MS, Schulkin J. A central theory of preterm and term labor: Putative role for corticotropin-releasing hormone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 180(1): 232-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70707-6]
[46]
Mancuso RA, Schetter CD, Rini CM, Roesch SC, Hobel CJ. Maternal prenatal anxiety and corticotropin-releasing hormone associated with timing of delivery. Psychosom Med 2004; 66(5): 762-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000138284.70670.d5] [PMID: 15385704]
[47]
Nierop A, Bratsikas A, Zimmermann R, Ehlert U. Are stress-induced cortisol changes during pregnancy associated with postpartum depressive symptoms? Psychosom Med 2006; 68(6): 931-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000244385.93141.3b] [PMID: 17132840]
[48]
Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, et al. Prenatal maternal biochemistry predicts neonatal biochemistry. Int J Neurosci 2004; 114(8): 933-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207450490461305] [PMID: 15527200]
[49]
Jesse DE, Seaver W, Wallace DC. Maternal psychosocial risks predict preterm birth in a group of women from Appalachia. Midwifery 2003; 19(3): 191-202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0266-6138(03)00031-7] [PMID: 12946335]
[50]
French NP, Hagan R, Evans SF, Godfrey M, Newnham JP. Repeated antenatal corticosteroids: Size at birth and subsequent development. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 180(1): 114-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70160-2]
[51]
Liebermann L, Hatt SR, Leske DA, et al. Assessing divergence in children with intermittent exotropia. Strabismus 2012; 20(1): 11-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09273972.2012.655838] [PMID: 22390326]
[52]
Hendrick V. Treatment of postnatal depression. BMJ 2003; 327(7422): 1003-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7422.1003] [PMID: 14593008]
[53]
O’Hara MW. Postpartum depression: What we know. J Clin Psychol 2009; 65(12): 1258-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20644] [PMID: 19827112]
[54]
Robertson E, Grace S, Wallington T, Stewart DE. Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: A synthesis of recent literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2004; 26(4): 289-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2004.02.006] [PMID: 15234824]
[55]
Agnew-Blais J, Danese A. Childhood maltreatment and unfavourable clinical outcomes in bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3(4): 342-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00544-1] [PMID: 26873185]
[56]
Goodyer I, Herbert J, Moor S, Altham P. Cortisol hypersecretion in depressed school-aged children and adolescents. Psychiatry Res 1991; 37(3): 237-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(91)90060-3] [PMID: 1891507]
[57]
Goodyer IM, Herbert J, Tamplin A, Altham PME. Recent life events, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone and the onset of major depression in high-risk adolescents. Br J Psychiatry 2000; 177(DEC): 499-504.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.177.6.499] [PMID: 11102323]
[58]
Goodyer IM, Park RJ, Herbert J. Psychosocial and endocrine features of chronic first-episode major depression in 8-16 year olds. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50(5): 351-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01120-9] [PMID: 11543738]
[59]
De Bellis MD, Dahl RE, Perel JM, et al. Nocturnal ACTH, cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin secretion in prepubertal depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35(9): 1130-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199609000-00010] [PMID: 8824056]
[60]
Essex MJ, Klein MH, Cho E, Kalin NH. Maternal stress beginning in infancy may sensitize children to later stress exposure: Effects on cortisol and behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52(8): 776-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01553-6] [PMID: 12372649]
[61]
Smider NA, Essex MJ, Kalin NH, et al. Salivary cortisol as a predictor of socioemotional adjustment during kindergarten: A prospective study. Child Dev 2002; 73(1): 75-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00393] [PMID: 14717245]
[62]
Russell E, Koren G, Rieder M, Van Uum S. Hair cortisol as a biological marker of chronic stress: Current status, future directions and unanswered questions. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37(5): 589-601.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.009] [PMID: 21974976]
[63]
Bloch M, Daly RC, Rubinow DR. Endocrine factors in the etiology of postpartum depression. Compr Psychiatry 2003; 44(3): 234-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0010-440X(03)00034-8] [PMID: 12764712]
[64]
Parry BL, Sorenson DL, Meliska CJ, et al. Hormonal basis of mood and postpartum disorders. Curr Womens Health Rep 2003; 3(3): 230-5.
[PMID: 12734034]
[65]
Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, et al. Comorbid depression and anxiety effects on pregnancy and neonatal outcome. Infant Behav Dev 2010; 33(1): 23-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.10.004] [PMID: 19945170]
[66]
Rouse MH, Goodman SH. Perinatal depression influences on infant negative affectivity: Timing, severity, and co-morbid anxiety. Infant Behav Dev 2014; 37(4): 739-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.09.001] [PMID: 25459792]
[67]
Okano T, Nomura J. Endocrine study of the maternity blues. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1992; 16(6): 921-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-5846(92)90110-Z] [PMID: 1513931]
[68]
Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Diego M, Schanberg S, Kuhn C. Stability of mood states and biochemistry across pregnancy. Infant Behav Dev 2006; 29(2): 262-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2005.12.009] [PMID: 17138281]
[69]
Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, et al. Chronic prenatal depression and neonatal outcome. Int J Neurosci 2008; 118(1): 95-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207450601042144] [PMID: 18041608]
[70]
Szpunar MJ, Parry BL. A systematic review of cortisol, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and prolactin in peripartum women with major depression. Arch Women Ment Health 2018; 21(2): 149-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-017-0787-9] [PMID: 29022126]
[71]
Groer MW, Morgan K. Immune, health and endocrine characteristics of depressed postpartum mothers. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32(2): 133-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.11.007] [PMID: 17207585]
[72]
Tsubouchi H, Nakai Y, Toda M, et al. Change of salivary stress marker concentrations during pregnancy: Maternal depressive status suppress changes of those levels. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37(8): 1004-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01473.x] [PMID: 21463431]
[73]
Steptoe A, Serwinski B. Cortisol Awakening Response. Elsevier Inc. 2016.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800951-2.00034-0]
[74]
Chida Y, Steptoe A. Cortisol awakening response and psychosocial factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Psychol 2009; 80(3): 265-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.10.004] [PMID: 19022335]
[75]
Steptoe A, Brydon L, Kunz-Ebrecht S. Changes in financial strain over three years, ambulatory blood pressure, and cortisol responses to awakening. Psychosom Med 2005; 67(2): 281-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000156932.96261.d2] [PMID: 15784795]
[76]
Herbert J. Cortisol and depression: Three questions for psychiatry. Psychol Med 2013; 43(3): 449-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712000955] [PMID: 22564216]
[77]
Owens M, Herbert J, Jones PB, et al. Elevated morning cortisol is a stratified population-level biomarker for major depression in boys only with high depressive symptoms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014; 111(9): 3638-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1318786111] [PMID: 24550453]
[78]
Vrshek-Schallhorn S, Doane LD, Mineka S, Zinbarg RE, Craske MG, Adam EK. The cortisol awakening response predicts major depression: Predictive stability over a 4-year follow-up and effect of depression history. Psychol Med 2013; 43(3): 483-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712001213] [PMID: 22652338]
[79]
Scheyer K, Urizar GG Jr. Altered stress patterns and increased risk for postpartum depression among low-income pregnant women. Arch Women Ment Health 2016; 19(2): 317-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-015-0563-7] [PMID: 26275372]
[80]
de Rezende MG, Garcia-Leal C, de Figueiredo FP, et al. Altered functioning of the HPA axis in depressed postpartum women. J Affect Disord 2016; 193: 249-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.065] [PMID: 26773916]
[81]
Clow A, Thorn L, Evans P, Hucklebridge F. The awakening cortisol response: Methodological issues and significance. Stress 2004; 7(1): 29-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10253890410001667205] [PMID: 15204030]
[82]
Iliadis SI, Comasco E, Sylvén S, Hellgren C, Sundström Poromaa I, Skalkidou A. Prenatal and postpartum evening salivary cortisol levels in association with peripartum depressive symptoms. PLoS One 2015; 10(8): e0135471.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135471] [PMID: 26322643]
[83]
Harris B, Lovett L, Smith J, Read G, Walker R, Newcombe R. Cardiff puerperal mood and hormone study. III. Postnatal depression at 5 to 6 weeks postpartum, and its hormonal correlates across the peripartum period. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 168(6): 739-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.168.6.739] [PMID: 8773817]
[84]
O’Connor TG, Tang W, Gilchrist MA, Moynihan JA, Pressman EK, Blackmore ER. Diurnal cortisol patterns and psychiatric symptoms in pregnancy: Short-term longitudinal study. Biol Psychol 2014; 96: 35-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.11.002] [PMID: 24239618]
[85]
O’Keane V, Lightman S, Patrick K, et al. Changes in the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during the early puerperium may be related to the postpartum ‘blues’. J Neuroendocrinol 2011; 23(11): 1149-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02139.x] [PMID: 22004568]
[86]
Glynn LM, Sandman CA. Evaluation of the association between placental corticotrophin-releasing hormone and postpartum depressive symptoms. Psychosom Med 2014; 76(5): 355-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000066] [PMID: 24915294]
[87]
Corwin EJ, Brownstead J, Barton N, Heckard S, Morin K. The impact of fatigue on the development of postpartum depression. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2005; 34(5): 577-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0884217505279997] [PMID: 16227513]
[88]
Katz ER, Stowe ZN, Newport DJ, et al. Regulation of mRNA expression encoding chaperone and co-chaperone proteins of the glucocorticoid receptor in peripheral blood: Association with depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Psychol Med 2012; 42(5): 943-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711002121] [PMID: 21995950]
[89]
Cheng CY, Pickler RH. Effects of stress and social support on postpartum health of Chinese mothers in the United States. Res Nurs Health 2009; 32(6): 582-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nur.20356] [PMID: 19877163]
[90]
Parcells DA. Women’s mental health nursing: Depression, anxiety and stress during pregnancy. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2010; 17(9): 813-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2010.01588.x] [PMID: 21040227]
[91]
Gow R, Thomson S, Rieder M, Van Uum S, Koren G. An assessment of cortisol analysis in hair and its clinical applications. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 196(1-3): 32-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.040] [PMID: 20096513]
[92]
Gerritsen L, Staufenbiel SM, Penninx BWJH, et al. Long-term glucocorticoid levels measured in hair in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 101: 246-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.019] [PMID: 30472466]
[93]
Herane-Vives A, Papadopoulos A, de Angel V, et al. Cortisol levels in chronic fatigue syndrome and atypical depression measured using hair and saliva specimens. J Affect Disord 2020; 267: 307-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.146] [PMID: 32217231]
[94]
Herane-Vives A, Young AH, Wise T, et al. Comparison of short-term (saliva) and long-term (hair) cortisol levels in out-patients with melancholic and non-melancholic major depression. BJPsych Open 2020; 6(3): e41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2020.8] [PMID: 32321622]
[95]
Mickey BJ, Ginsburg Y, Sitzmann AF, et al. Cortisol trajectory, melancholia, and response to electroconvulsive therapy. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 103: 46-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.05.007] [PMID: 29775916]
[96]
Song X, Cui W, Peng Z, et al. An initial exploration of hair cortisol responses to antidepressants in unmedicated patients with depression. J Int Med Res 2020; 48(3): 300060519889431.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060519889431] [PMID: 31849246]
[97]
Kamiya M, Sabia HD, Marella J, et al. Efficacy and safety of TS-121, a novel vasopressin V1B receptor antagonist, as adjunctive treatment for patients with major depressive disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 128: 43-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.05.017] [PMID: 32521250]
[98]
Luo H, Hu X, Liu X, et al. Hair cortisol level as a biomarker for altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in female adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72(1): 65-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.12.020] [PMID: 22305287]
[99]
Wennig R. Potential problems with the interpretation of hair analysis results. Forensic Sci Int 2000; 107(1-3): 5-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0379-0738(99)00146-2] [PMID: 10689559]
[100]
Levine A, Zagoory-Sharon O, Feldman R, Lewis JG, Weller A. Measuring cortisol in human psychobiological studies. Physiol Behav 2007; 90(1): 43-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.08.025] [PMID: 17055006]
[101]
Umeda T, Hiramatsu R, Iwaoka T, Shimada T, Miura F, Sato T. Use of saliva for monitoring unbound free cortisol levels in serum. Clin Chim Acta 1981; 110(2-3): 245-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(81)90353-3] [PMID: 6261989]
[102]
Gozansky WS, Lynn JS, Laudenslager ML, Kohrt WM. Salivary cortisol determined by enzyme immunoassay is preferable to serum total cortisol for assessment of dynamic hypothalamic--pituitary--adrenal axis activity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 63(3): 336-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02349.x] [PMID: 16117823]
[103]
Arafah BM, Nishiyama FJ, Tlaygeh H, Hejal R. Measurement of salivary cortisol concentration in the assessment of adrenal function in critically ill subjects: A surrogate marker of the circulating free cortisol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92(8): 2965-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-0181] [PMID: 17535998]
[104]
Cieszyński Ł Jendrzejewski J, Wiśniewski P, Kłosowski P, Sworczak K. Correlation analysis of cortisol concentration in hair versus concentrations in serum, saliva, and urine. Endokrynol Pol 2020; 71(6): 539-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/EP.a2020.0058] [PMID: 32944922]
[105]
Greff MJE, Levine JM, Abuzgaia AM, Elzagallaai AA, Rieder MJ, van Uum SHM. Hair cortisol analysis: An update on methodological considerations and clinical applications. Clin Biochem 2019; 63: 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.09.010] [PMID: 30261181]
[106]
Galea LAM, Frokjaer VG. Perinatal depression: Embracing variability toward better treatment and outcomes. Neuron 2019; 102(1): 13-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.023] [PMID: 30946818]
[107]
D’Anna-Hernandez KL, Ross RG, Natvig CL, Laudenslager ML. Hair cortisol levels as a retrospective marker of hypothalamic-pituitary axis activity throughout pregnancy: Comparison to salivary cortisol. Physiol Behav 2011; 104(2): 348-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.02.041] [PMID: 21397617]
[108]
Bowers K, Ding L, Gregory S, et al. Maternal distress and hair cortisol in pregnancy among women with elevated adverse childhood experiences. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 95(95): 145-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.024] [PMID: 29859342]
[109]
Braig S, Grabher F, Ntomchukwu C, et al. Determinants of maternal hair cortisol concentrations at delivery reflecting the last trimester of pregnancy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 52(1): 289-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.12.006] [PMID: 25553388]
[110]
Scharlau F, Pietzner D, Vogel M, et al. Evaluation of hair cortisol and cortisone change during pregnancy and the association with self-reported depression, somatization, and stress symptoms. Stress 2018; 21(1): 43-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2017.1392507] [PMID: 29073819]
[111]
Bosquet Enlow M, Sideridis G, Chiu YM, et al. Associations among maternal socioeconomic status in childhood and pregnancy and hair cortisol in pregnancy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 99: 216-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.017] [PMID: 30265918]
[112]
Seth S, Lewis AJ, Galbally M. Perinatal maternal depression and cortisol function in pregnancy and the postpartum period: A systematic literature review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016; 16(1): 124.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0915-y] [PMID: 27245670]
[113]
Mustonen P, Karlsson L, Scheinin NM, et al. Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) as a measure for prenatal psychological distress - A systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 92(March): 21-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.03.019] [PMID: 29609112]
[114]
Koumantarou ME, Mourikis I, Darviri C, et al. Hair cortisol concentrations in mental disorders: A systematic review. Physiol Behav 2021; 229(October): 113244.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113244] [PMID: 33181165]
[115]
Jahangard L, Mikoteit T, Bahiraei S, et al. Prenatal and postnatal hair steroid levels predict post-partum depression 12 weeks after delivery. J Clin Med 2019; 8(9): 1290.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091290] [PMID: 31450789]
[116]
Caparros-Gonzalez RA, Romero-Gonzalez B, Strivens-Vilchez H, Gonzalez-Perez R, Martinez-Augustin O, Peralta-Ramirez MI. Hair cortisol levels, psychological stress and psychopathological symptoms as predictors of postpartum depression. PLoS One 2017; 12(8): e0182817.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182817] [PMID: 28846691]
[117]
Mustonen P, Karlsson L, Kataja EL, et al. Maternal prenatal hair cortisol is associated with prenatal depressive symptom trajectories. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 109: 104383.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104383] [PMID: 31400561]
[118]
Freedman R, Hunter SK, Noonan K, et al. Maternal prenatal depression in pregnancies with female and male fetuses and developmental associations with C-reactive protein and cortisol. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2021; 6(3): 310-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.08.003] [PMID: 33060035]
[119]
Wikenius E, Moe V, Kjellevold M, et al. The association between hair cortisol and self-reported symptoms of depression in pregnant women. PLoS One 2016; 11(9): e0161804.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161804] [PMID: 27584584]
[120]
Galbally M, van Rossum EFC, Watson SJ, de Kloet ER, Lewis AJ. Trans-generational stress regulation: Mother-infant cortisol and maternal mental health across the perinatal period. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 109: 104374.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104374] [PMID: 31394490]
[121]
Stickel S, Eickhoff SB, Habel U, et al. Endocrine stress response in pregnancy and 12 weeks postpartum - Exploring risk factors for postpartum depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 125: 105122.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105122] [PMID: 33421704]
[122]
Khoury JE, Bosquet Enlow M, Patwa MC, Lyons-Ruth K. Hair cortisol in pregnancy interacts with maternal depressive symptoms to predict maternal disrupted interaction with her infant at 4 months. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 62(6): 768-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.21950] [PMID: 32037544]
[123]
Dunkel Schetter C, Tanner L. Anxiety, depression and stress in pregnancy: Implications for mothers, children, research, and practice. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2012; 25(2): 141-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283503680] [PMID: 22262028]
[124]
Mylonas I, Friese K. Indications for and risks of elective cesarean section. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2015; 112(29-30): 489-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2015.0489] [PMID: 26249251]
[125]
Rallis S, Skouteris H, McCabe M, Milgrom J. The transition to motherhood: Towards a broader understanding of perinatal distress. Women Birth 2014; 27(1): 68-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2013.12.004] [PMID: 24461688]
[126]
Sandman CA, Glynn L, Schetter CD, et al. Elevated maternal cortisol early in pregnancy predicts third trimester levels of placental corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH): Priming the placental clock. Peptides 2006; 27(6): 1457-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2005.10.002] [PMID: 16309788]
[127]
Ding XX, Wu YL, Xu SJ, et al. Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Affect Disord 2014; 159(81): 103-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.027] [PMID: 24679397]
[128]
Khashan AS, McNamee R, Abel KM, et al. Rates of preterm birth following antenatal maternal exposure to severe life events: A population-based cohort study. Hum Reprod 2009; 24(2): 429-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/den418] [PMID: 19054778]
[129]
Khashan AS, McNamee R, Abel KM, et al. Reduced infant birthweight consequent upon maternal exposure to severe life events. Psychosom Med 2008; 70(6): 688-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e318177940d] [PMID: 18606728]
[130]
Alderdice F, Lynn F, Lobel M. A review and psychometric evaluation of pregnancy-specific stress measures. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 33(2): 62-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/0167482X.2012.673040] [PMID: 22554138]
[131]
Romero-Gonzalez B, Caparros-Gonzalez RA, Gonzalez-Perez R, Delgado-Puertas P, Peralta-Ramirez MI. Newborn infants’ hair cortisol levels reflect chronic maternal stress during pregnancy. PLoS One 2018; 13(7): e0200279.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200279] [PMID: 29979751]
[132]
Yu Y, Liang HF, Chen J, et al. Postpartum depression: Current status and possible identification using biomarkers. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12: 620371.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.620371] [PMID: 34211407]
[133]
Calfa G, Kademian S, Ceschin D, Vega G, Rabinovich GA, Volosin M. Characterization and functional significance of glucocorticoid receptors in patients with major depression: Modulation by antidepressant treatment. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003; 28(5): 687-701.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00051-3] [PMID: 12727135]
[134]
O’Keane V, Frodl T, Dinan TG. A review of atypical depression in relation to the course of depression and changes in HPA axis organization. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37(10): 1589-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.03.009] [PMID: 22497986]
[135]
Lok A, Mocking RJT, Ruhé HG, et al. Longitudinal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis trait and state effects in recurrent depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37(7): 892-902.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.10.005] [PMID: 22094110]
[136]
Vythilingam M, Vermetten E, Anderson GM, et al. Hippocampal volume, memory, and cortisol status in major depressive disorder: Effects of treatment. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 56(2): 101-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.04.002] [PMID: 15231442]
[137]
Carroll BJ. Use of the dexamethasone suppression test in depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1982; 43(11 Pt 2): 44-50.
[PMID: 7174632]
[138]
Hinkelmann K, Muhtz C, Dettenborn L, et al. Association between cortisol awakening response and memory function in major depression. Psychol Med 2013; 43(11): 2255-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713000287] [PMID: 23442784]
[139]
Vreeburg SA, Hoogendijk WJG, van Pelt J, et al. Major depressive disorder and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity: Results from a large cohort study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009; 66(6): 617-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.50] [PMID: 19487626]
[140]
Lopez-Duran NL, Kovacs M, George CJ. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in depressed children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34(9): 1272-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.03.016] [PMID: 19406581]
[141]
Jia Y, Liu L, Sheng C, et al. Increased serum levels of cortisol and inflammatory cytokines in people with depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 2019; 207(4): 271-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000957] [PMID: 30844940]
[142]
Salvat-Pujol N, Labad J, Urretavizcaya M, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and cognition in major depression: The role of remission status. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 76: 38-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.007] [PMID: 27883963]
[143]
Knorr U, Vinberg M, Kessing LV, Wetterslev J. Salivary cortisol in depressed patients versus control persons: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35(9): 1275-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.04.001] [PMID: 20447770]
[144]
Stetler C, Miller GE. Depression and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation: A quantitative summary of four decades of research. Psychosom Med 2011; 73(2): 114-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31820ad12b] [PMID: 21257974]
[145]
Nemeroff CB, Vale WW. The neurobiology of depression: Inroads to treatment and new drug discovery. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66 (Suppl. 7): 5-13.
[PMID: 16124836]
[146]
Krogh J, Videbech P, Renvillard SG, Garde AH, Jørgensen MB, Nordentoft M. Cognition and HPA axis reactivity in mildly to moderately depressed outpatients: A case-control study. Nord J Psychiatry 2012; 66(6): 414-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2012.665081] [PMID: 22424441]
[147]
Hsiao F-H, Yang T-T, Ho RTH, et al. The self-perceived symptom distress and health-related conditions associated with morning to evening diurnal cortisol patterns in outpatients with major depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35(4): 503-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.08.019] [PMID: 19775819]
[148]
Høifødt RS, Waterloo K, Wang CEA, Eisemann M, Figenschau Y, Halvorsen M. Cortisol levels and cognitive profile in major depression: A comparison of currently and previously depressed patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 99: 57-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.024] [PMID: 30176378]
[149]
Ribeiro SC, Tandon R, Grunhaus L, Greden JF. The DST as a predictor of outcome in depression: A meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150(11): 1618-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.150.11.1618] [PMID: 8214170]
[150]
Zobel AW, Nickel T, Sonntag A, Uhr M, Holsboer F, Ising M. Cortisol response in the combined dexamethasone/CRH test as predictor of relapse in patients with remitted depression. a prospective study. J Psychiatr Res 2001; 35(2): 83-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3956(01)00013-9] [PMID: 11377437]
[151]
Zobel AW, Yassouridis A, Frieboes R-M, Holsboer F. Prediction of medium-term outcome by cortisol response to the combined dexamethasone-CRH test in patients with remitted depression. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156(6): 949-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.6.949] [PMID: 10360139]
[152]
Castro-Vale I, Carvalho D. The pathways between cortisol-related regulation genes and PTSD psychotherapy. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8(4): 376.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040376] [PMID: 33019527]
[153]
Lechin F, Van der Dijs B, Benaim M. Stress versus depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1996; 20(6): 899-950.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-5846(96)00075-9] [PMID: 8888102]
[154]
van Ast VA, Cornelisse S, Marin M-F, Ackermann S, Garfinkel SN, Abercrombie HC. Modulatory mechanisms of cortisol effects on emotional learning and memory: Novel perspectives. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38(9): 1874-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.06.012] [PMID: 23845515]
[155]
Crowley SK, Girdler SS. Neurosteroid, GABAergic and Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis regulation: What is the current state of knowledge in humans? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231(17): 3619-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3572-8] [PMID: 24756763]
[156]
Locatelli V, Bresciani E, Tamiazzo L, Torsello A. Central nervous system-acting drugs influencing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. In: Loche S, Cappa M, Ghizzoni L, Maghnie M, Savage MO, Eds. Pediatric Neuroendocrinology. Basel: Karger 2009; pp. 108-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000262533]
[157]
Sheng JA, Bales NJ, Myers SA, et al. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: Development, programming actions of hormones, and maternal-fetal interactions. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 14: 601939.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.601939] [PMID: 33519393]
[158]
Owens PC, Smith R, Brinsmead MW, et al. Postnatal disappearance of the pregnancy-associated reduced sensitivity of plasma cortisol to feedback inhibition. Life Sci 1987; 41(14): 1745-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(87)90603-5] [PMID: 3657381]
[159]
Lightman SL, Windle RJ, Wood SA, Kershaw YM, Shanks N, Ingram CD. Peripartum plasticity within the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Prog Brain Res. 2001; 133: pp. 111-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(01)33009-1] [PMID: 11589125]
[160]
Kammerer M, Taylor A, Glover V. The HPA axis and perinatal depression: A hypothesis. Arch Women Ment Health 2006; 9(4): 187-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-006-0131-2] [PMID: 16708167]
[161]
Welberg LA, Seckl JR. Prenatal stress, glucocorticoids and the programming of the brain. J Neuroendocrinol 2001; 13(2): 113-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2001.00601.x] [PMID: 11168837]
[162]
Klengel T, Pape J, Binder EB, Mehta D. The role of DNA methylation in stress-related psychiatric disorders. Neuropharmacology 2014; 80: 115-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.013] [PMID: 24452011]
[163]
Weaver ICG, Cervoni N, Champagne FA, et al. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat Neurosci 2004; 7(8): 847-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1276] [PMID: 15220929]
[164]
Wei J, Sun G, Zhao L, et al. Analysis of hair cortisol level in first-episodic and recurrent female patients with depression compared to healthy controls. J Affect Disord 2015; 175: 299-302.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.023] [PMID: 25661395]
[165]
Penz M, Stalder T, Miller R, Ludwig VM, Kanthak MK, Kirschbaum C. Hair cortisol as a biological marker for burnout symptomatology. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 87: 218-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.07.485] [PMID: 28781093]
[166]
Braig S, Grabher F, Ntomchukwu C, et al. The association of hair cortisol with self-reported chronic psychosocial stress and symptoms of anxiety and depression in women shortly after delivery. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2016; 30(2): 97-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12255] [PMID: 26525484]
[167]
Simmons JG, Badcock PB, Whittle SL, et al. The lifetime experience of traumatic events is associated with hair cortisol concentrations in community-based children. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 63: 276-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.004] [PMID: 26529051]
[168]
Bingham KS, Mulsant BH, Dawson DR, Banerjee S, Flint AJ. Relationship of hair cortisol with history of psychosis, neuropsychological performance and functioning in remitted later-life major depression. Neuropsychobiology 2021; 80(4): 313-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000512081] [PMID: 33440382]
[169]
Rietschel L, Streit F, Zhu G, et al. Hair cortisol and its association with psychological risk factors for psychiatric disorders: A pilot study in adolescent twins. Twin Res Hum Genet 2016; 19(5): 438-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2016.50] [PMID: 27374135]
[170]
Staufenbiel SM, Penninx BWJH, Spijker AT, Elzinga BM, van Rossum EFC. Hair cortisol, stress exposure, and mental health in humans: A systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38(8): 1220-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.015] [PMID: 23253896]
[171]
Pochigaeva K, Druzhkova T, Yakovlev A, et al. Hair cortisol as a marker of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis activity in female patients with major depressive disorder. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32(2): 577-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-017-9952-0] [PMID: 28064407]
[172]
Gerber M, Kalak N, Elliot C, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Pühse U, Brand S. Both hair cortisol levels and perceived stress predict increased symptoms of depression: An exploratory study in young adults. Neuropsychobiology 2013; 68(2): 100-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000351735] [PMID: 23881183]
[173]
Petrowski K, Wichmann S, Pyrc J, Steudte-Schmiedgen S, Kirschbaum C. Hair cortisol predicts avoidance behavior and depressiveness after first-time and single-event trauma exposure in motor vehicle crash victims. Stress 2020; 23(5): 567-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2020.1714585] [PMID: 31939338]
[174]
Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, et al. Relationship between hair cortisol concentrations and depressive symptoms in patients with coronary artery disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2010; 6: 393-400.
[PMID: 20856603]
[175]
Wells S, Tremblay PF, Flynn A, et al. Associations of hair cortisol concentration with self-reported measures of stress and mental health-related factors in a pooled database of diverse community samples. Stress 2014; 17(4): 334-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2014.930432] [PMID: 24903269]
[176]
Mayer SE, Lopez-Duran NL, Sen S, Abelson JL. Chronic stress, hair cortisol and depression: A prospective and longitudinal study of medical internship. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 92: 57-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.03.020] [PMID: 29627713]
[177]
Ford JL, Boch SJ, Browning CR. Hair cortisol and depressive symptoms in youth: An investigation of curvilinear relationships. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 109: 104376.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104376] [PMID: 31351399]
[178]
Lee DY, Kim E, Choi MH. Technical and clinical aspects of cortisol as a biochemical marker of chronic stress. BMB Rep 2015; 48(4): 209-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5483/BMBRep.2015.48.4.275] [PMID: 25560699]
[179]
Wołowiec P, Michalak I, Chojnacka K, Mikulewicz M. Hair analysis in health assessment. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 419: 139-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2013.02.001] [PMID: 23415695]
[180]
Wester VL, van Rossum EFC. Clinical applications of cortisol measurements in hair. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173(4): M1-M10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/EJE-15-0313] [PMID: 25924811]
[181]
Stalder T, Steudte-Schmiedgen S, Alexander N, et al. Stress-related and basic determinants of hair cortisol in humans: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 77: 261-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.12.017] [PMID: 28135674]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
7
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy