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Mini-Review Article

MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Birth Defects

Author(s): Ratnam S. Seelan, M. Michele Pisano and Robert M. Greene*

Volume 11, Issue 1, 2022

Published on: 11 April, 2022

Page: [2 - 11] Pages: 10

DOI: 10.2174/2211536611666220215123423

Price: $65

Abstract

It is estimated that 2-4% of live births will have a birth defect (BD). The availability of biomarkers for the prenatal detection of BDs will facilitate early risk assessment, prompt medical intervention and ameliorating disease severity. miRNA expression levels are often found to be altered in many diseases. There is, thus, a growing interest in determining whether miRNAs, particularly extracellular miRNAs, can predict, diagnose, or monitor BDs. These miRNAs, typically encapsulated in exosomes, are released by cells (including those of the fetus and placenta) into the extracellular milieu, such as blood, urine, saliva and cerebrospinal fluid, thereby enabling interaction with target cells. Exosomal miRNAs are stable, protected from degradation, and retain functionality. The observation that placental and fetal miRNAs can be detected in maternal serum, provides a strong rationale for adopting miRNAs as noninvasive prenatal biomarkers for BDs. In this mini-review, we examine the current state of research involving the use of miRNAs as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for BD.

Keywords: Biomarkers, birth defects, exosomes, extracellular miRNAs, neural tube defects (NTDs), prenatal detection.

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