Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 0929-8673
ISSN (Online): 1875-533X

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

The Role of Neurophysiological Biomarkers in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Author(s): Samuel A Herzog and Vlasios Brakoulias*

Volume 29, Issue 35, 2022

Published on: 31 January, 2022

Page: [5584 - 5594] Pages: 11

DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666211217094941

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a highly debilitating psychiatric disorder with a high rate of treatment resistance. Biomarkers for obsessive-compulsive disorder may assist clinicians by predicting response to treatments and prognosis.

Objective: The aim of the study was to review the literature with regards to two of the more easily ascertainable and relatively inexpensive physiological biomarkers, i.e., heart rate variability and electroencephalography.

Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted.

Results: Decreased heart rate variability has been associated with increased symptom severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Findings from electroencephalography have also predicted response to pharmacotherapy and it is likely that biomarkers for OCD will have their greatest utility in predicting response to different pharmacological agents. However, the number of studies is small and results are inconsistent.

Conclusion: More research is required to determine whether heart rate variability and electrophysiological studies play a clinical role as biomarkers for obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Keywords: Obsessive-compulsive disorder, biomarkers, heart rate variability, electroencephalography, physiology, prognosis.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Biomarkers Definitions Working, G. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: Preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2001, 69(3), 89-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mcp.2001.113989] [PMID: 11240971]
[2]
Lescuyer, P.; Hochstrasser, D.; Rabilloud, T. How shall we use the proteomics toolbox for biomarker discovery? J. Proteome Res., 2007, 6(9), 3371-3376.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/pr0702060] [PMID: 17655344]
[3]
Schulenborg, T.; Schmidt, O.; van Hall, A.; Meyer, H.E.; Hamacher, M.; Marcus, K. Proteomics in neurodegeneration--disease driven approaches. J. Neural Transm. (Vienna), 2006, 113(8), 1055-1073.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-006-0512-8] [PMID: 16835692]
[4]
Eaton, W.W.; Martins, S.S.; Nestadt, G.; Bienvenu, O.J.; Clarke, D.; Alexandre, P. The burden of mental disorders. Epidemiol. Rev., 2008, 30(1), 1-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxn011] [PMID: 18806255]
[5]
Wittchen, H-U.; Jacobi, F.; Rehm, J.; Gustavsson, A.; Svensson, M.; Jönsson, B.; Olesen, J.; Allgulander, C.; Alonso, J.; Faravelli, C.; Fratiglioni, L.; Jennum, P.; Lieb, R.; Maercker, A.; van Os, J.; Preisig, M.; Salvador-Carulla, L.; Simon, R.; Steinhausen, H.C. The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2011, 21(9), 655-679.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018] [PMID: 21896369]
[6]
Simpson, H.B.; Huppert, J.D.; Petkova, E.; Foa, E.B.; Liebowitz, M.R. Response versus remission in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2006, 67(2), 269-276.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v67n0214] [PMID: 16566623]
[7]
Catapano, F.; Perris, F.; Masella, M.; Rossano, F.; Cigliano, M.; Magliano, L.; Maj, M. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: A 3-year prospective follow-up study of patients treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors OCD follow-up study. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2006, 40(6), 502-510.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.04.010] [PMID: 16904424]
[8]
Brakoulias, V. Managing obsessive compulsive disorder. Aust. Prescr., 2015, 38(4), 121-123.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2015.040] [PMID: 26648639]
[9]
Saxena, S.; Brody, A.L.; Ho, M.L.; Zohrabi, N.; Maidment, K.M.; Baxter, L.R., Jr Differential brain metabolic predictors of response to paroxetine in obsessive-compulsive disorder versus major depression. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2003, 160(3), 522-532.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.3.522] [PMID: 12611834]
[10]
Dohrmann, A-L.; Stengler, K.; Jahn, I.; Olbrich, S. EEG-arousal regulation as predictor of treatment response in patients suffering from obsessive compulsive disorder. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2017, 128(10), 1906-1914.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.07.406] [PMID: 28826021]
[11]
Stauss, H.M. Heart rate variability. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 2003, 285(5), R927-R931.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00452.2003] [PMID: 14557228]
[12]
Kleiger, R.E.; Miller, J.P.; Bigger, J.T., Jr; Moss, A.J. Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol., 1987, 59(4), 256-262.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(87)90795-8] [PMID: 3812275]
[13]
Wolf, M.M.; Varigos, G.A.; Hunt, D.; Sloman, J.G. Sinus arrhythmia in acute myocardial infarction. Med. J. Aust., 1978, 2(2), 52-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1978.tb131339.x] [PMID: 713911]
[14]
Beauchaine, T. Vagal tone, development, and Gray’s motivational theory: Toward an integrated model of autonomic nervous system functioning in psychopathology. Dev. Psychopathol., 2001, 13(2), 183-214.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579401002012] [PMID: 11393643]
[15]
Malik, M. Task force of the European society of cardiology and the North American society of pacing and electrophysiology. Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Eur. Heart J., 1996, 17(3), 354-381.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868] [PMID: 8737210]
[16]
Rajendra Acharya, U.; Paul Joseph, K.; Kannathal, N.; Lim, C.M.; Suri, J.S. Heart rate variability: A review. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput., 2006, 44(12), 1031-1051.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11517-006-0119-0] [PMID: 17111118]
[17]
Porges, S.W. The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton: New York, 2011.
[18]
Thayer, J.F.; Lane, R.D. A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation. J. Affect. Disord., 2000, 61(3), 201-216.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00338-4] [PMID: 11163422]
[19]
Kemp, A.H.; Quintana, D.S.; Gray, M.A.; Felmingham, K.L.; Brown, K.; Gatt, J.M. Impact of depression and antidepressant treatment on heart rate variability: A review and meta-analysis. Biol. Psychiatry, 2010, 67(11), 1067-1074.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.012] [PMID: 20138254]
[20]
Quintana, D.S.; McGregor, I.S.; Guastella, A.J.; Malhi, G.S.; Kemp, A.H. A meta-analysis on the impact of alcohol dependence on short-term resting-state heart rate variability: Implications for cardiovascular risk. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res., 2013, 37(s1)(Suppl. 1), E23-E29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01913.x] [PMID: 22834996]
[21]
Chalmers, J.A.; Quintana, D.S.; Abbott, M.J.; Kemp, A.H.; Kemp, A.H. Anxiety disorders are associated with reduced heart rate variability: A meta-analysis. Front. Psychiatry, 2014, 5, 80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00080] [PMID: 25071612]
[22]
Bandelow, B.; Baldwin, D.; Abelli, M.; Bolea-Alamanac, B.; Bourin, M.; Chamberlain, S.R.; Cinosi, E.; Davies, S.; Domschke, K.; Fineberg, N.; Grünblatt, E.; Jarema, M.; Kim, Y.K.; Maron, E.; Masdrakis, V.; Mikova, O.; Nutt, D.; Pallanti, S.; Pini, S.; Ströhle, A.; Thibaut, F.; Vaghi, M.M.; Won, E.; Wedekind, D.; Wichniak, A.; Woolley, J.; Zwanzger, P.; Riederer, P. Biological markers for anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD: A consensus statement. Part II: Neurochemistry, neurophysiology and neurocognition. World J. Biol. Psychiatry, 2017, 18(3), 162-214.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2016.1190867] [PMID: 27419272]
[23]
Glassman, A.H.; Bigger, J.T.; Gaffney, M.; Van Zyl, L.T. Heart rate variability in acute coronary syndrome patients with major depression: Influence of sertraline and mood improvement. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2007, 64(9), 1025-1031.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.9.1025] [PMID: 17768267]
[24]
Pawlowski, M.A.; Gazea, M.; Wollweber, B.; Dresler, M.; Holsboer, F.; Keck, M.E.; Steiger, A.; Adamczyk, M.; Mikoteit, T. Heart rate variability and cordance in rapid eye movement sleep as biomarkers of depression and treatment response. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2017, 92, 64-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.03.026] [PMID: 28411417]
[25]
Slaap, B.R.; Nielen, M.M.; Boshuisen, M.L.; van Roon, A.M.; den Boer, J.A. Five-minute recordings of heart rate variability in obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and healthy volunteers. J. Affect. Disord., 2004, 78(2), 141-148.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00240-9] [PMID: 14706724]
[26]
Pittig, A.; Arch, J.J.; Lam, C.W.; Craske, M.G. Heart rate and heart rate variability in panic, social anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and generalized anxiety disorders at baseline and in response to relaxation and hyperventilation. Int. J. Psychophysiol., 2013, 87(1), 19-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.10.012] [PMID: 23107994]
[27]
Goodman, W.; Price, L.; Rasmussen, S.; Mazure, C.; Fleischmann, R.; Hill, C.; Heninger, G.; Charney, D. Yale-brown obsessive compulsive scale (Y-BOCS). Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1989, 46, 1006-1011.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007] [PMID: 2684084]
[28]
Havnen, A.; Hovland, A.; Haug, E.T.; Hansen, B.; Kvale, G. Sleep and heart rate variability in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Preliminary findings. Clin. Neuropsychiatry, 2013, 10(3), 56-60.
[29]
Burns, G.L.; Keortge, S.G.; Formea, G.M.; Sternberger, L.G. Revision of the padua inventory of obsessive compulsive disorder symptoms: Distinctions between worry, obsessions, and compulsions. Behav. Res. Ther., 1996, 34(2), 163-173.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(95)00035-6] [PMID: 8741724]
[30]
Huey, E.D.; Zahn, R.; Krueger, F.; Moll, J.; Kapogiannis, D.; Wassermann, E.M.; Grafman, J. A psychological and neuroanatomical model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 2008, 20(4), 390-408.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/jnp.2008.20.4.390] [PMID: 19196924]
[31]
Desarkar, P.; Sinha, V.K.; Jagadheesan, K.; Nizamie, S.H. A high resolution quantitative EEG power analysis of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Ger. J. Psychiatry, 2007, 10(2), 29-35.
[32]
Wong, M.; Woody, E.Z.; Schmidt, L.A.; Ameringen, M.V.; Soreni, N.; Szechtman, H. Frontal EEG alpha activity and obsessive-compulsive behaviors in non-clinical young adults: A pilot study. Front. Psychol., 2015, 6, 1480.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01480] [PMID: 26483733]
[33]
Bucci, P.; Mucci, A.; Volpe, U.; Merlotti, E.; Galderisi, S.; Maj, M. Executive hypercontrol in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Electrophysiological and neuropsychological indices. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2004, 115(6), 1340-1348.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2003.12.031] [PMID: 15134701]
[34]
Karadag, F.; Oguzhanoglu, N.K.; Kurt, T.; Oguzhanoglu, A.; Ateşci, F.; Ozdel, O. Quantitative EEG analysis in obsessive compulsive disorder. Int. J. Neurosci., 2003, 113(6), 833-847.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207450390200963] [PMID: 12775347]
[35]
Ischebeck, M.; Endrass, T.; Simon, D.; Kathmann, N. Altered frontal EEG asymmetry in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychophysiology, 2014, 51(7), 596-601.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12214] [PMID: 24673721]
[36]
Kuskowski, M.A.; Malone, S.M.; Kim, S.W.; Dysken, M.W.; Okaya, A.J.; Christensen, K.J. Quantitative EEG in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol. Psychiatry, 1993, 33(6), 423-430.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(93)90170-I] [PMID: 8490069]
[37]
Grützmann, R.; Riesel, A.; Klawohn, J.; Heinzel, S.; Kaufmann, C.; Bey, K.; Lennertz, L.; Wagner, M.; Kathmann, N. Frontal alpha asymmetry in OCD patients and unaffected first-degree relatives. J. Abnorm. Psychol., 2017, 126(6), 750-760.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/abn0000283] [PMID: 28541065]
[38]
Tot, S.; Özge, A.; Cömelekoğlu, U.; Yazici, K.; Bal, N. Association of QEEG findings with clinical characteristics of OCD: Evidence of left frontotemporal dysfunction. Can. J. Psychiatry, 2002, 47(6), 538-545.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370204700605] [PMID: 12211881]
[39]
Pascual-Marqui, R.; Esslen, M.; Kochi, K.; Lehmann, D. Functional imaging with low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA): Review, new comparisons, and new validation. Japanese J. Clin. Neurophysiol, 2002, 30, 81-94.
[40]
Sherlin, L.; Congedo, M. Obsessive-compulsive dimension localized using low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Neurosci. Lett., 2005, 387(2), 72-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2005.06.069] [PMID: 16061322]
[41]
Bolwig, T.G.; Hansen, E.S.; Hansen, A.; Merkin, H.; Prichep, L.S. Toward a better understanding of the pathophysiology of OCD SSRI responders: QEEG source localization. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 2007, 115(3), 237-242.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00889.x] [PMID: 17302624]
[42]
Velikova, S.; Locatelli, M.; Insacco, C.; Smeraldi, E.; Comi, G.; Leocani, L. Dysfunctional brain circuitry in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Source and coherence analysis of EEG rhythms. Neuroimage, 2010, 49(1), 977-983.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.08.015] [PMID: 19683062]
[43]
Kopřivová, J.; Horáček, J.; Raszka, M.; Brunovský, M.; Praško, J. Standardized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography in obsessive-compulsive disorder-a replication study. Neurosci. Lett., 2013, 548, 185-189.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2013.05.015] [PMID: 23701862]
[44]
Kopřivová, J.; Congedo, M.; Horáček, J.; Praško, J.; Raszka, M.; Brunovský, M.; Kohútová, B.; Höschl, C. EEG source analysis in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2011, 122(9), 1735-1743.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2011.01.051] [PMID: 21354363]
[45]
Kamaradova, D.; Hajda, M.; Prasko, J.; Taborsky, J.; Grambal, A.; Latalova, K.; Ociskova, M.; Brunovsky, M.; Hlustik, P. Cognitive deficits in patients with obsessive- compulsive disorder - electroencephalography correlates. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., 2016, 12, 1119-1125.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S93040] [PMID: 27226716]
[46]
Mathews, C.A.; Perez, V.B.; Delucchi, K.L.; Mathalon, D.H. Error-related negativity in individuals with obsessive-compulsive symptoms: Toward an understanding of hoarding behaviors. Biol. Psychol., 2012, 89(2), 487-494.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.12.018] [PMID: 22227169]
[47]
Gehring, W.J.; Himle, J.; Nisenson, L.G. Action-monitoring dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol. Sci., 2000, 11(1), 1-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00206] [PMID: 11228836]
[48]
Pitman, R.K. A cybernetic model of obsessive-compulsive psychopathology. Compr. Psychiatry, 1987, 28(4), 334-343.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-440X(87)90070-8] [PMID: 3608467]
[49]
Mathews, C.A.; Perez, V.B.; Roach, B.J.; Fekri, S.; Vigil, O.; Kupferman, E.; Mathalon, D.H. Error-related brain activity dissociates hoarding disorder from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol. Med., 2016, 46(2), 367-379.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001889] [PMID: 26415671]
[50]
Prichep, L.S.; Mas, F.; Hollander, E.; Liebowitz, M.; John, E.R.; Almas, M.; DeCaria, C.M.; Levine, R.H. Quantitative electroencephalographic subtyping of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res., 1993, 50(1), 25-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4927(93)90021-9] [PMID: 8511221]
[51]
Hansen, E.S.; Prichep, L.S.; Bolwig, T.G.; John, E.R. Quantitative electroencephalography in OCD patients treated with paroxetine. Clin. Electroencephalogr., 2003, 34(2), 70-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155005940303400205] [PMID: 12784904]
[52]
Fontenelle, L.F.; Mendlowicz, M.V.; Ribeiro, P.; Piedade, R.A.; Versiani, M. Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography and treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2006, 9(1), 89-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1461145705005584] [PMID: 15941492]
[53]
Krause, D.; Folkerts, M.; Karch, S.; Keeser, D.; Chrobok, A.I.; Zaudig, M.; Hegerl, U.; Juckel, G.; Pogarell, O. Prediction of treatment outcome in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder with low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography: A prospective EEG study. Front. Psychol., 2016, 6, 1993.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01993] [PMID: 26834658]
[54]
Kopřivová, J.; Congedo, M.; Raszka, M.; Praško, J.; Brunovský, M.; Horáček, J. Prediction of treatment response and the effect of independent component neurofeedback in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind study. Neuropsychobiology, 2013, 67(4), 210-223.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000347087] [PMID: 23635906]
[55]
Guy, W. ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology. In: US Department of Health, and Welfare; DHEW Publication: Rockville, 1976, pp. 534-537.
[56]
Eisen, J.L.; Sibrava, N.J.; Boisseau, C.L.; Mancebo, M.C.; Stout, R.L.; Pinto, A.; Rasmussen, S.A. Five-year course of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Predictors of remission and relapse. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2013, 74(3), 233-239.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.12m07657] [PMID: 23561228]
[57]
Bloch, M.H.; Landeros-Weisenberger, A.; Rosario, M.C.; Pittenger, C.; Leckman, J.F. Meta-analysis of the symptom structure of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2008, 165(12), 1532-1542.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08020320] [PMID: 18923068]
[58]
Brakoulias, V.; Starcevic, V.; Berle, D.; Sammut, P.; Milicevic, D.; Moses, K.; Hannan, A.; Martin, A. Further support for five dimensions of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 2013, 201(6), 452-459.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e318294804e] [PMID: 23686154]
[59]
Steketee, G.; Frost, R.; Bhar, S.; Bouvard, M.; Calamari, J.; Carmin, C.; Clark, D.A.; Cottraux, J.; Emmelkamp, P.; Forrester, E. Psychometric validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory: Part I. Behav. Res. Ther., 2003, 41(8), 863-878.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00099-2] [PMID: 12880642]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
15
2
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy