Urinary Ethyl Glucuronide for the Assessment of Alcohol Consumption
During Pregnancy: Comparison between Biochemical Data and
Screening Questionnaires

Flavio    Maria    Ceci; Marco       Fiore; Enzo       Agostinelli; Tomoaki       Tahara; Antonio       Greco; Massimo       Ralli; Antonella       Polimeni; Marco       Lucarelli; Roberta       Colletti; Antonio       Angeloni; Paola       Tirassa; Mauro       Ceccanti; Marisa    Patrizia    Messina; Mario       Vitali; Carla       Petrella; Giampiero       Ferraguti
doi:10.2174/0929867328666211125100329
Abstract

Background: Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a metabolite of ethanol used as a marker of alcohol drinking and is identified in urine. Gestational alcohol drinking harms the fetus, so disclosing any form of use and abuse of this substance during pregnancy is crucial. Many discovery methods have been planned to overcome this question, including using screening questionnaires as the AUDIT-C, T-ACE/TACER-3, and TWEAK.
Aim: The aim and novelties of this study were to compare biochemical data from urinary EtG assays (cut-off 100 ng/mL for risking drinking behavior) with the outcome of questionnaires and of a food diary routinely used in our hospital; moreover, for the first time, we analyzed in pregnant women the EtG values normalized by the amount of creatinine excreted according to methods previously established.
Methods: Random urine samples were collected from 309 pregnant women immediately after being interviewed. EtG was quantified using an enzyme immunoassay, and urinary creatinine was assessed using an enzymatic colorimetric method. Women who had not exhaustively answered one of the questionnaires or refused to provide urine samples were excluded. Finally, 309 women were considered for this study. Urine creatinine measurements were performed to determine if urine dilution might have resulted in false negatives in the challenge study. In order to accomplish this objective, as urinary creatinine concentrations are, on average, approximately 1 mg/mL, we used a normalized value of 100 ng EtG/mg Creatinine.
Results: Our data show that 20.4% of the pregnant women in the study were over the established normalized cut-off value. Poor to null concordance (unweighted k < 0.2) was found between EtG data and the screening interviews showed, on average, lower levels of alcohol consumption.
Conclusion: This study provides evidence that the assessment of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, only indirectly estimated with questionnaires and food diary, can produce misleading results.
Keywords: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, gestation, ethanol, woman, prenatal, mental retardation.
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DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867328666211125100329	Print ISSN 0929-8673
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 1875-533X
Current Medicinal Chemistry

Urinary Ethyl Glucuronide for the Assessment of Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy: Comparison between Biochemical Data and Screening Questionnaires

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