Generic placeholder image

Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1871-5303
ISSN (Online): 2212-3873

Review Article

Eating Disorders and Type 1 Diabetes: A Perspective

Author(s): Simonetta Marucci, Giulia De Iaco, Giuseppe Lisco, Francesco Mariano, Vito Angelo Giagulli, Edoardo Guastamacchia, Giovanni De Pergola* and Vincenzo Triggiani

Volume 22, Issue 13, 2022

Published on: 17 January, 2022

Page: [1245 - 1251] Pages: 7

DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666211109152353

Price: $65

conference banner
Abstract

Patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at risk of clinical eating disorders (EDs) and disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) than the general population. This burden is related mainly to diabetes-related physical and psychosocial issues especially beginning during childhood. DEBs must be investigated carefully and promptly managed in case of suspicion, as they can evolve into severe clinical EDs over time and are strictly related to poor outcomes.

The significant number of scientific articles dealing with the relationship between T1D and DEBs or EDs confirms the complexity of these problems and the difficulties in diagnosis and treatment.

This paper examined current scientific literature related to this topic, emphasizing the epidemiological and clinical complexity of the phenomenon and briefly summarizing EDBs management strategy in T1D patients.

Keywords: Type 1 diabetes mellitus, eating disorders, disordered eating behaviors, anorexia nervosa, bulimia, binge eating disorders.

[1]
Atkinson, M.A.; von Herrath, M.; Powers, A.C.; Clare-Salzler, M. Current concepts on the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes-considerations for attempts to prevent and reverse the disease. Diabetes Care, 2015, 38(6), 979-988.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc15-0144] [PMID: 25998290]
[2]
Atkinson, M.A.; Eisenbarth, G.S.; Michels, A.W. Type 1 diabetes. Lancet, 2014, 383(9911), 69-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60591-7] [PMID: 23890997]
[3]
Gale, E.A.M. Type 1 diabetes in the young: the harvest of sorrow goes on. Diabetologia, 2005, 48(8), 1435-1438.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-005-1833-0] [PMID: 16021415]
[4]
Gonzalez, J.S.; Tanenbaum, M.L.; Commissariat, P.V. Psychosocial factors in medication adherence and diabetes self-management: Implications for research and practice. Am. Psychol., 2016, 71(7), 539-551.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0040388] [PMID: 27690483]
[5]
de Groot, M.; Golden, S.H.; Wagner, J. Psychological conditions in adults with diabetes. Am. Psychol., 2016, 71(7), 552-562.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0040408] [PMID: 27690484]
[6]
Toni, G.; Berioli, M.G.; Cerquiglini, L.; Ceccarini, G.; Grohmann, U.; Principi, N.; Esposito, S. Eating disorders and disordered eating symptoms in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Nutrients, 2017, 9(8), 906.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu9080906] [PMID: 28825608]
[7]
Pinhas-Hamiel, O.; Hamiel, U.; Levy-Shraga, Y. Eating disorders in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Challenges in diagnosis and treatment. World J. Diabetes, 2015, 15(5), 517-526.
[8]
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5; Washington, DC2013.
[9]
Fairburn, C.G.; Cooper, Z.; Shafran, R. Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: a “transdiagnostic” theory and treatment. Behav. Res. Ther., 2003, 41(5), 509-528.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00088-8] [PMID: 12711261]
[10]
Papelbaum, M.; Appolinário, J.C. Moreira, Rde.O.; Ellinger, V.C.; Kupfer, R.; Coutinho, W.F. Prevalence of eating disorders and psychiatric comorbidity in a clinical sample of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr., 2005, 27(2), 135-138.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462005000200012] [PMID: 15962139]
[11]
Herpertz, S.; Albus, C.; Kielmann, R.; Hagemann-Patt, H.; Lichtblau, K.; Köhle, K.; Mann, K.; Senf, W. Comorbidity of diabetes mellitus and eating disorders: a follow-up study. J. Psychosom. Res., 2001, 51(5), 673-678.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00246-X] [PMID: 11728508]
[12]
Bryden, K.S.; Neil, A.; Mayou, R.A.; Peveler, R.C.; Fairburn, C.G.; Dunger, D.B. Eating habits, body weight, and insulin misuse. A longitudinal study of teenagers and young adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 1999, 22(12), 1956-1960.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.22.12.1956] [PMID: 10587825]
[13]
Scheuing, N.; Bartus, B.; Berger, G.; Haberland, H.; Icks, A.; Knauth, B.; Nellen-Hellmuth, N.; Rosenbauer, J.; Teufel, M.; Holl, R.W.; Initiative, D.P.V. Clinical characteristics and outcome of 467 patients with a clinically recognized eating disorder identified among 52,215 patients with type 1 diabetes: a multicenter german/austrian study. Diabetes Care, 2014, 37(6), 1581-1589.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc13-2156] [PMID: 24623022]
[14]
Smink, F.R.E.; van Hoeken, D.; Hoek, H.W. Epidemiology of eating disorders: incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Curr. Psychiatry Rep., 2012, 14(4), 406-414.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11920-012-0282-y] [PMID: 22644309]
[15]
Harris, E.C.; Barraclough, B. Excess mortality of mental disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry, 1998, 173, 11-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.173.1.11] [PMID: 9850203]
[16]
Zipfel, S.; Giel, K.E.; Bulik, C.M.; Hay, P.; Schmidt, U. Anorexia nervosa: aetiology, assessment, and treatment. Lancet Psychiatry, 2015, 2(12), 1099-1111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00356-9] [PMID: 26514083]
[17]
Lesinskiene, S.; Barkus, A.; Ranceva, N.; Dembinskas, A. A meta-analysis of heart rate and QT interval alteration in anorexia nervosa. World J. Biol. Psychiatry, 2008, 9(2), 86-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15622970701230963] [PMID: 17853296]
[18]
Sjogren, M. The diagnostic work-up of Eating Disorders J Psychol. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry, 2015, 4(5), 00234.
[19]
Van den Eynde, F.; Suda, M.; Broadbent, H.; Guillaume, S.; Van den Eynde, M.; Steiger, H.; Israel, M.; Berlim, M.; Giampietro, V.; Simmons, A.; Treasure, J.; Campbell, I.; Schmidt, U. Structural magnetic resonance imaging in eating disorders: a systematic review of voxel-based morphometry studies. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev., 2012, 20(2), 94-105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/erv.1163] [PMID: 22052722]
[20]
Caglar-Nazali, H.P.; Corfield, F.; Cardi, V.; Ambwani, S.; Leppanen, J.; Olabintan, O.; Deriziotis, S.; Hadjimichalis, A.; Scognamiglio, P.; Eshkevari, E.; Micali, N.; Treasure, J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of ‘Systems for Social Processes’ in eating disorders. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2014, 42, 55-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.12.002] [PMID: 24333650]
[21]
Marucci, S.; Ragione, L.D.; De Iaco, G.; Mococci, T.; Vicini, M.; Guastamacchia, E.; Triggiani, V. Anorexia nervosa and comorbid psychopathology. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets, 2018, 18(4), 316-324.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530318666180213111637] [PMID: 29437020]
[22]
Peñas-Lledó, E.; Vaz Leal, F.J.; Waller, G. Excessive exercise in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: relation to eating characteristics and general psychopathology. Int. J. Eat. Disord., 2002, 31(4), 370-375.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.10042] [PMID: 11948642]
[23]
Noetel, M.; Miskovic-Wheatley, J.; Crosby, R.D.; Hay, P.; Madden, S.; Touyz, S. A clinical profile of compulsive exercise in adolescent inpatients with anorexia nervosa. J. Eat. Disord., 2016, 4, 1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40337-016-0090-6] [PMID: 26855778]
[24]
Grilo, C.M.; Mitchell, J.E. The treatment of Eating Disorders: A clinical handbook; The Guilford Press New York-London, 2011.
[25]
Hay, P.; Chinn, D.; Forbes, D.; Madden, S.; Newton, R.; Sugenor, L.; Touyz, S.; Ward, W. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of eating disorders. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry, 2014, 48(11), 977-1008.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867414555814] [PMID: 25351912]
[26]
Yager, Z.; Diedrichs, P.C.; Ricciardelli, L.A.; Halliwell, E. What works in secondary schools? A systematic review of classroom-based body image programs. Body Image, 2013, 10(3), 271-281.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.04.001] [PMID: 23683611]
[27]
Tan, J.O.; Spector-Hill, I. Identifying and managing eating disorders in type 1 diabetes mellitus: An all-Wales study. Clin. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 2021, 26(3), 617-628.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13591045211009591] [PMID: 34159830]
[28]
Pinna, F.; Diana, E.; Sanna, L.; Deiana, V.; Manchia, M.; Nicotra, E.; Fiorillo, A.; Albert, U.; Nivoli, A.; Volpe, U.; Atti, A.R.; Ferrari, S.; Medda, F.; Atzeni, M.G.; Manca, D.; Mascia, E.; Farci, F.; Ghiani, M.; Cau, R.; Tuveri, M.; Cossu, E.; Loy, E.; Mereu, A.; Mariotti, S.; Carpiniello, B. Assessment of eating disorders with the diabetes eating problems survey - revised (DEPS-R) in a representative sample of insulin-treated diabetic patients: a validation study in Italy. BMC Psychiatry, 2017, 17(1), 262.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1434-8] [PMID: 28724422]
[29]
Jones, J.M.; Lawson, M.L.; Daneman, D.; Olmsted, M.P.; Rodin, G. Eating disorders in adolescent females with and without type 1 diabetes: cross sectional study. BMJ, 2000, 320(7249), 1563-1566.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7249.1563] [PMID: 10845962]
[30]
Young, V.; Eiser, C.; Johnson, B.; Brierley, S.; Epton, T.; Elliott, J.; Heller, S. Eating problems in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Diabet. Med., 2013, 30(2), 189-198.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03771.x] [PMID: 22913589]
[31]
Young-Hyman, D. Eating disorders and disordered eating behavior. In: Psychosocial care; Young-Hyman, D.; Peyrot, M., Eds.; American Diabetes Association: Washington, DC, 2012.
[32]
Rodin, G.; Olmsted, M.P.; Rydall, A.C.; Maharaj, S.I.; Colton, P.A.; Jones, J.M.; Biancucci, L.A.; Daneman, D. Eating disorders in young women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J. Psychosom. Res., 2002, 53(4), 943-949.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00305-7] [PMID: 12377307]
[33]
Markowitz, J.T.; Butler, D.A.; Volkening, L.K.; Antisdel, J.E.; Anderson, B.J.; Laffel, L.M. Brief screening tool for disordered eating in diabetes: internal consistency and external validity in a contemporary sample of pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2010, 33(3), 495-500.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1890] [PMID: 20032278]
[34]
Cecilia-Costa, R.; Volkening, L.K.; Laffel, L.M. Factors associated with disordered eating behaviours in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet. Med., 2019, 36(8), 1020-1027.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dme.13890] [PMID: 30582670]
[35]
Wilfley, D.; Berkowitz, R.; Goebel-Fabbri, A.; Hirst, K.; Ievers-Landis, C.; Lipman, T.H.; Marcus, M.; Ng, D.; Pham, T.; Saletsky, R.; Schanuel, J.; Van Buren, D. Binge eating, mood, and quality of life in youth with type 2 diabetes: baseline data from the today study. Diabetes Care, 2011, 34(4), 858-860.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1704] [PMID: 21357794]
[36]
Nip, A.S.Y.; Reboussin, B.A.; Dabelea, D.; Bellatorre, A.; Mayer-Davis, E.J.; Kahkoska, A.R.; Lawrence, J.M.; Peterson, C.M.; Dolan, L.; Pihoker, C. Disordered eating behaviors in youth and young adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes receiving insulin therapy: the search for diabetes in youth study. Diabetes Care, 2019, 42(5), 859-866.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc18-2420] [PMID: 30862656]
[37]
Peterson, C.M.; Fischer, S.; Young-Hyman, D. Topical review: a comprehensive risk model for disordered eating in youth with type 1 diabetes. J. Pediatr. Psychol., 2015, 40(4), 385-390.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsu106] [PMID: 25502449]
[38]
Takii, M.; Uchigata, Y.; Kishimoto, J.; Morita, C.; Hata, T.; Nozaki, T.; Kawai, K.; Iwamoto, Y.; Sudo, N.; Kubo, C. The relationship between the age of onset of type 1 diabetes and the subsequent development of a severe eating disorder by female patients. Pediatr. Diabetes, 2011, 12(4 Pt 2), 396-401.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00708.x] [PMID: 20723101]
[39]
Mostowy, J.; Montén, C.; Gudjonsdottir, A.H.; Arnell, H.; Browaldh, L.; Nilsson, S.; Agardh, D. Torinsson naluai, å. shared genetic factors involved in celiac disease, type 2 diabetes and anorexia nervosa suggest common molecular pathways for chronic diseases. PLoS One, 2016, 11(8), e0159593.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159593] [PMID: 27483138]
[40]
Muscogiuri, G.; Cantone, E.; Cassarano, S.; Tuccinardi, D.; Barrea, L.; Savastano, S.; Colao, A. Gut microbiota: a new path to treat obesity. Int. J. Obes. Suppl., 2019, 9(1), 10-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41367-019-0011-7] [PMID: 31391921]
[41]
Ghenciulescu, A.; Park, R.J.; Burnet, P.W.J. The gut microbiome in anorexia nervosa: friend or foe? Front. Psychiatry, 2021, 11, 611677.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.611677] [PMID: 33510660]
[42]
Järbrink-Sehgal, E.; Andreasson, A. The gut microbiota and mental health in adults. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 2020, 62, 102-114.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2020.01.016] [PMID: 32163822]
[43]
Igudesman, D.; Sweeney, M.; Carroll, I.M.; Mayer-Davis, E.J.; Bulik, C.M. Gut-brain interactions: implications for a role of the gut microbiota in the treatment and prognosis of anorexia nervosa and comparison to type i diabetes. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am., 2019, 48(3), 343-356.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2019.04.003] [PMID: 31383275]
[44]
Kelly, S.D.; Howe, C.J.; Hendler, J.P.; Lipman, T.H. Disordered eating behaviors in youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Educ., 2005, 31(4), 572-583.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145721705279049] [PMID: 16100333]
[45]
Yardley, J.E.; Sigal, R.J.; Kenny, G.P.; Riddell, M.C.; Lovblom, L.E.; Perkins, B.A. Point accuracy of interstitial continuous glucose monitoring during exercise in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol. Ther., 2013, 15(1), 46-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/dia.2012.0182] [PMID: 23137050]
[46]
Verrotti, A.; Catino, M.; De Luca, F.A.; Morgese, G.; Chiarelli, F. Eating disorders in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol., 1999, 36(1-2), 21-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005920050140] [PMID: 10436248]
[47]
Rama Chandran, S.; Zaremba, N.; Harrison, A.; Choudhary, P.; Cheah, Y.; Allan, J.; Debong, F.; Reid, F.; Treasure, J.; Hopkins, D.; Ismail, K.; Stadler, M. Disordered eating in women with type 1 diabetes: Continuous glucose monitoring reveals the complex interactions of glycaemia, self-care behaviour and emotion. Diabet. Med., 2021, 38(2), e14446.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dme.14446] [PMID: 33141942]
[48]
Wisting, L.; Bang, L.; Skrivarhaug, T.; Dahl-Jørgensen, K.; Rø, Ø. Psychological barriers to optimal insulin therapy: more concerns in adolescent females than males. BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care, 2016, 4(1), e000203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000203] [PMID: 27403325]
[49]
Atik Altınok, Y.; Özgür, S.; Meseri, R.; Özen, S.; Darcan, Ş.; Gökşen, D. Reliability and validity of the diabetes eating problem survey in turkish children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol., 2017, 9(4), 323-328.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.4219] [PMID: 28270369]
[50]
Goebel-Fabbri, A.E.; Fikkan, J.; Franko, D.L.; Pearson, K.; Anderson, B.J.; Weinger, K. Insulin restriction and associated morbidity and mortality in women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2008, 31(3), 415-419.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc07-2026] [PMID: 18070998]
[51]
Gibbings, N.K.; Kurdyak, P.A.; Colton, P.A.; Shah, B.R. Diabetic ketoacidosis and mortality in people with type 1 diabetes and eating disorders. Diabetes Care, 2021, 44(8), 1783-1787.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc21-0517] [PMID: 34172488]
[52]
Merikangas, K.R.; He, J.P.; Burstein, M.; Swendsen, J.; Avenevoli, S.; Case, B.; Georgiades, K.; Heaton, L.; Swanson, S.; Olfson, M. Service utilization for lifetime mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results of the national comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2011, 50(1), 32-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.10.006] [PMID: 21156268]
[53]
Hanlan, M.E.; Griffith, J.; Patel, N.; Jaser, S.S. Eating disorders and disordered eating in type 1 diabetes: Prevalence, screening, and treatment options. Curr. Diab. Rep., 2013, 13, 909-916.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11892-013-0418-4] [PMID: 24022608]
[54]
Peveler, R.C.; Bryden, K.S.; Neil, H.A.W.; Fairburn, C.G.; Mayou, R.A.; Dunger, D.B.; Turner, H.M. The relationship of disordered eating habits and attitudes to clinical outcomes in young adult females with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2005, 28(1), 84-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.1.84] [PMID: 15616238]
[55]
Garvey, K.C.; Telo, G.H.; Needleman, J.S.; Forbes, P.; Finkelstein, J.A.; Laffel, L.M. Health care transition in young adults with type 1 diabetes: perspectives of adult endocrinologists in the U.S. Diabetes Care, 2016, 39(2), 190-197.
[PMID: 26681724]
[56]
Goebel-Fabbri, A.E.; Anderson, B.J.; Fikkan, J.; Franko, D.L.; Pearson, K.; Weinger, K. Improvement and emergence of insulin restriction in women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2011, 34(3), 545-550.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1547] [PMID: 21266653]
[57]
Peducci, E.; Mastrorilli, C.; Falcone, S.; Santoro, A.; Fanelli, U.; Iovane, B.; Incerti, T.; Scarabello, C.; Fainardi, V.; Caffarelli, C.; Di Mauro, D.; Dodi, I.; Tchana, B.; Vanelli, M.; Vanelli, M. Disturbed eating behavior in pre-teen and teenage girls and boys with type 1 diabetes. Acta Biomed., 2019, 89(4), 490-497.
[PMID: 30657117]
[58]
Rydall, A.C.; Rodin, G.M.; Olmsted, M.P.; Devenyi, R.G.; Daneman, D. Disordered eating behavior and microvascular complications in young women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med., 1997, 336(26), 1849-1854.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199706263362601] [PMID: 9197212]
[59]
Berger, G.; Waldhoer, T.; Barrientos, I.; Kunkel, D.; Rami-Merhar, B.M.; Schober, E.; Karwautz, A.; Wagner, G. Association of insulin-manipulation and psychiatric disorders: A systematic epidemiological evaluation of adolescents with type 1 diabetes in Austria. Pediatr. Diabetes, 2019, 20(1), 127-136.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12784] [PMID: 30267464]
[60]
Coleman, S.E.; Caswell, N. Diabetes and eating disorders: an exploration of ‘Diabulimia’. BMC Psychol., 2020, 8(1), 101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00468-4] [PMID: 32967730]
[61]
Merwin, R.M.; Moskovich, A.A.; Honeycutt, L.K.; Lane, J.D.; Feinglos, M.; Surwit, R.S.; Zucker, N.L.; Dmitrieva, N.O.; Babyak, M.A.; Batchelder, H.; Mooney, J. Time of day when type 1 diabetes patients with eating disorder symptoms most commonly restrict insulin. Psychosom. Med., 2018, 80(2), 222-229.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000550] [PMID: 29206725]
[62]
Wisting, L.; Wonderlich, J.; Skrivarhaug, T.; Dahl-Jørgensen, K.; Rø, Ø. Psychometric properties and factor structure of the diabetes eating problem survey - revised (DEPS-R) among adult males and females with type 1 diabetes. J. Eat. Disord., 2019, 7, 2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0232-0] [PMID: 30675355]
[63]
Keane, S.; Clarke, M.; Murphy, M.; McGrath, D.; Smith, D.; Farrelly, N.; MacHale, S. Disordered eating behaviour in young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J. Eat. Disord., 2018, 6, 9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0194-2] [PMID: 29744106]
[64]
Nielsen, S.; Emborg, C.; Mølbak, A.G. Mortality in concurrent type 1 diabetes and anorexia nervosa. Diabetes Care, 2002, 25(2), 309-312.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.25.2.309] [PMID: 11815501]
[65]
Custal, N.; Arcelus, J.; Agüera, Z.; Bove, F.I.; Wales, J.; Granero, R.; Jiménez-Murcia, S.; Sánchez, I.; Riesco, N.; Alonso, P.; Crespo, J.M.; Virgili, N.; Menchón, J.M.; Fernandez-Aranda, F. Treatment outcome of patients with comorbid type 1 diabetes and eating disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 2014, 14, 140.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-140] [PMID: 24885411]
[66]
Goebel-Fabbri, A.; Copeland, P.; Touyz, S.; Hay, P. EDITORIAL: Eating disorders in diabetes: Discussion on issues relevant to type 1 diabetes and an overview of the Journal’s special issue. J. Eat. Disord., 2019, 7, 27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40337-019-0256-0] [PMID: 31360517]
[67]
Lutz, T.A. Pancreatic amylin as a centrally acting satiating hormone. Curr. Drug Targets, 2005, 6(2), 181-189.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450053174596] [PMID: 15777188]
[68]
Goebel-Fabbri, A.E. Disturbed eating behaviors and eating disorders in type 1 diabetes: clinical significance and treatment recommendations. Curr. Diab. Rep., 2009, 9(2), 133-139.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11892-009-0023-8] [PMID: 19323958]
[69]
Peterson, C.M.; Young-Hyman, D.; Fischer, S.; Markowitz, J.T.; Muir, A.B.; Laffel, L.M. Examination of psychosocial and physiological risk for bulimic symptoms in youth with type 1 diabetes transitioning to an insulin pump: a pilot study. J. Pediatr. Psychol., 2018, 43(1), 83-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsx084] [PMID: 28535306]
[70]
Markowitz, J.T.; Alleyn, C.A.; Phillips, R.; Muir, A.; Young-Hyman, D.; Laffel, L.M.B. Disordered eating behaviors in youth with type 1 diabetes: prospective pilot assessment following initiation of insulin pump therapy. Diabetes Technol. Ther., 2013, 15(5), 428-433.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/dia.2013.0008] [PMID: 23550556]
[71]
Gonder-Frederick, L.A.; Cox, D.J.; Bobbitt, S.A.; Pennebaker, J.W. Mood changes associated with blood glucose fluctuations in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Health Psychol., 1989, 8(1), 45-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.8.1.45] [PMID: 2707223]
[72]
Young-Hyman, D.L.; Peterson, C.M.; Fischer, S.; Markowitz, J.T.; Muir, A.B.; Laffel, L.M. Depressive symptoms, emotion dysregulation, and bulimic symptoms in youth with type 1 diabetes: varying interactions at diagnosis and during transition to insulin pump therapy. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol., 2016, 10(4), 845-851.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296816645118] [PMID: 27137457]
[73]
Wilson, G.T.; Fairburn, C.C.; Agras, W.S.; Walsh, B.T.; Kraemer, H. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa: time course and mechanisms of change. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., 2002, 70(2), 267-274.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.70.2.267] [PMID: 11952185]
[74]
Nansel, T.R.; Anderson, B.J.; Laffel, L.M.; Simons-Morton, B.G.; Weissberg-Benchell, J.; Wysocki, T.; Iannotti, R.J.; Holmbeck, G.N.; Hood, K.K.; Lochrie, A.S. A multisite trial of a clinic-integrated intervention for promoting family management of pediatric type 1 diabetes: feasibility and design. Pediatr. Diabetes, 2009, 10(2), 105-115.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2008.00448.x] [PMID: 18721167]
[75]
Grey, M.; Whittemore, R.; Tamborlane, W. Depression in type 1 diabetes in children: natural history and correlates. J. Psychosom. Res., 2002, 53(4), 907-911.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00312-4] [PMID: 12377302]
[76]
Deeb, A.; Akle, M.; Al Ozairi, A.; Cameron, F. Common issues seen in paediatric diabetes clinics, psychological formulations, and related approaches to management. J. Diabetes Res., 2018, 2018, 1684175.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1684175] [PMID: 29682577]
[77]
Eisenberg Colman, M.H.; Quick, V.M.; Lipsky, L.M.; Dempster, K.W.; Liu, A.; Laffel, L.M.B.; Mehta, S.N.; Nansel, T.R. Disordered eating behaviors are not increased by an intervention to improve diet quality but are associated with poorer glycemic control among youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2018, 41(4), 869-875.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc17-0090] [PMID: 29371234]
[78]
Eisenberg, M.H.; Lipsky, L.M.; Dempster, K.W.; Liu, A.; Nansel, T.R. i should but i can’t: controlled motivation and self-efficacy are related to disordered eating behaviors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J. Adolesc. Health, 2016, 59(5), 537-542.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.06.008] [PMID: 27567063]
[79]
Boggiss, A.L.; Consedine, N.S.; Jefferies, C.; Bluth, K.; Hofman, P.L.; Serlachius, A.S. Protocol for a feasibility study: a brief self-compassion intervention for adolescents with type 1 diabetes and disordered eating. BMJ Open, 2020, 10(2), e034452.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034452] [PMID: 32041861]
[80]
Partridge, H.; Figueiredo, C.; Rouse, L.; Cross, C.; Pinder, C.; Ryder, J.; Bennett, M.; Stacey, N. Type 1 diabetes and disordered eating (T1DE): the ComPASSION Project – Wessex. Pract Diab, 2020, 37, 127-132.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pdi.2286]
[81]
Calcaterra, V.; Mazzoni, C.; Ballardini, D.; Tomba, E.; Zuccotti, G.V.; Mameli, C.; De Giuseppe, R.; Cena, H. Disturbed eating behaviors in youth with type 1 diabetes: an exploratory study about challenges in diagnosis. Diagnostics (Basel), 2020, 10(12), 1044.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10121044] [PMID: 33287458]
[82]
Schwartz, S.A.; Weissberg-Benchell, J.; Perlmuter, L.C. Personal control and disordered eating in female adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2002, 25(11), 1987-1991.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.25.11.1987] [PMID: 12401744]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy