Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of fabrication factors on both biological and physico-chemical features of 3-dimensional (3D) printed composite scaffolds.
Method: Electronic search was done according to the PRISMA guideline in PubMed and Scopus databases limited to English articles published until May 2021. Studies in which composite scaffolds were fabricated through computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CADCAM)- based methods were included. Articles regarding the features of the scaffolds fabricated through indirect techniques were excluded.
Results: Full text of 121 studies were reviewed, and 69 met the inclusion criteria. According to analyzed studies, PCL and HA were the most commonly used polymer and ceramic, respectively. Besides, the solvent-based technique was the most commonly used composition technique, which enabled preparing blends with high concentrations of ceramic materials. The most common fabrication method used in the included studies was Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). The addition of bio-ceramics enhanced the mechanical features and the biological behaviors of the printed scaffolds in a ratio-dependent manner. However, studies that analyzed the effect of ceramic weight ratio showed that scaffolds with the highest ceramic content did not necessarily possess the optimal biological and non-biological features.
Conclusion: The biological and physico-chemical behaviors of the scaffold can be affected by pre-printing factors, including utilized materials, composition techniques, and fabrication methods. Fabricating scaffolds with high mineral content as of the natural bone may not provide the optimal condition for bone formation. Therefore, it is recommended that future studies compare the efficiency of different kinds of biomaterials rather than different weight ratios of one type.
Keywords: Biocompatible materials, printed scaffolds composites, three-dimensional printing, computer-aided design, tissue scaffolds, tissue engineering.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Roseti L, Parisi V, Petretta M, et al. Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: State of the art and new perspectives. Mater Sci Eng C 2017; 78: 1246-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.017 ] [PMID: 28575964]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.017 ] [PMID: 28575964]
[2]
Marenzana M, Arnett TR. The key role of the blood supply to bone. Bone Res 2013; 1(3): 203-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4248/BR201303001 ] [PMID: 26273504]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4248/BR201303001 ] [PMID: 26273504]
[3]
Amini AR, Laurencin CT, Nukavarapu SP. Bone tissue engineering: Recent advances and challenges. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2012; 40(5): 363-408.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.v40.i5.10 ] [PMID: 23339648]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.v40.i5.10 ] [PMID: 23339648]
[4]
Shaunak S, Dhinsa BS, Khan WS. The role of 3d modelling and printing in orthopaedic tissue engineering: A review of the current litera-ture. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 12(3): 225-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574888X11666160429122238 ] [PMID: 27133084]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574888X11666160429122238 ] [PMID: 27133084]
[5]
Zhu M, Zhang J, Zhao S, Zhu Y. Three-dimensional printing of cerium-incorporated mesoporous calcium-silicate scaffolds for bone re-pair. J Mater Sci 2016; 51(2): 836-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9406-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9406-1]
[6]
Tappa K, Jammalamadaka U. Novel biomaterials used in medical 3d printing techniques. J Funct Biomater 2018; 9(1): 17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb9010017 ] [PMID: 29414913]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb9010017 ] [PMID: 29414913]
[7]
Ma H, Feng C, Chang J, Wu C. 3D-printed bioceramic scaffolds: From bone tissue engineering to tumor therapy. Acta Biomater 2018; 79: 37-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.08.026 ] [PMID: 30165201]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.08.026 ] [PMID: 30165201]
[8]
Du X, Fu S, Zhu Y. 3D printing of ceramic-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: An overview. J Mater Chem B Mater Biol Med 2018; 6(27): 4397-412.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8TB00677F ] [PMID: 32254656]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8TB00677F ] [PMID: 32254656]
[9]
Jammalamadaka U, Tappa K. Recent advances in biomaterials for 3d printing and tissue engineering. J Funct Biomater 2018; 9(1)E22
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb9010022 ] [PMID: 29494503]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb9010022 ] [PMID: 29494503]
[10]
Huang B, Caetano G, Vyas C, Blaker JJ, Diver C, Bartolo P. Polymer-ceramic composite scaffolds: The effect of hydroxyapatite and β-tri-calcium phosphate. Materials 2018; 11(1)E129
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11010129 ] [PMID: 29342890]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11010129 ] [PMID: 29342890]
[11]
Kim S-S, Sun Park M, Jeon O, Yong Choi C, Kim B-S. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2006; 27(8): 1399-409.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.08.016 ] [PMID: 16169074]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.08.016 ] [PMID: 16169074]
[12]
Scaffaro R, Lopresti F, Botta L, Rigogliuso S, Ghersi G. Integration of PCL and PLA in a monolithic porous scaffold for interface tissue engineering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 63: 303-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.06.021 ] [PMID: 27442921]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.06.021 ] [PMID: 27442921]
[13]
Pei B, Wang W, Fan Y, Wang X, Watari F, Li X. Fiber-reinforced scaffolds in soft tissue engineering. Regen Biomater 2017; 4(4): 257-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rb/rbx021 ] [PMID: 28798872]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rb/rbx021 ] [PMID: 28798872]
[14]
Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, et al. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting system-atic reviews. BMJ 2021; 372(:n160.)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160 ] [PMID: 33781993]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160 ] [PMID: 33781993]
[15]
Abdal-hay A, Abbasi N, Gwiazda M, Hamlet S, Ivanovski S. Novel polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite fibrous scaffolds by direct melt-electrospinning writing. Eur Polym J 2018; 105: 257-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.05.034]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.05.034]
[16]
Hooijmans CR, Rovers MM, de Vries RB, Leenaars M, Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Langendam MW. SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool for animal stud-ies. BMC Med Res Methodol 2014; 14: 43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-43 ] [PMID: 24667063]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-43 ] [PMID: 24667063]
[17]
Yu W, X. Sun, H. Meng, et al. 3D-printed porous ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: A review. Biomater Sci 2017; 5(9): 1690-8.
[18]
Korpela J, Kokkari A, Korhonen H, Malin M, Närhi T, Seppälä J. Biodegradable and bioactive porous scaffold structures prepared using fused deposition modeling. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 101(4): 610-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.32863 ] [PMID: 23281260]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.32863 ] [PMID: 23281260]
[19]
Chia HN, Wu BM. Recent advances in 3D printing of biomaterials. J Biol Eng 2015; 9(1): 4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13036-015-0001-4 ] [PMID: 25866560]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13036-015-0001-4 ] [PMID: 25866560]
[20]
Kadry H, Wadnap S, Xu C, Ahsan F. Digital light processing (DLP) 3D-printing technology and photoreactive polymers in fabrication of modified-release tablets. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 135: 60-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2019.05.008 ] [PMID: 31108205]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2019.05.008 ] [PMID: 31108205]
[21]
Bose S, Vahabzadeh S, Bandyopadhyay A. Bone tissue engineering using 3D printing. Mater Today 2013; 16(12): 496-504.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2013.11.017]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2013.11.017]
[22]
Brogini S, Sartori M, Giavaresi G, et al. Osseointegration of additive manufacturing Ti-6Al-4V and Co-Cr-Mo alloys, with and without surface functionalization with hydroxyapatite and type I collagen. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 115104262
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104262 ] [PMID: 33321396]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104262 ] [PMID: 33321396]
[23]
Ji K, Wang Y, Wei Q, et al. Application of 3D printing technology in bone tissue engineering. Bio-Design and Manufacturing 2018; 1(3): 203-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42242-018-0021-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42242-018-0021-2]
[24]
Liu C, Tong J, Ma J, et al. Low-temperature deposition manufacturing: A versatile material extrusion-based 3d printing technology for fabricating hierarchically porous materials. J Nanomater 2019; 20191291067
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1291067]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1291067]
[25]
Xu M, Li Y, Suo H, et al. Fabricating a pearl/PLGA composite scaffold by the low-temperature deposition manufacturing technique for bone tissue engineering. Biofabrication 2010; 2(2)025002
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/2/2/025002 ] [PMID: 20811130]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/2/2/025002 ] [PMID: 20811130]
[26]
Dini F, Barsotti G, Puppi D, et al. Tailored star poly (ε-caprolactone) wet-spun scaffolds for in vivo regeneration of long bone critical size defects. J Bioact Compat Polym 2016; 31(1): 15-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883911515597928]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883911515597928]
[27]
Zhang Y, Yu W, Ba Z, Cui S, Wei J, Li H. 3D-printed scaffolds of mesoporous bioglass/gliadin/polycaprolactone ternary composite for enhancement of compressive strength, degradability, cell responses and new bone tissue ingrowth. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13: 5433-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S164869 ] [PMID: 30271139]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S164869 ] [PMID: 30271139]
[28]
Chen X, Gao C, Jiang J, Wu Y, Zhu P, Chen G. 3D printed porous PLA/nHA composite scaffolds with enhanced osteogenesis and oste-oconductivity in vivo for bone regeneration. Biomed Mater 2019; 14(6)065003
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/ab388d ] [PMID: 31382255]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/ab388d ] [PMID: 31382255]
[29]
Zhong L, Chen J, Ma Z, et al. 3D printing of metal-organic framework incorporated porous scaffolds to promote osteogenic differentia-tion and bone regeneration. Nanoscale 2020; 12(48): 24437-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0NR06297A ] [PMID: 33305769]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0NR06297A ] [PMID: 33305769]
[30]
Kwon DY, Park JH, Jang SH, et al. Bone regeneration by means of a three-dimensional printed scaffold in a rat cranial defect. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12(2): 516-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/term.2532 ] [PMID: 28763610]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/term.2532 ] [PMID: 28763610]
[31]
Pati F, Song TH, Rijal G, Jang J, Kim SW, Cho DW. Ornamenting 3D printed scaffolds with cell-laid extracellular matrix for bone tissue regeneration. Biomaterials 2015; 37: 230-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.012 ] [PMID: 25453953]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.012 ] [PMID: 25453953]
[32]
Li X, Wang Y, Wang Z, et al. Composite pla/peg/nha/dexamet-hasone scaffold prepared by 3d printing for bone regeneration. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18(6)e1800068
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201800068 ] [PMID: 29687630]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201800068 ] [PMID: 29687630]
[33]
Zhao S, Zhu M, Zhang J, et al. Three dimensionally printed mesoporous bioactive glass and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) composite scaffolds for bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B Mater Biol Med 2014; 2(36): 6106-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4TB00838C ] [PMID: 32261863]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4TB00838C ] [PMID: 32261863]
[34]
Driscoll JA, Lubbe R, Jakus AE, et al. 3D-printed ceramic-demineralized bone matrix hyperelastic bone composite scaffolds for spinal fusion. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26(3-4): 157-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0166 ] [PMID: 31469055]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0166 ] [PMID: 31469055]
[35]
Babilotte J, Martin B, Guduric V, et al. Development and characterization of a PLGA-HA composite material to fabricate 3D-printed scaf-folds for bone tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C 2021; 118111334
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111334 ] [PMID: 33254966]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111334 ] [PMID: 33254966]
[36]
Jakus AE, Secor EB, Rutz AL, Jordan SW, Hersam MC, Shah RN. Three-dimensional printing of high-content graphene scaffolds for elec-tronic and biomedical applications. ACS Nano 2015; 9(4): 4636-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b01179 ] [PMID: 25858670]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b01179 ] [PMID: 25858670]
[37]
Du X, Wei D, Huang L, Zhu M, Zhang Y. 3D printing of mesoporous bioactive glasslsilk fibroin composite scaffolds for bone tissue engi-neering. Mater Sci Eng C 2019; 103109731
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.05.016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.05.016]
[38]
Liao HT, Chen YY, Lai YT, Hsieh MF, Jiang CP. The osteogenesis of bone marrow stem cells on mPEG-PCL-mPEG/hydroxyapatite com-posite scaffold via solid freeform fabrication. BioMed Res Int 2014; 2014321549
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/321549 ] [PMID: 24868523]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/321549 ] [PMID: 24868523]
[39]
Zhang X, Du X, Li D, Ao R, Yu B, Yu B. Three dimensionally printed pearl powder/poly-caprolactone composite scaffolds for bone re-generation. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2018; 29(14): 1686-700.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2018.1475096 ] [PMID: 29768120]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2018.1475096 ] [PMID: 29768120]
[40]
Alksne M, Kalvaityte M, Simoliunas E, et al. In vitro comparison of 3D printed polylactic acid/hydroxyapatite and polylactic ac-id/bioglass composite scaffolds: Insights into materials for bone regeneration. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 104103641
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103641 ] [PMID: 32174399]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103641 ] [PMID: 32174399]
[41]
Eshraghi S, Das S. Micromechanical finite-element modeling and experimental characterization of the compressive mechanical properties of polycaprolactone-hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds prepared by selective laser sintering for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2012; 8(8): 3138-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.04.022 ] [PMID: 22522129]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.04.022 ] [PMID: 22522129]
[42]
Park S, Kim JE, Han J, et al. 3D-printed poly(ε-caprolactone)/hydroxyapatite scaffolds modified with alkaline hydrolysis enhance osteo-genesis in vitro. Polymers 2021; 13(2): 257.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020257 ] [PMID: 33466736]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020257 ] [PMID: 33466736]
[43]
Gerdes S, Mostafavi A, Ramesh S, et al. Process-structure-quality relationships of three-dimensional printed poly(caprolactone)-hydroxyapatite scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26(5-6): 279-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0237 ] [PMID: 31964254]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0237 ] [PMID: 31964254]
[44]
Koski C, Onuike B, Bandyopadhyay A, Bose S. Starch-hydroxyapatite composite bone scaffold fabrication utilizing a slurry extrusion-based solid freeform fabricator. Addit Manuf 2018; 24: 47-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.08.030 ] [PMID: 31106120]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.08.030 ] [PMID: 31106120]
[45]
Roh HS, Myung SW, Jung SC, Kim BH. Fabrication of 3d scaffolds with nano-hydroxyapatite for improving the preosteoblast cell-biological performance. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2015; 15(8): 5585-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.10451 ] [PMID: 26369121]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.10451 ] [PMID: 26369121]
[46]
Hong SJ, Jeong I, Noh KT, Yu HS, Lee GS, Kim HW. Robotic dispensing of composite scaffolds and in vitro responses of bone marrow stromal cells. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2009; 20(9): 1955-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-009-3745-x ] [PMID: 19365613]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-009-3745-x ] [PMID: 19365613]
[47]
Diaz-Gomez L, Kontoyiannis PD, Melchiorri AJ, Mikos AG. Three-dimensional printing of tissue engineering scaffolds with horizontal pore and composition gradients. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019; 25(7): 411-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tec.2019.0112 ] [PMID: 31169080]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tec.2019.0112 ] [PMID: 31169080]
[48]
Russias J, Saiz E, Deville S, et al. Fabrication and in vitro characterization of three-dimensional organic/inorganic scaffolds by robocasting. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 83(2): 434-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.31237 ] [PMID: 17465019]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.31237 ] [PMID: 17465019]
[49]
Shor L, Güçeri S, Wen X, Gandhi M, Sun W. Fabrication of three-dimensional polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite tissue scaffolds and oste-oblast-scaffold interactions in vitro. Biomaterials 2007; 28(35): 5291-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.08.018 ] [PMID: 17884162]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.08.018 ] [PMID: 17884162]
[50]
Huang B, Vyas C, Byun JJ, El-Newehy M, Huang Z, Bartolo P. Aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes with nanohydroxyapatite in a 3D printed polycaprolactone scaffold stimulates osteogenic differentiation. Mater Sci Eng C 2020; 108110374
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110374 ] [PMID: 31924043]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110374 ] [PMID: 31924043]
[51]
Nyberg E, Rindone A, Dorafshar A, Grayson WL. Comparison of 3D-printed poly-ε-caprolactone scaffolds functionalized with tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, bio-oss, or decellularized bone matrix. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23(11-12): 503-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0418 ] [PMID: 28027692]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0418 ] [PMID: 28027692]
[52]
Cometa S, Bonifacio MA, Tranquillo E, Gloria A, Domingos M, De Giglio E. A 3D printed composite scaffold loaded with clodronate to regenerate osteoporotic bone: In vitro characterization. Polymers 2021; 13(1)E150
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010150 ] [PMID: 33401469]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010150 ] [PMID: 33401469]
[53]
Bas O, Hanßke F, Lim J, et al. Tuning mechanical reinforcement and bioactivity of 3D printed ternary nanocomposites by interfacial pep-tide-polymer conjugates. Biofabrication 2019; 11(3)035028
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/aafec8 ] [PMID: 30645987]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/aafec8 ] [PMID: 30645987]
[54]
Ho CC, Fang HY, Wang B, Huang TH, Shie MY. The effects of Biodentine/polycaprolactone three-dimensional-scaffold with odontogene-sis properties on human dental pulp cells. Int Endod J 2018; 51(Suppl. 4): e291-300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iej.12799 ] [PMID: 28631418]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iej.12799 ] [PMID: 28631418]
[55]
Chiu YC, Fang HY, Hsu TT, Lin CY, Shie MY. The characteristics of mineral trioxide aggregate/polycaprolactone 3-dimensional scaffold with osteogenesis properties for tissue regeneration. J Endod 2017; 43(6): 923-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2017.01.009 ] [PMID: 28389072]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2017.01.009 ] [PMID: 28389072]
[56]
Tsai KY, Lin HY, Chen YW, Lin CY, Hsu TT, Kao CT. Laser sintered magnesium-calcium silicate/poly-ε-caprolactone scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Materials 2017; 10(1)E65
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma10010065 ] [PMID: 28772425]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma10010065 ] [PMID: 28772425]
[57]
Lin YH, Chiu YC, Shen YF, Wu YA, Shie MY. Bioactive calcium silicate/poly-ε-caprolactone composite scaffolds 3D printed under mild conditions for bone tissue engineering. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2017; 29(1): 11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-017-6020-6 ] [PMID: 29282550]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-017-6020-6 ] [PMID: 29282550]
[58]
Wang W, Caetano G, Ambler WS, et al. Enhancing the hydrophilicity and cell attachment of 3d printed pcl/graphene scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Materials 2016; 9(12)E992
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma9120992 ] [PMID: 28774112]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma9120992 ] [PMID: 28774112]
[59]
Davila JL, Freitas MS, Inforçatti Neto P, Silveira ZC, Silva JVL, D’Ávila MA. Fabrication of PCL/β-TCP scaffolds by 3D mini-screw ex-trusion printing. J Appl Polym Sci 2016; 133(15)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.43031]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.43031]
[60]
Kim JY, Yoon JJ, Park EK, Kim DS, Kim SY, Cho DW. Cell adhesion and proliferation evaluation of SFF-based biodegradable scaffolds fabricated using a multi-head deposition system. Biofabrication 2009; 1(1)015002
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/1/1/015002 ] [PMID: 20811097]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/1/1/015002 ] [PMID: 20811097]
[61]
Park SH, Park SA, Kang YG, et al. PCL/β-TCP composite scaffolds exhibit positive osteogenic differentiation with mechanical stimulation. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 14(4): 349-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13770-017-0022-9 ] [PMID: 30603491]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13770-017-0022-9 ] [PMID: 30603491]
[62]
Kim YB, Kim G. Functionally graded PCL/β-TCP biocomposites in a multilayered structure for bone tissue regeneration. Appl Phys, A Mater Sci Process 2012; 108(4): 949-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-012-7004-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-012-7004-5]
[63]
Aydogdu MO, Mutlu B, Kurt M, et al. Developments of 3D polycaprolactone/beta-tricalcium phosphate/collagen scaffolds for hard tissue engineering. J Aust Cer Soc 2019; 55(3): 849-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41779-018-00299-y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41779-018-00299-y]
[64]
Bruyas A, Lou F, Stahl AM, et al. Systematic characterization of 3D-printed PCL/β-TCP scaffolds for biomedical devices and bone tissue engineering: Influence of composition and porosity. J Mater Res 2018; 33(14): 1948-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.112 ] [PMID: 30364693]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.112 ] [PMID: 30364693]
[65]
Zhang J, Zhao S, Zhu M, et al. 3D-printed magnetic Fe3O4/MBG/PCL composite scaffolds with multifunctionality of bone regeneration, local anticancer drug delivery and hyperthermia. J Mater Chem B Mater Biol Med 2014; 2(43): 7583-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4TB01063A ] [PMID: 32261896]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4TB01063A ] [PMID: 32261896]
[66]
Poh PS, Hutmacher DW, Stevens MM, Woodruff MA. Fabrication and in vitro characterization of bioactive glass composite scaffolds for bone regeneration. Biofabrication 2013; 5(4)045005
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/5/4/045005 ] [PMID: 24192136]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/5/4/045005 ] [PMID: 24192136]
[67]
Choi JW, Maeng WY, Koh YH, Lee H. 3D plotting using camphene as pore-regulating agent to produce hierarchical macro/micro-porous poly(ε-caprolactone)/calcium phosphate composite scaffolds. Materials 2019; 12(17): 2650.
[68]
Bagheri Saed A, Behravesh AH, Hasannia S, Akhoundi B, Hedayati SK, Gashtasbi F. An in vitro study on the key features of Poly L-lactic acid/biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds fabricated via DLP 3D printing for bone grafting. Eur Polym J 2020; 141110057
[69]
Liu L, Xiong Z, Yan Y, Hu Y, Zhang R, Wang S. Porous morphology, porosity, mechanical properties of poly(α-hydroxy acid)-tricalcium phosphate composite scaffolds fabricated by low-temperature deposition. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 82(3): 618-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.31177 ] [PMID: 17315230]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.31177 ] [PMID: 17315230]
[70]
Ronca A, Ambrosio L, Grijpma DW. Design of porous three-dimensional PDLLA/nano-hap composite scaffolds using stereolithography. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2012; 10(3): 249-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/JABFM.2012.10211 ] [PMID: 23242874]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/JABFM.2012.10211 ] [PMID: 23242874]
[71]
Ronca A, Ambrosio L, Grijpma DW. Preparation of designed poly(D,L-lactide)/nanosized hydroxyapatite composite structures by stereo-lithography. Acta Biomater 2013; 9(4): 5989-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.12.004 ] [PMID: 23232210]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.12.004 ] [PMID: 23232210]
[72]
Gendviliene I, Simoliunas E, Rekstyte S, et al. Assessment of the morphology and dimensional accuracy of 3D printed PLA and PLA/HAp scaffolds. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 104103616
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103616 ] [PMID: 31929097]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103616 ] [PMID: 31929097]
[73]
Kutikov AB, Gurijala A, Song J. Rapid prototyping amphiphilic polymer/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds with hydration-induced self-fixation behavior. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21(3): 229-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0213 ] [PMID: 25025950]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0213 ] [PMID: 25025950]
[74]
Senatov FS, Niaza KV, Zadorozhnyy MY, Maksimkin AV, Kaloshkin SD, Estrin YZ. Mechanical properties and shape memory effect of 3D-printed PLA-based porous scaffolds. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 57: 139-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.11.036 ] [PMID: 26710259]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.11.036 ] [PMID: 26710259]
[75]
Donate R, Monzón M, Ortega Z, et al. Comparison between calcium carbonate and β-tricalcium phosphate as additives of 3D printed scaffolds with polylactic acid matrix. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14(2): 272-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/term.2990 ] [PMID: 31733089]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/term.2990 ] [PMID: 31733089]
[76]
He L, Liu X, Rudd C. Additive-manufactured gyroid scaffolds of magnesium oxide, phosphate glass fiber and polylactic acid composite for bone tissue engineering. Polymers 2021; 13(2): 270.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020270 ] [PMID: 33467495]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020270 ] [PMID: 33467495]
[77]
Distler T, Fournier N, Grünewald A, et al. Polymer-bioactive glass composite filaments for 3d scaffold manufacturing by fused deposition modeling: Fabrication and characterization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8: 552.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00552 ] [PMID: 32671025]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00552 ] [PMID: 32671025]
[78]
Kim BS, Jang J, Chae S, et al. Three-dimensional bioprinting of cell-laden constructs with polycaprolactone protective layers for using various thermoplastic polymers. Biofabrication 2016; 8(3)035013
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/8/3/035013 ] [PMID: 27550946]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/8/3/035013 ] [PMID: 27550946]
[79]
Kotlarz M, Jordan R, Wegener E, et al. One step 3D printing of surface functionalized composite scaffolds for tissue engineering applica-tions. Acta Bioeng Biomech 2018; 20(2): 35-45.
[PMID: 30220727]
[PMID: 30220727]
[80]
Kai H, Wang X, Madhukar KS, et al. Fabrication of a two-level tumor bone repair biomaterial based on a rapid prototyping technique. Biofabrication 2009; 1(2)025003
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/1/2/025003 ] [PMID: 20811103]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/1/2/025003 ] [PMID: 20811103]
[81]
Rasoulianboroujeni M, Fahimipour F, Shah P, et al. Development of 3D-printed PLGA/TiO2 nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Mater Sci Eng C 2019; 96: 105-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.10.077 ] [PMID: 30606516]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.10.077 ] [PMID: 30606516]
[82]
Yu J, Xu Y, Li S, Seifert GV, Becker ML. Three-dimensional printing of nano hydroxyapatite/poly(ester urea) composite scaffolds with enhanced bioactivity. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18(12): 4171-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01222 ] [PMID: 29020441]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01222 ] [PMID: 29020441]
[83]
Li Q, Lei X, Wang X, Cai Z, Lyu P, Zhang G. Hydroxyapatite/collagen three-dimensional printed scaffolds and their osteogenic effects on human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25(17-18): 1261-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0201 ] [PMID: 30648467]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0201 ] [PMID: 30648467]
[84]
Cleetus CM, Alvarez Primo F, Fregoso G, et al. Alginate hydrogels with embedded zno nanoparticles for wound healing therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15: 5097-111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S255937 ] [PMID: 32764939]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S255937 ] [PMID: 32764939]
[85]
Huh J, Lee J, Kim W, Yeo M, Kim G. Preparation and characterization of gelatin/α-TCP/SF biocomposite scaffold for bone tissue regen-eration. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 110: 488-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.030 ] [PMID: 28917939]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.030 ] [PMID: 28917939]
[86]
Jeyachandran P, Bontha S, Bodhak S, Balla VK, Kundu B, Doddamani M. Mechanical behaviour of additively manufactured bioactive glass/high density polyethylene composites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 108103830
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103830 ] [PMID: 32469724]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103830 ] [PMID: 32469724]
[87]
Wu J, Miao G, Zheng Z, et al. 3D printing mesoporous bioactive glass/sodium alginate/gelatin sustained release scaffolds for bone repair. J Biomater Appl 2019; 33(6): 755-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328218810269 ] [PMID: 30426864]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328218810269 ] [PMID: 30426864]
[88]
Lee CM, Yang SW, Jung SC, Kim BH. Oxygen plasma treatment on 3D-printed chitosan/gelatin/hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2017; 17(4): 2747-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2017.13337 ] [PMID: 29664596]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2017.13337 ] [PMID: 29664596]
[89]
Cao S, Han J, Sharma N, et al. In vitro mechanical and biological properties of 3d printed polymer composite and β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold on human dental pulp stem cells. Materials 2020; 13(14)E3057
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13143057 ] [PMID: 32650530]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13143057 ] [PMID: 32650530]
[90]
Li J, Zhang L, Lv S, Li S, Wang N, Zhang Z. Fabrication of individual scaffolds based on a patient-specific alveolar bone defect model. J Biotechnol 2011; 151(1): 87-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.10.080 ] [PMID: 21056602]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.10.080 ] [PMID: 21056602]
[91]
Gao L, Li C, Chen F, Liu C. Fabrication and characterization of toughness-enhanced scaffolds comprising β-TCP/POC using the freeform fabrication system with micro-droplet jetting. Biomed Mater 2015; 10(3)035009
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/10/3/035009 ] [PMID: 26107985]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/10/3/035009 ] [PMID: 26107985]
[92]
Piconi C, Porporati AA. Bioinert ceramics: Zirconia and alumina.Antoniac IV, Ed Handbook of bioceramics and biocomposites. Cham: Springer International Publishing 2016; pp. 59-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12460-5_4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12460-5_4]
[93]
Pina S, Rebelo R, Correlo VM, Oliveira JM, Reis RL. Bioceramics for osteochondral tissue engineering and regeneration. Adv Exp Med Biol 2018; 1058: 53-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76711-6_3 ] [PMID: 29691817]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76711-6_3 ] [PMID: 29691817]
[94]
Ivankovic H, Tkalcec E, Orlic S, Ferrer GG, Schauperl Z. Hydroxyapatite formation from cuttlefish bones: Kinetics. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2010; 21(10): 2711-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-010-4115-4 ] [PMID: 20567885]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-010-4115-4 ] [PMID: 20567885]
[95]
Jeong J, Kim JH, Shim JH, Hwang NS, Heo CY. Bioactive calcium phosphate materials and applications in bone regeneration. Biomater Res 2019; 23: 4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40824-018-0149-3 ] [PMID: 30675377]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40824-018-0149-3 ] [PMID: 30675377]
[96]
Baino F, Novajra G, Vitale-Brovarone C. Bioceramics and scaffolds: A winning combination for tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3(202): 202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2015.00202 ] [PMID: 26734605]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2015.00202 ] [PMID: 26734605]
[97]
Jones JR, Lin S, Yue S, et al. Bioactive glass scaffolds for bone regeneration and their hierarchical characterisation. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2010; 224(12): 1373-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544119JEIM836 ] [PMID: 21287826]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544119JEIM836 ] [PMID: 21287826]
[98]
Qi X, Wang H, Zhang Y, et al. Mesoporous bioactive glass-coated 3D printed borosilicate bioactive glass scaffolds for improving repair of bone defects. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14(4): 471-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.23872 ] [PMID: 29725268]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.23872 ] [PMID: 29725268]
[99]
Turnbull G, Clarke J, Picard F, et al. 3D bioactive composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Bioact Mater 2017; 3(3): 278-314.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.10.001 ] [PMID: 29744467]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.10.001 ] [PMID: 29744467]
[100]
Wang L, Xu W, Chen Y, Wang J. Alveolar bone repair of rhesus monkeys by using BMP-2 gene and mesenchymal stem cells loaded three-dimensional printed bioglass scaffold. Sci Rep 2019; 9(1): 18175.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54551-x ] [PMID: 31796797]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54551-x ] [PMID: 31796797]
[101]
Yves-Christian H, Jan W, Wilhelm M, Konrad W, Reinhart P. Net shaped high performance oxide ceramic parts by selective laser melting. Phys Procedia 2010; 5: 587-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2010.08.086]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2010.08.086]
[102]
Babilotte J, Guduric V, Le Nihouannen D, Naveau A, Fricain JC, Catros S. 3D printed polymer-mineral composite biomaterials for bone tissue engineering: Fabrication and characterization. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 107(8): 2579-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.34348 ] [PMID: 30848068]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.34348 ] [PMID: 30848068]
[103]
Moroni L, Boland T, Burdick JA, et al. Biofabrication: A guide to technology and terminology. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36(4): 384-402.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.10.015 ] [PMID: 29137814]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.10.015 ] [PMID: 29137814]
[104]
Speranza V, Sorrentino A, De Santis F, Pantani R. Characterization of the polycaprolactone melt crystallization: Complementary optical microscopy, DSC, and AFM studies. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014720157
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/720157 ] [PMID: 24523644]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/720157 ] [PMID: 24523644]
[105]
Yusong P, Qianqian S, Chengling P, Jing W. Prediction of mechanical properties of multilayer gradient hydroxyapatite reinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) gel biomaterial. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 101(5): 729-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.32875 ] [PMID: 23359553]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.32875 ] [PMID: 23359553]
[106]
Hung BP, Naved BA, Nyberg EL, et al. Three-dimensional printing of bone extracellular matrix for craniofacial regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2(10): 1806-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00101 ] [PMID: 27942578]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00101 ] [PMID: 27942578]
[107]
Wubneh A, Tsekoura EK, Ayranci C, Uludağ H. Current state of fabrication technologies and materials for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2018; 80: 1-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.031 ] [PMID: 30248515]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.031 ] [PMID: 30248515]
[108]
Wang C, Huang W, Zhou Y, et al. 3D printing of bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Bioact Mater 2020; 5(1): 82-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.01.004 ] [PMID: 31956737]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.01.004 ] [PMID: 31956737]
[109]
Havaldar R, Pilli SC, Putti BB. Insights into the effects of tensile and compressive loadings on human femur bone. Adv Biomed Res 2014; 3(1): 101-.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2277-9175.129375 ] [PMID: 24800190]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2277-9175.129375 ] [PMID: 24800190]
[110]
Ginebra MP. Cements as bone repair materials.Planell JA, Best SM, Lacroix D, Merolli A, EdsBone repair biomaterials. Sawston, UK: Woodhead Publishing 2009; pp. 271-308.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845696610.2.271]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845696610.2.271]
[111]
Maroulakos M, Kamperos G, Tayebi L, Halazonetis D, Ren Y. Applications of 3D printing on craniofacial bone repair: A systematic re-view. J Dent 2019; 80: 1-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2018.11.004 ] [PMID: 30439546]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2018.11.004 ] [PMID: 30439546]
[112]
Loh QL, Choong C. Three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: role of porosity and pore size. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2013; 19(6): 485-502.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0437 ] [PMID: 23672709]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0437 ] [PMID: 23672709]
[113]
Wei S, Ma J-X, Xu L, Gu X-S, Ma X-L. Biodegradable materials for bone defect repair. Mil Med Res 2020; 7(1): 54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00280-6 ] [PMID: 33172503]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00280-6 ] [PMID: 33172503]
[114]
Abbasi N, Hamlet S, Love RM, Nguyen N-T. Porous scaffolds for bone regeneration. J Sci Adv Mater Devices 2020; 5(1): 1-9.
[115]
Su P, Tian Y, Yang C, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell migration during bone formation and bone diseases therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19(8): 2343.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082343 ] [PMID: 30096908]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082343 ] [PMID: 30096908]
[116]
Ambre AH, Katti DR, Katti KS. Biomineralized hydroxyapatite nanoclay composite scaffolds with polycaprolactone for stem cell-based bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103(6): 2077-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.35342 ] [PMID: 25331212]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.35342 ] [PMID: 25331212]
Article Metrics
24
1