Abstract
Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) derivatives monomers as resins are common components in dental restorative materials and materials used for orthodontic treatment. However, they are a source for BP-A leakage, which can affect adult and child health as an endocrine disruptor.
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the level of BPA leakage from four selected weights (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 mg) of five different resin combinations used in dental restorative materials.
Methods: The resin combinations were cured with light for 20 seconds, kept in 1 mL of acetonitrile, and sonicated for 30 minutes. Separation was achieved by using BEH C18 (1.7 μm, 2.1 x 100 mm) analytical column (Waters® Acquity UPLC) and a mobile phase composed of water and acetonitrile (68:32 v/v). Moreover, Waters® Xevo G2-SQToF coupled with Waters® Acquity UPLC system with binary Solvent Manager (I-Class) via electrospray ionization (ESI) interface was used to confirm peaks identities.
Results: BPA was detected in all resin combinations and in all selected sample weights. However, BPA was below the limit of quantification (LOQ) in all selected weights of the Filtek Z350 XT Universal Restorative System. The results show that BPA is still released from selected dental resin combinations available in the market despite the general concern about its potential adverse effects.
Conclusion: Nevertheless, the amounts of BPA were within the acceptable levels indicated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Toxicology Program and represent a very small contribution to the total BPA exposure. The use of alternative materials such as high-viscosity glass ionomers, inorganic biomaterials, and ceramic would be ideal and healthier for adults and children.
Keywords: Bisphenol A, dental resins, UPLC-UV, children's health, endocrine disruptor, cancer, diabetes, obesity.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Altannak, N.F.; Alsaleh, A.A. validated UPLC-UV method for bisphenol A (BP-A) levels detection in imported plastic toys and drinking bottled water in Kuwait. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm., 2015, 8(8), 351-354.
[2]
Al-Tannak, N.F.; Novotny, L. Bisphenol A and other related bisphenols as pervasive environmental toxicants affecting the human health mainly through endocrine disruption. Sys. Rev. Pharm., 2020, 11(6), 1162-1170.
[3]
Bowen, R.L. Properties of a silica-reinforced polymer for dental restorations. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 1963, 66, 57-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1963.0010] [PMID: 14014600]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1963.0010] [PMID: 14014600]
[4]
Wetherill, Y.B.; Akingbemi, B.T.; Kanno, J.; McLachlan, J.A.; Nadal, A.; Sonnenschein, C.; Watson, C.S.; Zoeller, R.T.; Belcher, S.M. In vitro molecular mechanisms of bisphenol A action. Reprod. Toxicol., 2007, 24(2), 178-198.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.05.010] [PMID: 17628395]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.05.010] [PMID: 17628395]
[5]
Richter, C.A.; Birnbaum, L.S.; Farabollini, F.; Newbold, R.R.; Rubin, B.S.; Talsness, C.E.; Vandenbergh, J.G.; Walser-Kuntz, D.R.; vom Saal, F.S. In vivo effects of bisphenol A in laboratory rodent studies. Reprod. Toxicol., 2007, 24(2), 199-224.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.06.004] [PMID: 17683900]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.06.004] [PMID: 17683900]
[6]
Brotons, J.A.; Olea-Serrano, M.F.; Villalobos, M.; Pedraza, V.; Olea, N. Xenoestrogens released from lacquer coatings in food cans. Environ. Health Perspect., 1995, 103(6), 608-612.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103608] [PMID: 7556016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103608] [PMID: 7556016]
[7]
Krishnan, A.V.; Stathis, P.; Permuth, S.F.; Tokes, L.; Feldman, D. Bisphenol-A: an estrogenic substance is released from polycarbonate flasks during autoclaving. Endocrinology, 1993, 132(6), 2279-2286.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.132.6.8504731] [PMID: 8504731]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.132.6.8504731] [PMID: 8504731]
[8]
Benítez, J.J.; Osbild, S.; Guzman-Puyol, S.; Heredia, A.; Heredia-Guerrero, J.A. Bio-based coatings for food metal packaging inspired in biopolyester plant cutin. Polymers (Basel), 2020, 12(4), 942.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040942] [PMID: 32325676]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040942] [PMID: 32325676]
[9]
Dursun, E.; Fron-Chabouis, H.; Attal, J.P.; Raskin, A.; Bisphenol, A. Bisphenol a release: survey of the composition of dental composite resins. Open Dent. J., 2016, 10(1), 446-453.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601610010446] [PMID: 27708726]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601610010446] [PMID: 27708726]
[10]
Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs: Part I – Exposure assessment. EFSA J., 2015, 13(1), 3978.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3978]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3978]
[11]
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Risk Information System. Bisphenol A (CASRN 80-05-7)., https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris2/chemicalLanding.cfm?substance_nmbr=356 (Accessed on: February 18, 2021).
[12]
American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. Determination of bisphenol a released from resin-based composite dental restoratives. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 2014, 145(7), 763-765.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.2014.42] [PMID: 24982285]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.2014.42] [PMID: 24982285]
[13]
Steinmetz, R.; Brown, N.G.; Allen, D.L.; Bigsby, R.M.; Ben-Jonathan, N. The environmental estrogen bisphenol A stimulates prolactin release in vitro and in vivo. Endocrinology, 1997, 138(5), 1780-1786.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.138.5.5132] [PMID: 9112368]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.138.5.5132] [PMID: 9112368]
[14]
Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing.; Aids,, P. (CEF). Scientific opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs. EFSA J., 2015, 13(1), 3978.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3978]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3978]
[15]
Ferracane, J.L.; Hopkin, J.K.; Condon, J.R. Properties of heat-treated composites after aging in water. Dent. Mater., 1995, 11(6), 354-358.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0109-5641(95)80034-4] [PMID: 8595835]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0109-5641(95)80034-4] [PMID: 8595835]
[16]
Ferracane, J.L. Hygroscopic and hydrolytic effects in dental polymer networks. Dent. Mater., 2006, 22(3), 211-222.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2005.05.005] [PMID: 16087225]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2005.05.005] [PMID: 16087225]
[17]
Durner, J.; Spahl, W.; Zaspel, J.; Schweikl, H.; Hickel, R.; Reichl, F.X. Eluted substances from unpolymerized and polymerized dental restorative materials and their Nernst partition coefficient. Dent. Mater., 2010, 26(1), 91-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2009.08.014] [PMID: 19781758]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2009.08.014] [PMID: 19781758]
[18]
Michelsen, V.B.; Kopperud, H.B.; Lygre, G.B.; Björkman, L.; Jensen, E.; Kleven, I.S.; Svahn, J.; Lygre, H. Detection and quantification of monomers in unstimulated whole saliva after treatment with resin-based composite fillings in vivo. Eur. J. Oral Sci., 2012, 120(1), 89-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00897.x] [PMID: 22288926]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00897.x] [PMID: 22288926]
[19]
Pulgar, R.; Olea-Serrano, M.F.; Novillo-Fertrell, A.; Rivas, A.; Pazos, P.; Pedraza, V.; Navajas, J.M.; Olea, N. Determination of bisphenol A and related aromatic compounds released from bis-GMA-based composites and sealants by high performance liquid chromatography. Environ. Health Perspect., 2000, 108(1), 21-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0010821] [PMID: 10620520]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0010821] [PMID: 10620520]
[20]
Pornkunwilaia, S.; Nosoongnoenb, W.; Jantaratc, C.; Wachrasindhua, S.; Supornsilchaia, V. Urinary bisphenol A detection is significantly associated with young and obese Thai children. Asian Biomed., 2015, 9(3), 363-372.
[21]
Koin, P.J.; Kilislioglu, A.; Zhou, M.; Drummond, J.L.; Hanley, L. Analysis of the degradation of a model dental composite. J. Dent. Res., 2008, 87(7), 661-665.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910808700712] [PMID: 18573987]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910808700712] [PMID: 18573987]
[22]
ICH. Validation of analytical procedures: Text and methodology Q2 (R1). International Conference on Harmonization, https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/ich-q-2-r1-validation-analytical-procedures-text-methodology-step-5_en.pdf
(Accessed February 18, 2021).
[23]
Siddiqui, M.R.; AlOthman, Z.A.; Rahman, N. Analytical techniques in pharmaceutical analysis: a review. Arab. J. Chem., 2017, 10, S1409-S1421.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.04.016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.04.016]
[24]
AlOthman, Z.A; Rahman, N.; Siddiqui, M.R. Review on pharmaceutical impurities, stability studies and degradation products: an analytical approach Rev. Adv. Sci. Eng., 2013, 2155-2166.,
[25]
Rahman, N.; Azmi, S.N.H.; Wu, H.F. The importance of impurity analysis in pharmaceutical products: an integrated approach. Accredit. Qual. Assur., 2006, 11, 69-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00769-006-0095-y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00769-006-0095-y]
[26]
Olea, N.; Pulgar, R.; Pérez, P.; Olea-Serrano, F.; Rivas, A.; Novillo-Fertrell, A.; Pedraza, V.; Soto, A.M.; Sonnenschein, C. Estrogenicity of resin-based composites and sealants used in dentistry. Environ. Health Perspect., 1996, 104(3), 298-305.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.96104298] [PMID: 8919768]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.96104298] [PMID: 8919768]
[27]
Fung, E.Y.; Ewoldsen, N.O.; St Germain, H.A., Jr; Marx, D.B.; Miaw, C.L.; Siew, C.; Chou, H.N.; Gruninger, S.E.; Meyer, D.M. Pharmacokinetics of bisphenol A released from a dental sealant. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 2000, 131(1), 51-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2000.0019] [PMID: 10649872]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2000.0019] [PMID: 10649872]
[28]
Acconcia, F.; Pallottini, V.; Marino, M. Molecular mechanisms of action of BPA. Dose Response, 2015, 13(4)1559325815610582
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559325815610582] [PMID: 26740804]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559325815610582] [PMID: 26740804]
[29]
Eliades, T.; Voutsa, D.; Sifakakis, I.; Makou, M.; Katsaros, C. Release of bisphenol-A from a light-cured adhesive bonded to lingual fixed retainers. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop., 2011, 139(2), 192-195.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.12.026] [PMID: 21300247]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.12.026] [PMID: 21300247]
[30]
Atkinson, J.C.; Diamond, F.; Eichmiller, F.; Selwitz, R.; Jones, G. Stability of bisphenol A, triethylene-glycol dimethacrylate, and bisphenol A dimethacrylate in whole saliva. Dent. Mater., 2002, 18(2), 128-135.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(01)00031-8] [PMID: 11755591]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(01)00031-8] [PMID: 11755591]
[31]
Zimmerman-Downs, J.M.; Shuman, D.; Stull, S.C.; Ratzlaff, R.E. Bisphenol A blood and saliva levels prior to and after dental sealant placement in adults. J. Dent. Hyg., 2010, 84(3), 145-150.
[PMID: 20579427]
[PMID: 20579427]
[32]
Kloukos, D.; Pandis, N.; Eliades, T. Bisphenol-A and residual monomer leaching from orthodontic adhesive resins and polycarbonate brackets: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop., 2013, 143(4 Suppl), S104-12.e1-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.11.015]
[http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.11.015]
[33]
Ferracane, J.L. Resin composite--state of the art. Dent. Mater., 2011, 27(1), 29-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2010.10.020] [PMID: 21093034]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2010.10.020] [PMID: 21093034]
[34]
Schmalz, G.; Preiss, A.; Arenholt-Bindslev, D. Bisphenol-A content of resin monomers and related degradation products. Clin. Oral Investig., 1999, 3(3), 114-119.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007840050088] [PMID: 10803121]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007840050088] [PMID: 10803121]
[35]
Deviot, M.; Lachaise, I.; Högg, C.; Durner, J.; Reichl, F.X.; Attal, J.P.; Dursun, E. Bisphenol A release from an orthodontic resin composite: A GC/MS and LC/MS study. Dent. Mater., 2018, 34(2), 341-354.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2017.11.018] [PMID: 29183672]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2017.11.018] [PMID: 29183672]
[36]
Moreira, M.R.; Matos, L.G.; de Souza, I.D.; Brigante, T.A.; Queiroz, M.E.; Romano, F.L.; Nelson-Filho, P.; Matsumoto, M.A. Bisphenol A release from orthodontic adhesives measured in vitro and in vivo with gas chromatography. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop., 2017, 151(3), 477-483.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.07.019] [PMID: 28257732]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.07.019] [PMID: 28257732]
[37]
Cleven, C.D.; Jackson, W.A.; Watts, A.S.; Tyhurst, J.A.; Porter, S.R. Confirmation of the absence of bisphenol A in copolyesters by polymer hydrolysis in combination with LC-MS/MS and LC-FLD. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat., 2012, 35(8), 1102-1113.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826076.2011.615098]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826076.2011.615098]
[38]
Berge, T.L.L.; Lygre, G.B.; Jönsson, B.A.G.; Lindh, C.H.; Björkman, L. Bisphenol A concentration in human saliva related to dental polymer-based fillings. Clin. Oral Investig., 2017, 21(8), 2561-2568.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-017-2055-9] [PMID: 28181074]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-017-2055-9] [PMID: 28181074]
[39]
Berge, T.L.L.; Lygre, G.B.; Lie, S.A.; Lindh, C.H.; Björkman, L. Bisphenol A in human saliva and urine before and after treatment with dental polymer-based restorative materials. Eur. J. Oral Sci., 2019, 127(5), 435-444.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eos.12647] [PMID: 31392814]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eos.12647] [PMID: 31392814]
Article Metrics
16
1