Login Register Cart 0
Review Article

结直肠癌早期检测的研究进展：非侵入性生物标志物

卷 22, 期 9, 2021

发表于: 03 March, 2021

页: [1043 - 1053] 页: 11

弟呕挨: 10.2174/1389450122666210303100048

价格: $65

conference banner
摘要

背景：结直肠癌是世界上第三大常见诊断癌症。目前，结肠镜检查仍然是结直肠癌检测的金标准诊断测试。尽管如此，这项技术是侵入性的和昂贵的。引人注目的现行战略侧重于开发负担得起的早期诊断结直肠癌的方法。采用生物标志物分析引入合适的非侵入性、敏感性和特异性诊断试验用于早期结直肠癌检测似乎是减少不必要结肠镜检查数量的基本需要。在这篇综述中，我们提供了一个单一和多组生物标记物(基因组标记物、转录组标记物、蛋白质组标记物、炎症标记物和微生物组标记物)的概述，包括血液和粪便中用于早期结直肠癌检测的无创检测。 方法：利用PubMed/Medline、科学网和循证医学数据库进行文献检索，查找过去6年发表的相关研究。本综述包括43项相关研究。结果:主要结果强调了在血液或粪便中研究的单一诊断生物标志物的敏感性和特异性。次要结果揭示了血液或粪便中生物标志物组(组合)的敏感性和特异性。虽然有些标记显示出更好的性能，但其他标记不适合筛选目的。 结论：有必要调整可能干扰可靠结果的实验和分析测试，以替代或补充目前使用的标记物。然而，成功的无创性检查需要大量临床队列的可靠验证和确认，才能发挥结肠镜检查的作用。

关键词: 结直肠癌，结肠镜检查，无创性，标志物，敏感性，特异性，早期检测。

« Previous Next »
图形摘要

[1]
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018; 68(6): 394-424.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492] [PMID: 30207593]
[2]
Cancer today 2020.http://gco.iarc.fr/today/home
[3]
Cancer colorectal : modalités de dépistageet de prévention chez les sujets à risqueélevé et trèsélevé 2020.https://www.has-sante.fr/jcms/c_2772744/fr/cancer-colorectal-modalites-de-depistage-et-de-prevention-chez-les-sujets-a-risque-eleve-et-tres-eleve
[4]
American Cancer Society Guideline for Colorectal Cancer Screening 2020.https://www.cancer.org/cancer/colon-rectal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/acs-recommendations.html
[5]
Colorectal Cancer Facts & Figures 2017-2019 2017.
[6]
Bowel cancer incidence statistics 2020.https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/bowel-cancer/incidence
[7]
Brenner H, Stock C, Hoffmeister M. Colorectal cancer screening: the time to act is now. BMC Med 2015; 13: 262.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0498-x] [PMID: 26459270]
[8]
Heiss JA, Brenner H. Epigenome-wide discovery and evaluation of leukocyte DNA methylation markers for the detection of colorectal cancer in a screening setting. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9: 24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13148-017-0322-x] [PMID: 28270869]
[9]
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group TP. PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 2009; 6(7)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097] [PMID: 19621072]
[10]
Rokni P, Shariatpanahi AM, Sakhinia E, Kerachian MA. BMP3 promoter hypermethylation in plasma-derived cell-free DNA in colorectal cancer patients. Genes Genomics 2018; 40(4): 423-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13258-017-0644-2] [PMID: 29892846]
[11]
Park S-K, Baek HL, Yu J, et al. Is methylation analysis of SFRP2, TFPI2, NDRG4, and BMP3 promoters suitable for colorectal cancer screening in the Korean population? Intest Res 2017; 15(4): 495-501.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5217/ir.2017.15.4.495] [PMID: 29142517]
[12]
Xiao W, Zhao H, Dong W, et al. Quantitative detection of methylated NDRG4 gene as a candidate biomarker for diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2015; 9(3): 1383-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ol.2014.2815] [PMID: 25663916]
[13]
Bagheri H, Mosallaei M, Bagherpour B, Khosravi S, Salehi AR, Salehi R. TFPI2 and NDRG4 gene promoter methylation analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells are novel epigenetic noninvasive biomarkers for colorectal cancer diagnosis. J Gene Med 2020; 22(8)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgm.3189] [PMID: 32196834]
[14]
Imperiale TF, Ransohoff DF, Itzkowitz SH, et al. Multitarget Stool DNA Testing for Colorectal-Cancer Screening 2020.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1311194?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1311194]
[15]
Lima J, Teixeira Y, Pimenta C, et al. Fecal Genetic Mutations and Human DNA in Colorectal Cancer and Polyps Patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20(10): 2929-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.10.2929] [PMID: 31653137]
[16]
Zhang X, Song Y-F, Lu H-N, et al. Combined detection of plasma GATA5 and SFRP2 methylation is a valid noninvasive biomarker for colorectal cancer and adenomas. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21(9): 2629-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i9.2629] [PMID: 25759530]
[17]
Zhao G, Ma Y, Li H, et al. A novel plasma based early colorectal cancer screening assay base on methylated SDC2 and SFRP2. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 503: 84-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.01.010] [PMID: 31962098]
[18]
Li H, Wang Z, Zhao G, et al. Performance of a MethyLight assay for methylated SFRP2 DNA detection in colorectal cancer tissue and serum. Int J Biol Markers 2019; 34(1): 54-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1724600818820536] [PMID: 30852954]
[19]
Zhao G, Li H, Yang Z, et al. Multiplex methylated DNA testing in plasma with high sensitivity and specificity for colorectal cancer screening. Cancer Med 2019; 8(12): 5619-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2475] [PMID: 31407497]
[20]
Sun M, Liu J, Hu H, et al. A novel panel of stool-based DNA biomarkers for early screening of colorectal neoplasms in a Chinese population. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145(10): 2423-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00432-019-02992-2] [PMID: 31456088]
[21]
Barták BK, Kalmár A, Péterfia B, et al. Colorectal adenoma and cancer detection based on altered methylation pattern of SFRP1, SFRP2, SDC2, and PRIMA1 in plasma samples. Epigenetics 2017; 12(9): 751-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15592294.2017.1356957] [PMID: 28753106]
[22]
Song L, Jia J, Yu H, et al. The performance of the mSEPT9 assay is influenced by algorithm, cancer stage and age, but not sex and cancer location. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143(6): 1093-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00432-017-2363-0] [PMID: 28224298]
[23]
Xie L, Jiang X, Li Q, et al. Diagnostic value of methylated septin9 for colorectal cancer detection. Front Oncol 2018; 8: 247.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2018.00247] [PMID: 30013949]
[24]
Sun J, Fei F, Zhang M, et al. The role of mSEPT9 in screening, diagnosis, and recurrence monitoring of colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19(1): 450.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-5663-8] [PMID: 31088406]
[25]
Pakbaz B, Jabinin R, Soltani N, Ayatollahi H, Farzanehfar MR. Quantitative study of vimentin gene methylation in stool samples for colorectal cancer screening. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2019; 10(3): 121-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/japtr.JAPTR_381_18] [PMID: 31334094]
[26]
Salehi R, Atapour N, Vatandoust N, Farahani N, Ahangari F, Salehi AR. Methylation pattern of ALX4 gene promoter as a potential biomarker for blood-based early detection of colorectal cancer. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4: 252.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2277-9175.170677] [PMID: 26918234]
[27]
Rasmussen SL, Krarup HB, Sunesen KG, et al. Hypermethylated DNA, a circulating biomarker for colorectal cancer detection. PLoS One 2017; 12(7)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180809] [PMID: 28700744]
[28]
Pedersen SK, Baker RT, McEvoy A, et al. A two-gene blood test for methylated DNA sensitive for colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10(4)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125041] [PMID: 25928810]
[29]
Symonds EL, Pedersen SK, Baker RT, et al. A blood test for methylated bcat1 and ikzf1 vs. a fecal immunochemical test for detection of colorectal neoplasia. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2016; 7(1): e137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ctg.2015.67] [PMID: 26765125]
[30]
Symonds EL, Pedersen SK, Murray D, et al. Circulating epigenetic biomarkers for detection of recurrent colorectal cancer. Cancer 2020; 126(7): 1460-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32695] [PMID: 31909823]
[31]
Amiot A, Mansour H, Baumgaertner I, et al. CRC group of Val De Marne. The detection of the methylated Wif-1 gene is more accurate than a fecal occult blood test for colorectal cancer screening. PLoS One 2014; 9(7): e99233.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099233] [PMID: 25025467]
[32]
Jensen SØ, Øgaard N, Ørntoft MW, et al. Novel DNA methylation biomarkers show high sensitivity and specificity for blood-based detection of colorectal cancer-a clinical biomarker discovery and validation study. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11(1): 158-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13148-019-0757-3] [PMID: 31727158]
[33]
Teixeira Y, Lima JM, Souza MLAPO, Aguiar Jr, P, Silva TD, Forones NM. Human dna quantification in the stools of patients with colorectal cancer. Arq Gastroenterol 2015; 52: 293-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-28032015000400008] [PMID: 26840470]
[34]
Pan B, Qin J, Liu X, et al. Identification of Serum Exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 as a Novel Diagnostic Biomarker of Colorectal Cancer. Front Genet 2019; 10: 1096-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.01096] [PMID: 31737058]
[35]
Zhang X, Zhang H, Shen B, Sun X-F. Novel microrna biomarkers for colorectal cancer early diagnosis and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy resistance but not prognosis: a study from databases to ai-assisted verifications. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12(2): 12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12020341] [PMID: 32028703]
[36]
Li L, Guo Y, Chen Y, et al. The Diagnostic Efficacy and Biological Effects of microRNA-29b for Colon Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2016; 15(6): 772-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533034615604797] [PMID: 26466603]
[37]
Basati G, Razavi AE, Pakzad I, Malayeri FA. Circulating levels of the miRNAs, miR-194, and miR-29b, as clinically useful biomarkers for colorectal cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37(2): 1781-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13277-015-3967-0] [PMID: 26318304]
[38]
Imaoka H, Toiyama Y, Fujikawa H, et al. Circulating microRNA-1290 as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in human colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 2016; 27(10): 1879-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdw279] [PMID: 27502702]
[39]
Lv ZC, Fan YS, Chen HB, Zhao DW. Investigation of microRNA-155 as a serum diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for colorectal cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 36(3): 1619-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-2760-9] [PMID: 25528214]
[40]
Chen W-Y, Zhao X-J, Yu Z-F, et al. The potential of plasma miRNAs for diagnosis and risk estimation of colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8(6): 7092-101.
[PMID: 26261602]
[41]
Zhao YJ, Song X, Niu L, Tang Y, Song X, Xie L. Circulating exosomal mir-150-5p and mir-99b-5p as diagnostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9: 1129-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2019.01129] [PMID: 31750241]
[42]
Rapado-González Ó, Majem B, Álvarez-Castro A, et al. A novel saliva-based mirna signature for colorectal cancer diagnosis. J Clin Med 2019; 8(12): 8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8122029] [PMID: 31757017]
[43]
Vychytilova-Faltejskova P, Radova L, Sachlova M, et al. Serum-based microRNA signatures in early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of colon cancer. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37(10): 941-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgw078] [PMID: 27485599]
[44]
Fang Z, Tang J, Bai Y, et al. Plasma levels of microRNA-24, microRNA-320a, and microRNA-423-5p are potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2015; 34: 86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13046-015-0198-6] [PMID: 26297223]
[45]
Tan Y, Lin J-J, Yang X, et al. A panel of three plasma microRNAs for colorectal cancer diagnosis. Cancer Epidemiol 2019; 60: 67-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2019.01.015] [PMID: 30925282]
[46]
Roman-Canal B, Tarragona J, Moiola CP, et al. EV-associated miRNAs from peritoneal lavage as potential diagnostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer. J Transl Med 2019; 17(1): 208.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12967-019-1954-8] [PMID: 31221189]
[47]
Rodia MT, Solmi R, Pasini F, et al. LGALS4, CEACAM6, TSPAN8, and COL1A2: Blood markers for colorectal cancer-validation in a cohort of subjects with positive fecal immunochemical test result. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2018; 17(2): e217-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clcc.2017.12.002] [PMID: 29352642]
[48]
Huang J, Zhao Y, Liao L, et al. Evaluation of red cell distribution width to lymphocyte ratio as potential biomarker for detection of colorectal cancer. BioMed Res Int 2019; 2019
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9852782] [PMID: 31467924]
[49]
Fan P, Zhang Y, Deng F, Chen SH, Li M, Zhang Q. The value of serum human tumor protein P53 in colorectal cancer combined diagnosis and postoperative monitoring. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2017; 97(34): 2670-3.
[PMID: 28910954]
[50]
Thomas DS, Fourkala E-O, Apostolidou S, et al. Evaluation of serum CEA, CYFRA21-1 and CA125 for the early detection of colorectal cancer using longitudinal preclinical samples. Br J Cancer 2015; 113(2): 268-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2015.202] [PMID: 26035703]
[51]
Werner S, Krause F, Rolny V, et al. Evaluation of a 5-marker blood test for colorectal cancer early detection in a colorectal cancer screening setting. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22(7): 1725-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-1268] [PMID: 26561557]
[52]
Wilhelmsen M, Christensen IJ, Rasmussen L, et al. Detection of colorectal neoplasia: Combination of eight blood-based, cancer-associated protein biomarkers. Int J Cancer 2017; 140(6): 1436-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30558] [PMID: 27935033]
[53]
Qiu S, Nikolaou S, Fiorentino F, et al. Exploratory analysis of plasma neurotensin as a novel biomarker for early detection of colorectal polyp and cancer. Horm Cancer 2019; 10(2-3): 128-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12672-019-00364-3] [PMID: 31093954]
[54]
Sun B, Li Y, Zhou Y, et al. Circulating exosomal CPNE3 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for colorectal cancer. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234(2): 1416-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.26936] [PMID: 30078189]
[55]
Allen TW. Guide to clinical preventive services. Report of the US Preventive Services Task Force. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1991; 91(3): 281-9.
[PMID: 2030094]
[56]
Allison JE, Fraser CG, Halloran SP, Young GP. Population screening for colorectal cancer means getting FIT: the past, present, and future of colorectal cancer screening using the fecal immunochemical test for hemoglobin (FIT). Gut Liver 2014; 8(2): 117-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5009/gnl.2014.8.2.117] [PMID: 24672652]
[57]
Lué A, Hijos G, Sostres C, et al. The Combination of quantitative faecal occult blood test and faecal calprotectin is a cost-effective strategy to avoid colonoscopies in symptomatic patients without relevant pathology. Ther Adv Gastroenterol 2020; 1-15.
[58]
Högberg C, Karling P, Rutegård J, Lilja M. Diagnosing colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease in primary care: The usefulness of tests for faecal haemoglobin, faecal calprotectin, anaemia and iron deficiency. A prospective study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2017; 52(1): 69-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365521.2016.1228120] [PMID: 27623716]
[59]
Bhardwaj M, Weigl K, Tikk K, et al. Multiplex quantitation of 270 plasma protein markers to identify a signature for early detection of colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 2020; 127: 30-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2019.11.021] [PMID: 31972396]
[60]
Wang X, Yang Z, Tian H, et al. Circulating MIC-1/GDF15 is a complementary screening biomarker with CEA and correlates with liver metastasis and poor survival in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8(15): 24892-901.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.15279] [PMID: 28206963]
[61]
Xu J, Ye Y, Zhang H, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of serum interleukin-6 in colorectal cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95(2): e2502.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000002502] [PMID: 26765465]
[62]
Sithambaram S, Hilmi I, Goh K-L. The diagnostic accuracy of the m2 pyruvate kinase quick stool test--a rapid office based assay test for the detection of colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10(7): e0131616.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131616] [PMID: 26158845]
[63]
Annaházi A, Ábrahám S, Farkas K, et al. A pilot study on faecal MMP-9: a new noninvasive diagnostic marker of colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2016; 114(7): 787-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2016.31] [PMID: 26908323]
[64]
Bengs S, Becker E, Busenhart P, et al. β6 -integrin serves as a novel serum tumor marker for colorectal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2019; 145(3): 678-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.32137] [PMID: 30653264]
[65]
Xia W, Chen W, Zhang Z, et al. Prognostic value, clinicopathologic features and diagnostic accuracy of interleukin-8 in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10(4): e0123484.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123484] [PMID: 25856316]
[66]
Wang D, Yuan W, Wang Y, et al. Serum CCL20 combined with IL-17A as early diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for human colorectal cancer. J Transl Med 2019; 17(1): 253.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12967-019-2008-y] [PMID: 31387598]
[67]
Zheng Z, Zheng M, Bi J, et al. Serum GROβ: a potential tumor-associated biomarker for colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8(2): 2526-35.
[PMID: 25932198]
[68]
Yun JW, Lee S, Kim HM, et al. A Novel Type of Blood Biomarker: Distinct Changes of Cytokine-Induced STAT Phosphorylation in Blood T Cells Between Colorectal Cancer Patients and Healthy Individuals. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11(8): 11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11081157] [PMID: 31409016]
[69]
Garranzo-Asensio M, Guzmán-Aránguez A, Povedano E, et al. Multiplexed monitoring of a novel autoantibody diagnostic signature of colorectal cancer using HaloTag technology-based electrochemical immunosensing platform. Theranostics 2020; 10(7): 3022-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.42507] [PMID: 32194852]
[70]
Wong SH, Kwong TNY, Chow T-C, et al. Quantitation of faecal Fusobacterium improves faecal immunochemical test in detecting advanced colorectal neoplasia. Gut 2017; 66(8): 1441-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312766] [PMID: 27797940]
[71]
Liang JQ, Li T, Nakatsu G, et al. A novel faecallachnoclostridium marker for the non-invasive diagnosis of colorectal adenoma and cancer. Gut 2020; 69(7): 1248-57.
[72]
Zackular JP, Rogers MAM, Ruffin MT, Schloss PD. The human gut microbiome as a screening tool for colorectal cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa) 2014; 7: 1112-21.
[73]
Rezasoltani S, Sharafkhah M, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, et al. Applying simple linear combination, multiple logistic and factor analysis methods for candidate fecal bacteria as novel biomarkers for early detection of adenomatous polyps and colon cancer. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 155: 82-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2018.11.007] [PMID: 30439465]
[74]
Loomans-Kropp HA, Umar A. Increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in young adults. J Cancer Epidemiol 2019; 11: 9841295.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9841295] [PMID: 31827515]
[75]
Yu H, Hemminki K. Genetic epidemiology of colorectal cancer and associated cancers. Mutagenesis 2019; 35(3): 207-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mutage/gez022] [PMID: 31424514]
[76]
Schreuders EH, Ruco A, Rabeneck L, et al. Colorectal cancer screening: a global overview of existing programmes. Gut 2015; 64(10): 1637-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2014-309086] [PMID: 26041752]
[77]
Brenner H, Stock C, Hoffmeister M. Effect of screening sigmoidoscopy and screening colonoscopy on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. BMJ 2014; 348: g2467.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g2467] [PMID: 24922745]
[78]
Park DI, Ryu S, Kim Y-H, et al. Comparison of guaiac-based and quantitative immunochemical fecal occult blood testing in a population at average risk undergoing colorectal cancer screening. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105(9): 2017-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2010.179] [PMID: 20502450]
[79]
Stonestreet J, Chandrapalan S, Woolley D, Uthman O, Arasaradnam RP. Systematic review and meta-analysis : diagnostic accuracy of faecal immuno- chemical testing for haemoglobin (fit) in detecting colorectal cancer for both symptomatic and screening population. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2019; 82(2): 291-9.
[80]
Toma SC, Ungureanu BS, Patrascu S, Surlin V, Georgescu I. Colorectal cancer biomarkers - a new trend in early diagnosis. Curr Health Sci J 2018; 44(2): 140-6.
[PMID: 30746161]
[81]
Schirripa M, Lenz H-J. Biomarker in colorectal cancer. Cancer J 2016; 22(3): 156-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0000000000000190] [PMID: 27341592]
[82]
Vacante M, Borzì AM, Basile F, Biondi A. Biomarkers in colorectal cancer: Current clinical utility and future perspectives. World J Clin Cases 2018; 6(15): 869-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v6.i15.869] [PMID: 30568941]
[83]
Ma Z, Williams M, Cheng YY, Leung WK. Roles of methylated dna biomarkers in patients with colorectal cancer. Dis Markers 2019; 2019: 2673543-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2673543] [PMID: 30944663]
[84]
Fadaka AO, Pretorius A, Klein A. Biomarkers for stratification in colorectal cancer: MicroRNAs. Cancer Contr 2019; 26(1): 1073274819862784.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073274819862784] [PMID: 31431043]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
22
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy